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Zhang Y, Xiang X, Zhou S, Dindar DA, Wood S, Zhang Z, Shan B, Zhao L. Relationship between pathogenic microorganisms and the occurrence of esophageal carcinoma based on pathological type: a narrative review. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:353-361. [PMID: 36896656 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2189099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The etiology of EC is complicated and increasing evidence has shown that microbial infection is closely related to the occurrence of various malignant tumors. Though many studies have been focused on this subject in recent years, the exact relationship between microbial infection and the occurrence of EC remains unclear. AREAS COVERED In this review, we searched all eligible literature reports, summarized the most recent studies in this research field, and analyzed the pathogenic microorganisms associated with EC, providing the latest evidence and references for the prevention of pathogenic microorganism-related EC. EXPERT OPINION In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that pathogenic microbial infections are closely associated with the development of EC. Therefore, it is necessary to describe in detail the relationship between microbial infection and EC and clarify its possible pathogenic mechanism, which will shed a light on clinical prevention and treatment of cancer caused by pathogenic microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaohan Xiang
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shaolan Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Duygu Altinok Dindar
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie Wood
- Division of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Baoen Shan
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Division of Oncological Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Rajendra S, Sharma P. Causal Link of Human Papillomavirus in Barrett Esophagus and Adenocarcinoma: Are We There Yet? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030873. [PMID: 36765833 PMCID: PMC9913573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a relatively common malignancy worldwide with a high mortality (5-year survival of <15%). Despite screening, surveillance, improved imaging and treatment, the exponential rise in OAC continues. The strongest risk factors for OAC are chronic heartburn and metaplastic transformation of the lower third of the esophagus (Barrett's esophagus). The risk profile includes Caucasian race, male gender older age, obesity and smoking. Although the tumor risk in BO has been progressively revised downwards, the exponential rise in OAC remains unchecked. This paradox points to an unidentified missing link. Relatively recently, we provided the world's initial data for a strong association of biologically relevant hr-HPV with BD and OAC. Since then, systematic reviews and meta-analysis have documented HPV DNA prevalence rates in OAC of between 13 to 35%. In this review, we provide some evidence for a probable causal relationship between hr-HPV and OAC. This is challenging given the multifactorial etiology and long latency. Increasingly, high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) is regarded as a risk factor for OAC. This discovery will aid identification of a sub-group of high-risk progressors to esophageal cancer by surveillance and the development of effective preventive strategies including vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugarajah Rajendra
- Gastro-Intestinal Viral Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, South-Western Sydney Local Health Network, Bankstown, Sydney, NSW 2200, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(0)-2-9722-8814; Fax: +61-(0)-9722-8570
| | - Prateek Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA
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Deniz Z, Uraz S, Holem R, Ozaras R, Tahan V. Human Papillomavirus Infection and Oropharyngeal and Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Causal Relationship? Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10040094. [PMID: 36278593 PMCID: PMC9589929 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The risk of being infected at least once in a lifetime among both men and women is estimated to be 50%. Although the majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic and improve within 2 years, approximately 10% of individuals develop a persistent infection and have an increased risk of developing carcinomas. The association of HPV and genital cancer is well established. However, there is evidence that HPV may also be associated with other cancers, including those of the gastrointestinal system. The aim of this review is to organize the current evidence of associations between HPV infections and oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal cancers, including the following: oropharyngeal, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, and anal cancers. A comprehensive review of the most up-to-date medical literature concluded that an HPV infection might have a role in the oncogenesis of gastrointestinal tract cancers. HPV may have a causal relationship with oropharyngeal and esophageal squamous cell cancers. However, the association between HPV and gastric and colorectal cancers is weaker. The development of cancer in the oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal tract is usually multifactorial, with HPV having a role in at least a subset of these cancers. HPV infections pose a big challenge due to their burden of infection and their oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Deniz
- School of Medicine, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Uraz
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul 34394, Turkey
| | - Ryan Holem
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Resat Ozaras
- Infectious Diseases Department, Medilife Hospital, Yakuplu Mah, Hurriyet Bulvari, No: 5, TR-34524 Beylikduzu, Istanbul 34523, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Veysel Tahan
