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Wang Y, Zhang C, Zhou B, Hui L, Zheng L, Chen X, Wang S, Yang L, Hao S, Zhang Q. Three Variants Affecting Exon 1 of Ectodysplasin A Cause X-Linked Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia: Clinical and Molecular Characteristics. Front Genet 2022; 13:916340. [PMID: 35873474 PMCID: PMC9298733 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.916340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ectodysplasin A (EDA) variations are major pathogenic factors for hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED), the most common form of ectodermal dysplasia (ED), characterized by hypotrichosis, hypohidrosis, hypodontia, and other oral features. Methods: Molecular genetic defects in three HED families were detected by whole-exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing or multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. The effect of splicing variant was further verified by EDA minigene in vitro analysis. De novo deletion was confirmed by chromosomal microarray analysis. Results: Three variants (c.396 + 1 G > C, c.171-173 del GTT, and exon 1 deletion) were identified, all affecting exon 1 of the EDA gene. Variants c.396 + 1 G > C and c.171-173 del GTT were first identified. Minigene analysis of the splicing variant (c.396 + 1 G > C) displayed a prolonged EDA-A1 transcript containing extra 699 bp at the start of intron 1, representing a functional cryptic splice site formation in vitro. Combining the results of chromosomal microarray analysis and whole-exome sequencing, the deletion variant was over 87 kb. Three variants were predicted to affect protein function to differing degrees, and were responsible for X-linked HED with varying phenotype. Conclusion: Investigating the clinical and molecular characteristics of these variations broadens our understanding of EDA gene variants, supporting clinical diagnosis, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis of HED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupei Wang
- Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingbo Zhou
- Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ling Hui
- Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shifan Wang
- Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengju Hao
- Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Lanzhou, China
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2
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Gökdere S, Schneider H, Hehr U, Willen L, Schneider P, Maier-Wohlfart S. Functional and clinical analysis of five EDA variants associated with ectodermal dysplasia but with a hard-to-predict significance. Front Genet 2022; 13:934395. [PMID: 35923710 PMCID: PMC9339965 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.934395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of ectodysplasin A1 (EDA1) due to variants of the gene EDA causes X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED), a rare genetic condition characterized by abnormal development of ectodermal structures. XLHED is defined by the triad of hypotrichosis, hypo- or anhidrosis, and hypo- or anodontia. Anhidrosis may lead to life-threatening hyperthermia. A definite genetic diagnosis is, thus, important for the patients' management and amenability to a novel prenatal treatment option. Here, we describe five familial EDA variants segregating with the disease in three families, for which different prediction tools yielded discordant results with respect to their significance. Functional properties in vitro and levels of circulating serum EDA were compared with phenotypic data on skin, hair, eyes, teeth, and sweat glands. EDA1-Gly176Val, although associated with relevant hypohidrosis, still bound to the EDA receptor (EDAR). Subjects with EDA1-Pro389LeufsX27, -Ter392GlnfsX30, -Ser125Cys, and an EDA1 splice variant (c.924+7A > G) showed complete absence of pilocarpine-induced sweating. EDA1-Pro389LeufsX27 was incapable of binding to EDAR and undetectable in serum. EDA1-Ter392GlnfsX30, produced in much lower amounts than wild-type EDA1, could still bind to EDAR, and so did EDA1-Ser125Cys that was, however, undetectable in serum. The EDA splice variant c.924+7A > G resulted experimentally in a mix of wild-type EDA1 and EDA molecules truncated in the middle of the receptor-binding domain, with reduced EDA serum concentration. Thus, in vitro assays reflected the clinical phenotype in two of these difficult cases, but underestimated it in three others. Absence of circulating EDA seems to predict the full-blown phenotype of XLHED, while residual EDA levels may also be found in anhidrotic patients. This indicates that unborn subjects carrying variants of uncertain significance could benefit from an upcoming prenatal medical treatment even if circulating EDA levels or tests in vitro suggest residual EDA1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sare Gökdere
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Ectodermal Dysplasias, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holm Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Ectodermal Dysplasias, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ute Hehr
- Center for Human Genetics, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laure Willen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sigrun Maier-Wohlfart
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Ectodermal Dysplasias, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Yamada A, Kawasaki M, Miake Y, Yamada Y, Blackburn J, Kawasaki K, Trakanant S, Nagai T, Nihara J, Kudo T, Meguro F, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Liu B, Hu Y, Page A, Ramírez Á, Sharpe PT, Maeda T, Takagi R, Ohazama A. Overactivation of the NF-κB pathway impairs molar enamel formation. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1513-1522. [PMID: 32369672 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a hereditary disorder characterized by abnormal structures and functions of the ectoderm-derived organs, including teeth. HED patients exhibit a variety of dental symptoms, such as hypodontia. Although disruption of the EDA/EDAR/EDARADD/NF-κB pathway is known to be responsible for HED, it remains unclear whether this pathway is involved in the process of enamel formation. EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECTS AND METHODS To address this question, we examined the mice overexpressing Ikkβ (an essential component required for the activation of NF-κB pathway) under the keratin 5 promoter (K5-Ikkβ). RESULTS Upregulation of the NF-κB pathway was confirmed in the ameloblasts of K5-Ikkβ mice. Premature abrasion was observed in the molars of K5-Ikkβ mice, which was accompanied by less mineralized enamel. However, no significant changes were observed in the enamel thickness and the pattern of enamel rods in K5-Ikkβ mice. Klk4 expression was significantly upregulated in the ameloblasts of K5-Ikkβ mice at the maturation stage, and the expression of its substrate, amelogenin, was remarkably reduced. This suggests that abnormal enamel observed in K5-Ikkβ mice was likely due to the compromised degradation of enamel protein at the maturation stage. CONCLUSION Therefore, we could conclude that the overactivation of the NF-κB pathway impairs the process of amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Yamada
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Maiko Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miake
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Tsurumi, Japan
| | - Yurie Yamada
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - James Blackburn
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Supaluk Trakanant
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagai
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Nihara
