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Martin AK, Sheridan JA. Body size responses to the combined effects of climate and land use changes within an urban framework. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5385-5398. [PMID: 35758068 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in body size can have profound impacts on an organism's life history and ecology with long-lasting effects that span multiple biological scales. Animal body size is influenced by environmental drivers, including climate change and land use change, the two largest current threats to biodiversity. Climate warming has led to smaller body sizes of many species due to impacts on growth (i.e., Bergmann's rule and temperature-size rule). Conversely, urbanization, which serves as a model for investigating the effects of land use changes, has largely been demonstrated to cause size increases, but few studies have examined the combined influences of climate and land use changes on organism size. We present here the background theory on how each of these factors is expected to influence body size, summarize existing evidence of how size has recently been impacted by climate and land use changes, and make several recommendations to guide future research uniting these areas of focus. Given the rapid pace of climate change and urbanization, understanding the combined effects of climate and land use changes on body size is imperative for biodiversity preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Martin
- Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Huntly N, Freischel AR, Miller AK, Lloyd MC, Basanta D, Brown JS. Coexistence of “Cream Skimmer” and “Crumb Picker” Phenotypes in Nature and in Cancer. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.697618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 40 years ago, seminal papers by Armstrong and McGehee and by Levins showed that temporal fluctuations in resource availability could permit coexistence of two species on a single resource. Such coexistence results from non-linearities or non-additivities in the way resource supply translates into fitness. These reflect trade-offs where one species benefits more than the other during good periods and suffers more (or does less well) than the other during less good periods, be the periods stochastic, unstable population dynamics, or seasonal. Since, coexistence based on fluctuating conditions has been explored under the guises of “grazers” and “diggers,” variance partitioning, relative non-linearity, “opportunists” and “gleaners,” and as the storage effect. Here we focus on two phenotypes, “cream skimmers” and “crumb pickers,” the former having the advantage in richer times and the latter in less rich times. In nature, richer and poorer times, with regular or stochastic appearances, are the norm and occur on many time scales. Fluctuations among richer and poorer times also appear to be the norm in cancer ecosystems. Within tumors, nutrient availability, oxygen, and pH can fluctuate stochastically or periodically, with swings occurring over seconds to minutes to hours. Despite interest in tumor heterogeneity and how it promotes the coexistence of different cancer cell types, the effects of fluctuating resource availability have not been explored for cancer. Here, in the context of pulsed resources, we (1) develop models of foraging consumers who experience pulsed resources to examine four types of trade-offs that can promote coexistence of phenotypes that do relatively better in richer versus in poorer times, (2) establish that conditions in tumors are conducive for this mechanism, (3) propose and empirically explore biomarkers indicative of the two phenotypes (HIF-1, GLUT-1, CA IX, CA XII), and (4) and compare cream skimmer and crumb picker biology and ecology in nature and cancer to provide cross-disciplinary insights into this interesting, and, we argue, likely very common, mechanism of coexistence.
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Hantak MM, McLean BS, Li D, Guralnick RP. Mammalian body size is determined by interactions between climate, urbanization, and ecological traits. Commun Biol 2021; 4:972. [PMID: 34400755 PMCID: PMC8367959 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenically-driven climate warming is a hypothesized driver of animal body size reductions. Less understood are effects of other human-caused disturbances on body size, such as urbanization. We compiled 140,499 body size records of over 100 North American mammals to test how climate and human population density, a proxy for urbanization, and their interactions with species traits, impact body size. We tested three hypotheses of body size variation across urbanization gradients: urban heat island effects, habitat fragmentation, and resource availability. Our results demonstrate that both urbanization and temperature influence mammalian body size variation, most often leading to larger individuals, thus supporting the resource availability hypothesis. In addition, life history and other ecological factors play a critical role in mediating the effects of climate and urbanization on body size. Larger mammals and species that utilize thermal buffering are more sensitive to warmer temperatures, while flexibility in activity time appears to be advantageous in urbanized areas. This work highlights the value of using digitized, natural history data to track how human disturbance drives morphological variation. Anthropogenically-driven climate change is responsible for body size decreases in mammals. Using an important dataset of historically-collected data and data from continental-scale survey efforts from the National Ecological Observatory Network, Hantak et al. show that urbanization plays an important role in mediating this dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M Hantak
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Bryan S McLean
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Daijiang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Center for Computation & Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Robert P Guralnick
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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The Effect of Climate and Human Pressures on Functional Diversity and Species Richness Patterns of Amphibians, Reptiles and Mammals in Europe. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13060275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing biodiversity crisis reinforces the urgent need to unravel diversity patterns and the underlying processes shaping them. Although taxonomic diversity has been extensively studied and is considered the common currency, simultaneously conserving other facets of diversity (e.g., functional diversity) is critical to ensure ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. Here, we explored the effect of key climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, temperature seasonality, and precipitation seasonality) and factors reflecting human pressures (agricultural land, urban land, land-cover diversity, and human population density) on the functional diversity (functional richness and Rao’s quadratic entropy) and species richness of amphibians (68 species), reptiles (107 species), and mammals (176 species) in Europe. We explored the relationship between different predictors and diversity metrics using generalized additive mixed model analysis, to capture non-linear relationships and to account for spatial autocorrelation. We found that at this broad continental spatial scale, climatic variables exerted a significant effect on the functional diversity and species richness of all taxa. On the other hand, variables reflecting human pressures contributed significantly in the models even though their explanatory power was lower compared to climatic variables. In most cases, functional richness and Rao’s quadratic entropy responded similarly to climate and human pressures. In conclusion, climate is the most influential factor in shaping both the functional diversity and species richness patterns of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals in Europe. However, incorporating factors reflecting human pressures complementary to climate could be conducive to us understanding the drivers of functional diversity and richness patterns.
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LaFlèche LJ, Waterman JM. Not playing by the rules: mixed support of ecogeographic rules in an arid‐adapted African ground squirrel. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. J. LaFlèche
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - J. M. Waterman
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
- Mammal Research Institute Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria South Africa
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Cozzoli F, Shokri M, Ligetta G, Ciotti M, Gjoni V, Marrocco V, Vignes F, Basset A. Relationship between individual metabolic rate and patch departure behaviour: evidence from aquatic gastropods. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cozzoli
- Laboratory of Ecology, Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Univ. of the Salento, S.P. Lecce‐Monteroni IT‐73100 Lecce Italy
- Res. Inst. on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET) – National Research Council of Italy (CNR) via Salaria km 29.3 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma) Italy
| | - Milad Shokri
- Laboratory of Ecology, Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Univ. of the Salento, S.P. Lecce‐Monteroni IT‐73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Giovanna Ligetta
- Laboratory of Ecology, Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Univ. of the Salento, S.P. Lecce‐Monteroni IT‐73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Mario Ciotti
- Laboratory of Ecology, Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Univ. of the Salento, S.P. Lecce‐Monteroni IT‐73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Vojsava Gjoni
- Laboratory of Ecology, Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Univ. of the Salento, S.P. Lecce‐Monteroni IT‐73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Vanessa Marrocco
- Laboratory of Ecology, Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Univ. of the Salento, S.P. Lecce‐Monteroni IT‐73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Fabio Vignes
- Laboratory of Ecology, Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Univ. of the Salento, S.P. Lecce‐Monteroni IT‐73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Alberto Basset
- Laboratory of Ecology, Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Univ. of the Salento, S.P. Lecce‐Monteroni IT‐73100 Lecce Italy
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Tsianou MA, Kallimanis AS. Geographical patterns and environmental drivers of functional diversity and trait space of amphibians of Europe. Ecol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A. Tsianou
- Department of Ecology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
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