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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu SS, Nguyen LM, Gonzalez OA. Transcriptomic features of programmed and inflammatory cell death in gingival tissues. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 38623775 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The local gingival tissue environment with homeostasis and tissue-destructive events of periodontitis demonstrates major changes in histological features and biology of the oral/sulcular epithelium, fibroblasts, vascular cells, inflammatory cell infiltration, and alveolar bone. OBJECTIVE This study used an experimental periodontitis model to detail the gingival transcriptome related to cell death processes of pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy Macaca mulatta primates stratified by age, ≤3 years (young), 7-12 years (adolescent), 12-15 years (adult), and 17-23 years (aged), provided gingival tissue biopsies for microarray analysis focused on 257 genes representative of the four cell death processes and bacterial plaque samples for 16S rRNA gene analysis. RESULTS Age differences in the profiles of gene expression in healthy tissues were noted for cuproptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Major differences were then observed with disease initiation, progression, and resolution also related to the age of the animals. Distinct bacterial families/consortia of species were significantly related to the gene expression differences for the cell death pathways. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasized age-associated differences in the gingival tissue molecular response to changes in the quality and quantity of bacteria accumulating with the disease process reflected in regulated cell death pathways that are both physiological and pathophysiological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Sreenatha S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Linh M Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Gonzalez OA, Kirakodu SS, Ebersole JL. DAMPs and alarmin gene expression patterns in aging healthy and diseased mucosal tissues. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1320083. [PMID: 38098978 PMCID: PMC10720672 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1320083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodontitis is delineated by a dysbiotic microbiome at sites of lesions accompanied by a dysregulated persistent inflammatory response that undermines the integrity of the periodontium. The interplay of the altered microbial ecology and warning signals from host cells would be a critical feature for maintaining or re-establishing homeostasis in these tissues. Methods This study used a nonhuman primate model (Macaca mulatta) with naturally-occurring periodontitis (n = 34) and experimental ligature-induced periodontitis (n = 36) to describe the features of gene expression for an array of damage-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs) or alarmins within the gingival tissues. The animals were age stratified into: ≤3 years (Young), 7-12 years (Adolescent), 12-15 years (Adult) and 17-23 years (Aged). Gingival tissue biopsies were examined via microarray. The analysis focused on 51 genes representative of the DAMPs/alarmins family of host cell warning factors and 18 genes associated with tissue destructive processed in the gingival tissues. Bacterial plaque samples were collected by curette sampling and 16S rRNA gene sequences used to describe the oral microbiome. Results A subset of DAMPs/alarmins were expressed in healthy and naturally-occurring periodontitis tissues in the animals and suggested local effects on gingival tissues leading to altered levels of DAMPs/alarmins related to age and disease. Significant differences from adult healthy levels were most frequently observed in the young and adolescent animals with few representatives in this gene array altered in the healthy aged gingival tissues. Of the 51 target genes, only approximately ⅓ were altered by ≥1.5-fold in any of the age groups of animals during disease, with those increases observed during disease initiation. Distinctive positive and negative correlations were noted with the DAMP/alarmin gene levels and comparative expression changes of tissue destructive molecules during disease across the age groups. Finally, specific correlations of DAMP/alarmin genes and relative abundance of particular microbes were observed in health and resolution samples in younger animals, while increased correlations during disease in the older groups were noted. Conclusions Thus, using this human-like preclinical model of induced periodontitis, we demonstrated the dynamics of the activation of the DAMP/alarmin warning system in the gingival tissues that showed some specific differences based on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - S. S. Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - J. L. Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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Kim SH, Kang IC. Induction of TNF-α by Filifactor alocis in THP-1 macrophagic cells. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 155:105806. [PMID: 37729700 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Filifactor alocis is an emerging periodontal pathogen, and macrophage-produced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plays important roles in periodontal pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated F. alocis-stimulated TNF-α production in THP-1 macrophagic cells. DESIGN Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-differentiated THP-1 macrophagic cells were challenged with F. alocis ATCC 35896 for various durations. TNF-α mRNA expression and protein secretion were determined using RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Activation of protein kinases and transcription factor proteins was evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Live F. alocis stimulated THP-1 cells to produce TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. However, glutaraldehyde-killed or heat-killed F. alocis showed no effectiveness for TNF-α induction. In contrast, both live and killed Porphyromonas gingivalis robustly increased TNF-α expression. Furthermore, F. alocis was unable to stimulate TNF-α expression in Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) knockout THP-1 cells. F. alocis activated all three mitogen-activated protein kinases: extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Pharmacological inhibition of ERK and JNK, but not p38, significantly reduced F. alocis-induced TNF-α production. Finally, increased levels of phospho-c-Jun were detected in F. alocis-stimulated THP-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that F. alocis induces TNF-α production in THP-1 macrophagic cells primarily by activating the TLR2, JNK, and c-Jun pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, the Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chol Kang
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, the Republic of Korea.
