1
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Tan J, Lamont GJ, Scott DA. Tobacco-enhanced biofilm formation by Porphyromonas gingivalis and other oral microbes. Mol Oral Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38229003 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms promote pathogenesis by disguising antigens, facilitating immune evasion, providing protection against antibiotics and other antimicrobials and, generally, fostering survival and persistence. Environmental fluxes are known to influence biofilm formation and composition, with recent data suggesting that tobacco and tobacco-derived stimuli are particularly important mediators of biofilm initiation and development in vitro and determinants of polymicrobial communities in vivo. The evidence for tobacco-augmented biofilm formation by oral bacteria, tobacco-induced oral dysbiosis, tobacco-resistance strategies, and bacterial physiology is summarized herein. A general overview is provided alongside specific insights gained through studies of the model and archetypal, anaerobic, Gram-negative oral pathobiont, Porphyromonas gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlian Tan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gwyneth J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Microbiomics, Inflammation and Pathogenicity, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Böcher S, Meyer HL, Dafni E, Conrads G. Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Lipoprotein-Gene ragB-1 of Porphyromonas gingivalis-A Pilot Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1458. [PMID: 37760754 PMCID: PMC10525598 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) is a key pathogen involved in periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and phylogenetic origin of the lipoprotein-gene ragB in its most virulent variant, ragB-1 (co-transcribed with ragA-1 as locus rag-1), in different P.g. strains collected worldwide. A total of 138 P.g. strains were analyzed for the presence of ragB-1 by pooled analysis and subsequently individual PCRs. Sequencing a core fragment of ragB-1 of the individual strains made it possible to carry out a phylogenetic classification using sequence alignment. In total, 22 of the 138 P.g. strains tested positive for ragB-1, corresponding to a prevalence of 16%. The fragment investigated was highly conserved, with variations in the base sequence detected in only three strains (OMI 1072, OMI 1081, and OMI 1074). In two strains, namely OMI 1072 (original name: I-433) and OMI 1081 (original name: I-372), which originate from monkeys, two amino-acid alterations were apparent. Since ragB-1 has also been found in animal strains, it may be concluded that rag-1 was transferred from animals to humans and that this originally virulent variant was weakened by mutations over time so that new, less virulent, adapted commensal versions of rag (rag-2, -3, and -4), with P.g. as the host, evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Böcher
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hendrik L. Meyer
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany (G.C.)
| | - Evdokia Dafni
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany (G.C.)
| | - Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany (G.C.)
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3
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Rius J, Torrelles X. Extending the novel |ρ|-based phasing algorithm to the solution of anomalous scattering substructures from SAD data of protein crystals. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION A FOUNDATIONS AND ADVANCES 2022; 78:473-481. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273322008622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the importance of the single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) technique, the recently developed |ρ|-based phasing algorithm (S
M,|ρ|) incorporating the inner-pixel preservation (ipp) procedure [Rius & Torrelles (2021). Acta Cryst A77, 339–347] has been adapted to the determination of anomalous scattering substructures and its applicability tested on a series of 12 representative experimental data sets, mostly retrieved from the Protein Data Bank. To give an idea of the suitability of the data sets, the main indicators measuring their quality are also given. The dominant anomalous scatterers are either SeMet or S atoms, or metals/clusters incorporated by soaking. The resulting SAD-adapted algorithm solves the substructures of the test protein crystals quite efficiently.
