1
|
Shao W, Su Y, Liu J, Liu Y, Zhao J, Fan X. Understanding the link between different types of maternal diabetes and the onset of autism spectrum disorders. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2024; 50:101543. [PMID: 38761920 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2024.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) encompass a collection of neurodevelopmental disorders that exhibit impaired social interactions and repetitive stereotypic behaviors. Although the exact cause of these disorders remains unknown, it is widely accepted that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to their onset and progression. Recent studies have highlighted the potential negative impact of maternal diabetes on embryonic neurodevelopment, suggesting that intrauterine hyperglycemia could pose an additional risk to early brain development and contribute to the development of ASD. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the current research on the relationship between various forms of maternal diabetes, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and gestational diabetes mellitus, and the likelihood of ASD in offspring. The study elucidates the potential mechanisms through which maternal hyperglycemia affects fetal development, involving metabolic hormones, immune dysregulation, heightened oxidative stress, and epigenetic alterations. The findings of this review offer valuable insights for potential preventive measures and evidence-based interventions targeting ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Shao
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yichun Su
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rowshan N, Anjomshoa M, Farahzad A, Bijad E, Amini-Khoei H. Gut-brain barrier dysfunction bridge autistic-like behavior in mouse model of maternal separation stress: A behavioral, histopathological, and molecular study. Int J Dev Neurosci 2024; 84:314-327. [PMID: 38584149 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a fast-growing neurodevelopmental disorder throughout the world. Experiencing early life stresses (ELS) like maternal separation (MS) is associated with autistic-like behaviors. It has been proposed that disturbance in the gut-brain axis-mediated psychiatric disorders following MS. The role of disruption in the integrity of gut-brain barrier in ASD remains unclear. Addressing this knowledge gap, in this study we aimed to investigate role of the gut-brain barrier integrity in mediating autistic-like behaviors in mouse models of MS stress. To do this, mice neonates are separated daily from their mothers from postnatal day (PND) 2 to PND 14 for 3 hours. During PND58-60, behavioral tests related to autistic-like behaviors including three-chamber sociability, shuttle box, and resident-intruder tests were performed. Then, prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and colon samples were dissected out for histopathological and molecular evaluations. Results showed that MS is associated with impaired sociability and social preference indexes, aggressive behaviors, and impaired passive avoidance memory. The gene expression of CLDN1 decreased in the colon, and the gene expression of CLDN5, CLDN12, and MMP9 increased in the PFC of the MS mice. MS is associated with decrease in the diameter of CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus. In addition, MS led to histopathological changes in the colon. We concluded that, probably, disturbance in the gut-brain barrier integrities mediated the autistic-like behavior in MS stress in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negin Rowshan
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Anjomshoa
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Anahita Farahzad
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Elham Bijad
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hossein Amini-Khoei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeng L, Zhang X, Shen Q, He L, Liu X, Zeng X, Wu Q, Ma I, Zheng S, Cheng L, Li L, Yao P. Exposure to Progestin 17-OHPC Induces Gastrointestinal Dysfunction through Claudin-1 Suppression in Female Mice with Increased Anxiety-Like Behaviors. Neuroendocrinology 2024; 114:623-638. [PMID: 38583420 PMCID: PMC11232951 DOI: 10.1159/000538692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Progestin, commonly used in oral contraception and preventing preterm birth, elicits various off-target side effects on brain and gastrointestinal (GI) functions, yet the precise mechanisms remain elusive. This study aims to probe progestin's impact on GI function and anxiety-like behaviors in female mice. METHODS Colon stem cells were utilized to explore the mechanism underlying progestin 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC)-mediated suppression of claudin-1 (CLDN1), crucial for epithelial integrity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays identified potential progestin-response elements on the CLDN1 promoter, with subsequent assessment of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Manipulation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) or estrogen receptor β (ERβ) expression elucidated their roles in 17-OHPC-mediated effects. Intestine-specific VDR deficient mice were generated to evaluate 17-OHPC's impact on GI dysfunction and anxiety-like behaviors in female mice. Additionally, gene expression was analyzed in various brain regions, including the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. RESULTS Exposure to 17-OHPC suppressed CLDN1 expression via epigenetic modifications and VDR dissociation from the CLDN1 promoter. Furthermore, 17-OHPC intensified oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. VDR knockdown partly mimicked, while overexpression of either VDR or ERβ partly restored 17-OHPC-mediated effects. Intestinal VDR deficiency partly mirrored 17-OHPC-induced GI dysfunction, with minimal impact on 17-OHPC-mediated anxiety-like behaviors. CONCLUSIONS 17-OHPC suppresses CLDN1 expression through VDR, contributing to GI dysfunction in female mice, distinct from 17-OHPC-induced anxiety-like behaviors. This study reveals a new mechanism and potential negative impact of progestin exposure on the GI tract, alongside inducing anxiety-like behaviors in female mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zeng