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Salmonella Typhimurium U32 peptidase, YdcP, promotes bacterial survival by conferring protection against in vitro and in vivo oxidative stress. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105862. [PMID: 36402347 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Miralda I, Vashishta A, Rogers MN, Lamont RJ, Uriarte SM. The emerging oral pathogen, Filifactor alocis, extends the functional lifespan of human neutrophil. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1340-1351. [PMID: 35437843 PMCID: PMC9233153 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory infectious disease that affects the integrity of tooth‐supporting tissues and has adverse systemic consequences. Advances in sequencing technologies have uncovered organisms that are exclusively found in high numbers in periodontal lesions, such as the gram‐positive anaerobic rod, Filifactor alocis. F. alocis can manipulate neutrophil effector functions, which allows the organism to survive within these granulocytes. Several neutrophil functions have been tested in the context of F. alocis challenge, but the effect of the organism on neutrophil apoptosis is still unknown. RNA sequencing of human neutrophils challenged with F. alocis showed that apoptosis pathways were differentially regulated. Compared to media‐cultured controls, F. alocis‐challenged neutrophils maintain their nuclear morphology, do not stain for Annexin V or 7‐AAD, and have decreased DNA fragmentation. Inhibition of apoptosis by F. alocis involved reduced caspase‐3, −8, and − 9 activation and upregulation of important anti‐apoptotic proteins. Prolonged lifespan was dependent on contact through TLR2/6, and F. alocis‐challenged neutrophils retained their functional capacity to induce inflammation for longer timepoints. This is the first in‐depth characterization of neutrophil apoptotic programs in response to an oral pathogen and provides key information on how bacteria manipulate immune cell mechanisms to maintain a dysregulated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Miralda
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Present address: Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aruna Vashishta
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Max N Rogers
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Regulation of olfactomedin 4 by Porphyromonas gingivalis in a community context. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2627-2642. [PMID: 33731837 PMCID: PMC8397782 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
At mucosal barriers, the virulence of microbial communities reflects the outcome of both dysbiotic and eubiotic interactions with the host, with commensal species mitigating or potentiating the action of pathogens. We examined epithelial responses to the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis as a monoinfection and in association with a community partner, Streptococcus gordonii. RNA-Seq of oral epithelial cells showed that the Notch signaling pathway, including the downstream effector olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), was differentially regulated by P. gingivalis alone; however, regulation was overridden by S. gordonii. OLFM4 was required for epithelial cell migratory, proliferative and inflammatory responses to P. gingivalis. Activation of Notch signaling was induced through increased expression of the Notch1 receptor and the Jagged1 (Jag1) agonist. In addition, Jag1 was released in response to P. gingivalis, leading to paracrine activation. Following Jag1-Notch1 engagement, the Notch1 extracellular domain was cleaved by P. gingivalis gingipain proteases. Antagonism by S. gordonii involved inhibition of gingipain activity by secreted hydrogen peroxide. The results establish a novel mechanism by which P. gingivalis modulates epithelial cell function which is dependent on community context. These interrelationships have relevance for innate inflammatory responses and epithelial cell fate decisions in oral health and disease.