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4
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Nowakowska Z, Madej M, Grad S, Wang T, Hackett M, Miller DP, Lamont RJ, Potempa J. Phosphorylation of major Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence factors is crucial for their processing and secretion. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 36:316-326. [PMID: 34569151 PMCID: PMC10148667 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main etiological agent of periodontitis is the anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. Virulence of this pathogen is controlled by various mechanisms and executed by major virulence factors including the gingipain proteases, peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), and RagB, an outer membrane macromolecular transport component. Although the structures and functions of these proteins are well characterized, little is known about their posttranslational maturation. Here, we determined the phosphoproteome of P. gingivalis in which phosphorylated tyrosine residues constitute over 80% of all phosphoresidues. Multiple phosphotyrosines were found in gingipains, PPAD, and RagB. Although mutation of phosphorylated residues in PPAD and RagB had no effect on secretion or activity, site-directed mutagenesis showed that phosphorylation in hemagglutinin/adhesin domains of RgpA and Kgp, and in the catalytic domain of RgpB, had a strong influence on secretion, processing, and enzymatic activity. Moreover, preventing phosphorylation of one gingipain influenced the others, suggesting multiple phosphorylation-dependent pathways of gingipain maturation in P. gingivalis. Various candidate kinases including Ptk1 BY kinase and ubiquitous bacterial kinase 1 (UbK1) may be involved, but their contribution to gingipain processing and activation remains to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Nowakowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Grad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tiansong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Murray Hackett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel P. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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5
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Potempa J, Madej M, Scott DA. The RagA and RagB proteins of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 36:225-232. [PMID: 34032024 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RagA and RagB proteins are major components of the outer membrane of the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and, while recently suggested to represent a novel peptide uptake system, their full function is still under investigation. Herein, we (a) discuss the evidence that the rag locus contributes to P. gingivalis virulence; (b) provide insight to Rag protein potential biological function in macromolecular transport and other aspects of bacterial physiology; (c) address the host response to Rag proteins which are immunodominant and immunomodulatory; and (d) review the potential of Rag-focused therapeutic strategies for the control of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - David A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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6
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Cole GB, Bateman TJ, Moraes TF. The surface lipoproteins of gram-negative bacteria: Protectors and foragers in harsh environments. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100147. [PMID: 33277359 PMCID: PMC7857515 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.008745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative pathogens are enveloped by an outer membrane that serves as a double-edged sword: On the one hand, it provides a layer of protection for the bacterium from environmental insults, including other bacteria and the host immune system. On the other hand, it restricts movement of vital nutrients into the cell and provides a plethora of antigens that can be detected by host immune systems. One strategy used to overcome these limitations is the decoration of the outer surface of gram-negative bacteria with proteins tethered to the outer membrane through a lipid anchor. These surface lipoproteins (SLPs) fulfill critical roles in immune evasion and nutrient acquisition, but as more bacterial genomes are sequenced, we are beginning to discover their prevalence and their different roles and mechanisms and importantly how we can exploit them as antimicrobial targets. This review will focus on representative SLPs that gram-negative bacteria use to overcome host innate immunity, specifically the areas of nutritional immunity and complement system evasion. We elaborate on the structures of some notable SLPs required for binding target molecules in hosts and how this information can be used alongside bioinformatics to understand mechanisms of binding and in the discovery of new SLPs. This information provides a foundation for the development of therapeutics and the design of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Cole
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas J Bateman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor F Moraes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Madej M, White JBR, Nowakowska Z, Rawson S, Scavenius C, Enghild JJ, Bereta GP, Pothula K, Kleinekathoefer U, Baslé A, Ranson NA, Potempa J, van den Berg B. Structural and functional insights into oligopeptide acquisition by the RagAB transporter from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1016-1025. [PMID: 32393857 PMCID: PMC7610489 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, an asaccharolytic member of the Bacteroidetes, is a keystone pathogen in human periodontitis that may also contribute to the development of other chronic inflammatory diseases. P. gingivalis utilizes protease-generated peptides derived from extracellular proteins for growth, but how these peptides enter the cell is not clear. Here, we identify RagAB as the outer-membrane importer for these peptides. X-ray crystal structures show that the transporter forms a dimeric RagA2B2 complex, with the RagB substrate-binding surface-anchored lipoprotein forming a closed lid on the RagA TonB-dependent transporter. Cryo-electron microscopy structures reveal the opening of the RagB lid and thus provide direct evidence for a 'pedal bin' mechanism of nutrient uptake. Together with mutagenesis, peptide-binding studies and RagAB peptidomics, our work identifies RagAB as a dynamic, selective outer-membrane oligopeptide-acquisition machine that is essential for the efficient utilization of proteinaceous nutrients by P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joshua B R White