- Department of Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen University Affiliated No. 8 Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China
| | | | - Qingjun Shen
- Department of Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen University Affiliated No. 8 Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li He
- Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen University Affiliated No. 8 Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiangyue Zeng
- Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, PR China
| | - Qiaozhu Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen University Affiliated No. 8 Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Irene Ma
- Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, PR China
| | - Shuangyun Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen University Affiliated No. 8 Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Liqin Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen University Affiliated No. 8 Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, PR China
| | - Paul Yao
- Department of Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen University Affiliated No. 8 Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China
- Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang Y, Zhong L, Lu J, Yao P. Editorial: Endocrinological factors for autism: prenatal biomarkers, early diagnosis and symptom treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1298381. [PMID: 38027222 PMCID: PMC10666630 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1298381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liyan Zhong
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Paul Yao
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jia Q, Li H, Wang M, Wei C, Xu L, Ye L, Wang C, Ke S, Li L, Yao P. Transcript levels of 4 genes in umbilical cord blood are predictive of later autism development: a longitudinal follow-up study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2023; 48:E334-E344. [PMID: 37673435 PMCID: PMC10495168 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.230046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent decades, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been of increasing epidemiological importance, given the substantial increase in its prevalence; at present, clinical diagnosis is possible only after 2 years of age. In this study, we sought to develop a potential predictive model for ASD screening. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal follow-up study of newborns over 3 years. We measured transcript levels of 4 genes (superoxide dismutase-2 [SOD2], retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-α [RORA], G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 [GPER], progesterone receptor [PGR]), 2 oxidative stress markers and epigenetic marks at the RORA promoter in case-control umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell (UCBMC) samples. RESULTS We followed 2623 newborns; we identified 41 children with ASD, 63 with delayed development and 2519 typically developing children. We matched the 41 children with ASD to 41 typically developing children for UCBMC measurements. Our results showed that children with ASD had significantly higher levels of H3K9me3 histone modifications at the RORA promoter and oxidative stress in UCBMC than typically developing children; children with delayed development showed no significant differences. Children with ASD had significantly lower expression of SOD2, RORA and GPER, but higher PGR expression than typically developing children. We established a model based on these 4 candidate genes, and achieved an area under the curve of 87.0% (standard deviation 3.9%) with a sensitivity of 1.000 and specificity of 0.854 to predict ASD in UCBMC. LIMITATIONS Although the gene combinations produced a good pass/fail cut-off value for ASD evaluation, relatively few children in our study sample had ASD. CONCLUSION The altered gene expression in UCBMC can predict later autism development, possibly providing a predictive model for ASD screening immediately after birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzheng Jia
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan, China
| | - Huilin Li
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan, China
| | - Min Wang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan, China
| | - Chongxia Wei
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan, China
| | - Lichao Xu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan, China
| | - Lin Ye
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan, China
| | - Chunjun Wang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan, China
| | - Shaofeng Ke
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan, China
| | - Ling Li
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan, China
| | - Paul Yao
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiao L, Feng J, Zhang W, Pan J, Wang M, Zhang C, Li L, Su X, Yao P. Autism-like behavior of murine offspring induced by prenatal exposure to progestin is associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction due to claudin-1 suppression. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 36855792 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with the contribution of many prenatal risk factors; in particular, the sex hormone progestin and vitamin D receptor (VDR) are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in ASD development, although the related mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the possible role and mechanism of progestin 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) exposure-induced GI dysfunction and autism-like behaviours (ALB) in mouse offspring. An intestine-specific VDR-deficient mouse model was established for prenatal treatment, while transplantation of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCT) with related gene manipulation was used for postnatal treatment for 17-OHPC exposure-induced GI dysfunction and ALB in mouse offspring. The in vivo mouse experiments found that VDR deficiency mimics prenatal 17-OHPC exposure-mediated GI dysfunction, but has no effect on 17-OHPC-mediated autism-like behaviours (ALB) in mouse offspring. Furthermore, prenatal 17-OHPC exposure induces CLDN1 suppression in intestine epithelial cells, and transplantation of HSCT with CLDN1 expression ameliorates prenatal 17-OHPC exposure-mediated GI dysfunction, but has no effect on 17-OHPC-mediated ALB in offspring. In conclusion, prenatal 17-OHPC exposure triggers GI dysfunction in autism-like mouse offspring via CLDN1 suppression, providing a possible explanation for the involvement of CLDN1 and VDR in prenatal 17-OHPC exposure-mediated GI dysfunction with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Jianqing Feng