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Abstract
Filifactor alocis, a fastidious Gram-positive obligate anaerobic bacterium, is a newly appreciated member of the periodontal community that is now proposed to be a diagnostic indicator of periodontal disease. Its pathogenic characteristics are highlighted by its ability to survive in the oxidative stress-rich environment of the periodontal pocket and to significantly alter the microbial community dynamics by forming biofilms and interacting with several oral bacteria. Here, we describe the current understanding of F. alocis virulence attributes, such as its comparative resistance to oxidative stress, production of unique proteases and collagenases that can cause structural damage to host cells, and dysregulation of the immune system, which enable this bacterium to colonize, survive, and outcompete other traditional pathogens in the inflammatory environment of the periodontal pocket. Furthermore, we explore the recent advancements and future directions for F. alocis research, including the potential mechanisms for oxidative stress resistance and our evolving understanding of the interactions and mechanisms of bacterial survival inside neutrophils. We also discuss the current genetic tools and challenges involved in manipulating the F. alocis genome for the functional characterization of the putative virulence genes. Collectively, this information will expedite F. alocis research and should lead to the identification of prime targets for the development of novel therapeutics to aid in the control and prevention of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aja
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - M Mangar
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - H M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - A Mishra
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Song MK, Kim HY, Choi BK, Kim HH. Filifactor alocis-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit osteogenesis through TLR2 signaling. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:202-210. [PMID: 33044804 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Filifactor alocis, an asaccharolytic anaerobic Gram-positive rod (AAGPR), is an emerging marker of periodontitis. Severe periodontitis causes destruction of the alveolar bone that supports teeth and can even lead to tooth loss. Based on our previous report that F. alocis-derived extracellular vesicles (FA EVs) contain various effector molecules and have immunostimulatory activity, we investigated the effect of FA EVs on osteogenesis using mouse bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). FA EVs dramatically inhibited bone mineralization similar to whole bacteria and reduced the expression levels of osteogenic marker genes. The osteogenic differentiation of TLR2-deficient BMSCs was not inhibited by FA EVs, suggesting that their inhibitory effect on osteogenesis is dependent on TLR2 signaling. FA EVs effectively activated TLR2 downstream signaling of the MAPK and NF-κB pathways. In addition, FA EVs regulated RANKL and OPG gene expression, increasing the RANKL/OPG ratio in BMSCs in a TLR2-dependent manner. Our study suggests that F. alocis-derived EVs interfere with bone metabolism via TLR2 activation, providing insight into the pathogenesis of bone loss associated with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyoung Song
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Kim HY, Lim Y, An S, Choi B. Characterization and immunostimulatory activity of extracellular vesicles from
Filifactor alocis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2019; 35:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Younggap Lim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sun‐Jin An
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Bong‐Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
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Nokhbehsaim M, Nogueira AVB, Damanaki A, Dalagiorgou G, Eick S, Adamopoulos C, Piperi C, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG, Deschner J. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 by Filifactor alocis in human gingival and monocytic cells. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:1987-1995. [PMID: 31444694 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease caused by periodontopathogens, such as Filifactor alocis. This study sought to examine the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 synthesis by monocytic and fibroblastic cells in response to F. alocis and to unravel the underlying cellular mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival biopsies from periodontally healthy and periodontitis individuals were analyzed for the presence of F. alocis and MMP-1 by RT-PCR. Human gingival fibroblastic (HGF-1) and monocytic (THP-1) cells were stimulated with F. alocis in the presence and absence of a blocking toll-like receptor (TLR)2 antibody or specific inhibitors against MAPKs. MMP-1 expression and protein levels were studied by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS F. alocis was highly prevalent in biopsies from periodontitis patients but barely present in the healthy gingiva. Significantly higher MMP-1 expression levels were found in the inflamed gingiva as compared with healthy biopsies. F. alocis caused a significant and dose-dependent MMP-1 upregulation in both cells. The stimulatory effect of F. alocis on MMP-1 was TLR2- and MAPK-dependent and more pronounced on THP-1 cells as compared with HGF-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that F. alocis and MMP-1 are more prevalent at periodontitis sites. Additionally, our study provides original evidence that F. alocis can stimulate MMP-1 production by fibroblastic and monocytic cells, suggesting that F. alocis may contribute to periodontal breakdown through MMP-1. CLINICAL RELEVANCE F. alocis and MMP-1 are linked to each other and key players in periodontitis, which may have significant implications for future diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Nokhbehsaim
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53111, Germany
| | - Andressa V B Nogueira
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Anna Damanaki
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Georgia Dalagiorgou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72, Athens, Greece
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72, Athens, Greece
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya S, Gachhui R, Hazra S, Mukherjee J. U32 collagenase from Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans NW4327: Activity, structure, substrate interactions and molecular dynamics simulations. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:635-650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ebersole JL, Dawson D, Emecen-Huja P, Nagarajan R, Howard K, Grady ME, Thompson K, Peyyala R, Al-Attar A, Lethbridge K, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez OA. The periodontal war: microbes and immunity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:52-115. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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