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- The Harvard Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center for Structural Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zuzanna Nowakowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Shaun Rawson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- The Harvard Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center for Structural Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and the Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and the Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz P Bereta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karunakar Pothula
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Arnaud Baslé
- Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Neil A Ranson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Bert van den Berg
- Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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8
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Gingimaps: Protein Localization in the Oral Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:84/1/e00032-19. [PMID: 31896547 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00032-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral pathogen involved in the widespread disease periodontitis. In recent years, however, this bacterium has been implicated in the etiology of another common disorder, the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis. Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis were known to correlate for decades, but only recently a possible molecular connection underlying this association has been unveiled. P. gingivalis possesses an enzyme that citrullinates certain host proteins and, potentially, elicits autoimmune antibodies against such citrullinated proteins. These autoantibodies are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis and have been purported both as a symptom and a potential cause of the disease. The citrullinating enzyme and other major virulence factors of P. gingivalis, including some that were implicated in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis, are targeted to the host tissue as secreted or outer-membrane-bound proteins. These targeting events play pivotal roles in the interactions between the pathogen and its human host. Accordingly, the overall protein sorting and secretion events in P. gingivalis are of prime relevance for understanding its full disease-causing potential and for developing preventive and therapeutic approaches. The aim of this review is therefore to offer a comprehensive overview of the subcellular and extracellular localization of all proteins in three reference strains and four clinical isolates of P. gingivalis, as well as the mechanisms employed to reach these destinations.
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9
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Hu D, Guo Y, Guo J, Wang Y, Pan Z, Xiao Y, Wang X, Hu S, Liu M, Li Z, Bi D, Zhou Z. Deletion of the Riemerella anatipestifer type IX secretion system gene sprA results in differential expression of outer membrane proteins and virulence. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:191-203. [PMID: 30640518 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1566594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer (RA), the causative agent of infectious serositis that targets ducklings and other poultry, secretes protein via the type IX secretion system (T9SS). The proteins transported by T9SS are located on the bacterial cell surface or secreted into the extracellular milieu. In this study, a sprA deletion mutant was constructed encoding a core protein of T9SS to investigate its influence on outer membrane protein expression and its role in virulence. Compared with the wild-type RA-YM strain, the deletion mutant ΔsprA failed to digest gelatin, showed the same growth rate in the logarithmic phase and exhibited greater sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of duck sera, whereas the complemented strain restored these phenotypes. The outer membrane proteome of RA-YM and the ΔsprA mutant were analyzed by Tandem Mass Tags, which revealed 198 proteins with predicted localization to the cell envelope. Sixty-three of these proteins were differentially expressed in the outer membrane, with 43 up-regulated and 20 down-regulated. Among the twelve outer membrane proteins which were secreted by T9SS, four proteins were up-regulated and one protein was down-regulated. Animal experiments demonstrated that the median lethal dose of the mutant strain ΔsprA was about 500 times higher than that of the wild-type RA-YM strain, and bacterial loads in blood, brain, heart, liver and spleen of the ΔsprA-infected ducks were significantly reduced. Our results indicate that the SprA is a virulence-associated factor of RA, and its absence results in altered abundance of outer membrane proteins, and secretion disorders associated with some of the T9SS effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Hu
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqing Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Pan
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuncai Xiao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Sishun Hu
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Zili Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Dingren Bi
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Zutao Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
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10