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takehisa Kudo
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumiya Meguro
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Department of Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bigang Liu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Yinling Hu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Angustias Page
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital12 de Octubre (imas12), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Ramírez
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital12 de Octubre (imas12), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ritsuo Takagi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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4
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Han Y, Wang X, Zheng L, Zhu T, Li Y, Hong J, Xu C, Wang P, Gao M. Pathogenic EDA Mutations in Chinese Han Families With Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia and Genotype-Phenotype: A Correlation Analysis. Front Genet 2020; 11:21. [PMID: 32117440 PMCID: PMC7010634 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the genetic causes of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) in two families and elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of HED in Chinese Han patients. Methods Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was used to screen HED-related genes in two family members, followed by confirmatory Sanger sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was performed for the mutations. We reviewed HED-related articles in PubMed. χ2- and Fisher's tests were used to analyze the genotype–phenotype correlations. Results (1) WES identified EDA missense mutations [c.1127 C > T (p.T376M; NM_001005609)] in family 1 and an EDA nonframeshift deletion mutation [c.648_683delACCTGGTCCTCCAGGTCCTCCTGGTCCTCAAGGACC (p.216_228delPPGPPGPPGPQGP; NM_001005609)] in family 2. Sanger sequencing validated the results. ANNOVAR (ANNOtate VARiation) annotation indicated that c.1127 c > T was a deleterious mutation. (2) The review of published papers revealed 68 novel mutations related to HED: 57 (83.8%) were EDA mutations, 8 (11.8%) were EDAR mutations, 2 (2.9%) were EDARADD mutations, 1 (1.5%) was a WNT10A mutation, 31 (45.6%) were missense mutations, 23 (33.8%) were deletion mutations, and 1 (1.5%) was an indel. Genotype–phenotype correlation analysis revealed that patients with EDA missense mutations had a higher frequency of hypohidrosis (P = 0.021). Conclusions This study identified two EDA gene mutations in two Chinese Han HED families and provides a foundation for genetic diagnosis and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liyun Zheng
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiaqi Hong
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Congcong Xu
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peiguang Wang
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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5
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Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 allows the generation of knockout cell lines and null zygotes by inducing site-specific double-stranded breaks. In most cases the DSB is repaired by non-homologous end joining, resulting in small nucleotide insertions or deletions that can be used to construct knockout alleles. However, these mutations do not produce the desired null result in all cases, but instead generate a similar, functionally active protein. This effect could limit the therapeutic efficiency of gene therapy strategies based on abrogating oncogene expression, and therefore needs to be considered carefully. If there is an acceptable degree of efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery to cells, the key step for success lies in the effectiveness of a specific sgRNA at knocking out the oncogene, when only one sgRNA can be used. This study shows that the null effect could be increased with an sgRNA targeting the splice donor site (SDS) of the chosen exon. Following this strategy, the generation of null alleles would be facilitated in two independent ways: the probability of producing a frameshift mutation and the probability of interrupting the canonical mechanism of pre-mRNA splicing. In these contexts, we propose to improve the loss-of-function yield driving the CRISPR system at the SDS of critical exons.
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6
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García-Tuñón I, Alonso-Pérez V, Vuelta E, Pérez- Ramos S, Herrero M, Méndez L, Hernández-Sánchez JM, Martín-Izquierdo M, Saldaña R, Sevilla J, Sánchez- Guijo F, Hernández-Rivas JM, Sánchez-Martín M. Splice donor site sgRNAs enhance CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout efficiency. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216674. [PMID: 31071190 PMCID: PMC6508695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 allows the generation of knockout cell lines and null zygotes by inducing site-specific double-stranded breaks. In most cases the DSB is repaired by non-homologous end joining, resulting in small nucleotide insertions or deletions that can be used to construct knockout alleles. However, these mutations do not produce the desired null result in all cases, but instead generate a similar, functionally active protein. This effect could limit the therapeutic efficiency of gene therapy strategies based on abrogating oncogene expression, and therefore needs to be considered carefully. If there is an acceptable degree of efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery to cells, the key step for success lies in the effectiveness of a specific sgRNA at knocking out the oncogene, when only one sgRNA can be used. This study shows that the null effect could be increased with an sgRNA targeting the splice donor site (SDS) of the chosen exon. Following this strategy, the generation of null alleles would be facilitated in two independent ways: the probability of producing a frameshift mutation and the probability of interrupting the canonical mechanism of pre-mRNA splicing. In these contexts, we propose to improve the loss-of-function yield driving the CRISPR system at the SDS of critical exons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio García-Tuñón
- Unidad de Diagnóstico Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- IBSAL, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Verónica Alonso-Pérez
- Unidad de Diagnóstico Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- IBSAL, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elena Vuelta
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez- Ramos
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Herrero
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Lucía Méndez
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús María Hernández-Sánchez
- Unidad de Diagnóstico Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- IBSAL, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Martín-Izquierdo
- Unidad de Diagnóstico Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- IBSAL, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel Saldaña
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital de Especialidades de Jerez, Zacatecas, Spain
| | - Julián Sevilla
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fermín Sánchez- Guijo
- Unidad de Diagnóstico Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- IBSAL, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús María Hernández-Rivas
- Unidad de Diagnóstico Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- IBSAL, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Martín
- IBSAL, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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