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Wanhua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Long Island University (Post), Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Xi Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Paul Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China.,Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang M, Yang F, Yan X, Chao X, Zhang W, Yuan C, Zeng Q. Anti-diabetic effect of banana peel dietary fibers on type 2 diabetic mellitus mice induced by streptozotocin and high-sugar and high-fat diet. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14275. [PMID: 35765856 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We used a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) to induce type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) mice and evaluated the effect of banana peel dietary fibers (BP-DFs) as potential hypoglycemic agents. After 5 weeks of intervention with banana peel dietary fibers (BP-DFs), food intake was reduced, body weight was increased, blood lipids and glucose were reduced, fasting insulin and GLP-1 levels were increased, and liver and pancreatic tissue damage was reduced. Banana peel soluble dietary fiber (BP-SDF) has the most significant effect. The results of fecal microbiota analysis showed that BP-DFs could ameliorates gut microbiome dysbiosis, and all three types of dietary fibers have obvious effects. The results of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) showed that the content of fecal SCFAs was increased after BP-DFs dietary intervention, and BP-SDF had the most obvious effect. RT-PCR experiment results show that BP-DFs can up-regulate the mRNA expression levels of PI3K, AKT, IRS-1, and FOXO1 in the liver of diabetic mice, which indicates that BD-DFs may play a role in improving insulin resistance and insulin signal transduction via the IRS/PI3K/AKT pathway, improving insulin resistance and insulin signal transduction. Our research may be extended to BP-DFs, especially BP-SDF, as the basis for potential dietary intervention to prevent or treat type 2 diabetic mellitus. This work supports future research studies of the anti-diabetic properties of BP-SDF in humans. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Diabetes can lead to a variety of complications that have a huge impact on health. Dietary fiber may help in lowering blood sugar. Our experimental results showed that banana peel dietary fibers have the effect of reducing food intake, blood sugar, improving liver and pancreas function, increasing the abundance of intestinal flora, and improving the IRS/PI3K/AKT pathway in T2DM mice. Therefore, this study could provide a theoretical basis for the development of functional foods with banana peel dietary fiber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xiang Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xinyu Chao
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Chuanxun Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qingmei Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xie XN, Lei X, Xiao CY, Li YM, Lei XY. Association between type 1 diabetes and neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:982696. [PMID: 36483136 PMCID: PMC9722754 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.982696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Type 1 diabetes and neurodevelopmental disorders are common chronic conditions in childhood and adolescence, and having one may lead to an increased chance of developing the other. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is mainly manifested by elevated blood glucose, while neurodevelopmental diseases are composed of a variety of diseases, which are relatively complex. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to find out the prevalence of type 1 diabetes-related neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents and to explore the potential association between neurodevelopmental disorders and type 1 diabetes. PubMed, Embase and Web of science databases were searched from the inception to May 22, 2022 to identify relevant studies, Finally, 24 original studies were included in the meta-analysis. Prevalence estimates for neurodevelopmental disorders in the type 1 diabetes adolescent and their 95% confidence intervals were pooled using random effects models. The pooled estimates for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the type 1 diabetes population were 1.2 and 5.3%, respectively, both of which are higher than the 2019 global prevalence of ASD and ADHD in the general population. The results of the subgroup analysis showed that the prevalence of ASD and ADHD in the T1DM population tended to increase with age. In conclusion, there may be a potential link between the occurrence of type 1 diabetes mellitus and the development of neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents, but more relevant studies are needed to understand the link between the underlying pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and neurodevelopmental disorders. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/], identifier [CDR42022333443].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ni Xie
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xue Lei
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Chun-Ye Xiao
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Min Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xian-Yang Lei
- Office of the President, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|