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TonB-dependent transport by the gut microbiota: novel aspects of an old problem. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Veith PD, Luong C, Tan KH, Dashper SG, Reynolds EC. Outer Membrane Vesicle Proteome of Porphyromonas gingivalis Is Differentially Modulated Relative to the Outer Membrane in Response to Heme Availability. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2377-2389. [PMID: 29766714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an anaerobic, Gram-negative oral pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis. P. gingivalis has an obligate requirement for heme, which it obtains from the host. Heme availability has been linked to disease initiation and progression. In this study we used continuous culture of the bacterium to determine the effect of heme limitation and excess on the P. gingivalis proteome. Four biological replicates of whole cell lysate (WCL) and outer membrane vesicle (OMV) samples were digested with trypsin and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry and MaxQuant label-free quantification. In total, 1211 proteins were quantified, with 108 and 49 proteins significantly changing in abundance more than 1.5-fold ( p < 0.05) in the WCLs and OMVs, respectively. The proteins most upregulated in response to heme limitation were those involved in binding and transporting heme, whereas the four proteins most upregulated under the heme-excess condition constitute a putative heme efflux system. In general, the protein abundance ratios obtained for OMVs and WCLs agreed, indicating that changes to the OM protein composition are passed onto OMVs; however, 16 proteins were preferentially packaged into OMVs under one condition more than the other. In particular, moonlighting cytoplasmic proteins were preferentially associated with OMVs under heme excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Caroline Luong
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Kheng H Tan
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Stuart G Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Victoria 3010 , Australia
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12
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Ho MH, Lamont RJ, Xie H. Identification of Streptococcus cristatus peptides that repress expression of virulence genes in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1413. [PMID: 28469253 PMCID: PMC5431200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental plaque is a complex multispecies biofilm, and is a direct precursor of periodontal disease. The virulence of periodontal pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, is expressed in the context of this polymicrobial community. Previously, we reported an antagonistic relationship between Streptococcus cristatus and P. gingivalis, and identified arginine deiminase (ArcA) of S. cristatus as the signaling molecule to which P. gingivalis responds by repressing the expression and production of FimA protein. Here we demonstrate that direct interaction between P. gingivalis and S. cristatus is necessary for the cell-cell communication. Two surface proteins of P. gingivalis, PGN_0294 and PGN_0806, were found to interact with S. cristatus ArcA. Using a peptide array analysis, we identified several P. gingivalis-binding sites of ArcA, which led to the discovery of an 11-mer peptide with the native sequence of ArcA that repressed expression of fimbriae and of gingipains. These data indicate that a functional motif of ArcA is sufficient to selectively alter virulence gene expression in P. gingivalis, and PGN_0294 and PGN_0806 may serve as receptors for ArcA. Our findings provide a molecular basis for future rational design of agents that interfere with the initiation and formation of a P. gingivalis-induced pathogenic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Oral Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, United States
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States
| | - Hua Xie
- Department of Oral Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, United States.
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13
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Dashper SG, Mitchell HL, Seers CA, Gladman SL, Seemann T, Bulach DM, Chandry PS, Cross KJ, Cleal SM, Reynolds EC. Porphyromonas gingivalis Uses Specific Domain Rearrangements and Allelic Exchange to Generate Diversity in Surface Virulence Factors. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:48. [PMID: 28184216 PMCID: PMC5266723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen of chronic periodontitis. The virulence of P. gingivalis is reported to be strain related and there are currently a number of strain typing schemes based on variation in capsular polysaccharide, the major and minor fimbriae and adhesin domains of Lys-gingipain (Kgp), amongst other surface proteins. P. gingivalis can exchange chromosomal DNA between strains by natural competence and conjugation. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic variability of P. gingivalis strains sourced from international locations over a 25-year period and to determine if variability in surface virulence factors has a phylogenetic basis. Whole genome sequencing was performed on 13 strains and comparison made to 10 previously sequenced strains. A single nucleotide polymorphism-based phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a shallow tri-lobed phylogeny. There was a high level of reticulation in the phylogenetic network, demonstrating extensive horizontal gene transfer between the strains. Two highly conserved variants of the catalytic domain of the major virulence factor the Kgp proteinase (KgpcatI and KgpcatII) were found. There were three variants of the fourth Kgp C-terminal cleaved adhesin domain. Specific variants of the cell surface proteins FimA, FimCDE, MfaI, RagAB, Tpr, and PrtT were also identified. The occurrence of all these variants in the P. gingivalis strains formed a mosaic that was not related to the SNP-based phylogeny. In conclusion P. gingivalis uses domain rearrangements and genetic exchange to generate diversity in specific surface virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Helen L Mitchell
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Christine A Seers
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Simon L Gladman
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Torsten Seemann
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dieter M Bulach
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Keith J Cross
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Steven M Cleal
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
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