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Pan E, Zhao C, Zhang H, Liu R, Wang S, Pu Y, Yin L. Infection with Human Papillomavirus 18 Promotes Alkylating Agent-Induced Malignant Transformation in a Human Esophageal Cell Line. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1866-1878. [PMID: 34296853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and esophageal cancer (EC) has been controversial, which may be caused by the difference in geographic regions of sample origin. Thus, we conducted a case-control study to find that HPV increased the risk of esophageal cancer, and the HPV18 detection rate is the highest (24.2%) among patients with EC, suggesting that HPV18 could be the most risk subtype of HPV infected. We then identified high-risk HPV18 and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG) to establish a model on the viral etiology cooperating with environmental carcinogens. Het-1A cells containing HPV18 were continuously exposed to MNNG or not; then the morphological phenotype and function assays were performed in 25th passage cells. MNNG promoted the proliferation and invasion abilities and inhibited apoptosis both in Het-1A-HPV18 and control group. However, the Het-1A-HPV18 had a stronger change in phenotypic features and formed more transformed foci in soft agar. Further, Western blot found p53 and p21 were down-regulated, and expression of c-Myc, MMP-2, and MMP-9 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio were up-regulated. Our results revealed that MNNG was easier to induce malignant transformation of Het-1A cells transfected with HPV18. It is good evidence for the close relationship between HPV and the etiology of EC, providing foundation for further study in molecular mechanism and specific intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yinan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Enchun Pan
- Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Shizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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Dong Z, Hu R, Du Y, Tan L, Li L, Du J, Bai L, Ma Y, Cui H. Immunodiagnosis and Immunotherapeutics Based on Human Papillomavirus for HPV-Induced Cancers. Front Immunol 2021; 11:586796. [PMID: 33488587 PMCID: PMC7820759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the main causes of malignant neoplasms, especially cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. Although we have developed preventive vaccines that can protect from HPV infection, there are still many new cases of HPV-related cancers worldwide. Early diagnosis and therapy are therefore important for the treatment of these diseases. As HPVs are the major contributors to these cancers, it is reasonable to develop reagents, kits, or devices to detect and eliminate HPVs for early diagnosis and therapeutics. Immunological methods are precise strategies that are promising for the accurate detection and blockade of HPVs. During the last decades, the mechanism of how HPVs induce neoplasms has been extensively elucidated, and several oncogenic HPV early proteins, including E5, E6, and E7, have been shown to be positively related to the oncogenesis and malignancy of HPV-induced cancers. These oncoproteins are promising biomarkers for diagnosis and as targets for the therapeutics of HPV-related cancers. Importantly, many specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), or newly designed antibody mimics, as well as new immunological kits, devices, and reagents have been developed for both the immunodiagnosis and immunotherapeutics of HPV-induced cancers. In the current review, we summarize the research progress in the immunodiagnosis and immunotherapeutics based on HPV for HPV-induced cancers. In particular, we depict the most promising serological methods for the detection of HPV infection and several therapeutical immunotherapeutics based on HPV, using immunological tools, including native mAbs, radio-labelled mAbs, affitoxins (affibody-linked toxins), intracellular single-chain antibodies (scFvs), nanobodies, therapeutical vaccines, and T-cell-based therapies. Our review aims to provide new clues for researchers to develop novel strategies and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of HPV-induced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, China
| | - Renjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Ultrasound, Chongqing University Central Hospital (Chongqing Emergency Medical Center), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Dermatology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Longchang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingkang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture & Textile & Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, China
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6
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Rajendra S, Pavey D, McKay O, Merrett N, Gautam SD. Human papillomavirus infection in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma: a concise review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1482:36-48. [PMID: 33103249 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The causal link between high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) infection and cervical, anogenital, and some oropharyngeal malignancies has been established by both molecular and epidemiological data. The association between HPV and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains controversial, as is the true prevalence of HPV infection in ESCC. The wide range in reported rates reflects variability in the primary literature, with some larger scale case-control studies suggesting the infection rates range from 0% to 78%. Interactions between HPV and the Barrett's metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence have been explored, and these studies have shown some conflicting data. Overall, systematic reviews have reported the prevalence of HPV-positive DNA in esophageal adenocarcinoma patients of between 13% and 35%. Postulated reasons for discrepancies in HPV prevalence rates in esophageal cancer include variations in testing methodology and assay sensitivities; technical issues, including the lack of a gold-standard primer; types of specimens utilized (fresh-frozen versus formalin-fixed tissue); geographical variation; cross-contamination; and small sample sizes. Thus, efforts must be undertaken to (1) standardize HPV testing, ideally in a central laboratory and utilizing tests that detect viral transcriptional activity; (2) avoid cross-contamination; and (3) recruit large numbers of patients to accurately ascertain HPV rates in esophageal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugarajah Rajendra
- Gastro-Intestinal Viral Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, South Western Sydney Local Health Network, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darren Pavey
- Gastro-Intestinal Viral Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, South Western Sydney Local Health Network, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Owen McKay
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, South Western Sydney Local Health Network, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neil Merrett
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shweta Dutta Gautam
- Gastro-Intestinal Viral Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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