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Hu Y, Zeng Y, Yang J, Zeng X, Cao D, Ou B, Zhang G, Zhang L. Evaluation of short-term intraocular pressure changes after intravitreal injection of Conbercept in patients with diabetic macular edema. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1025205. [PMID: 36578537 PMCID: PMC9791090 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1025205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The study concerning the influence of Conbercept, which is an anti-Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agent, in intraocular pressure (IOP) spike is limited and warrants further investigation. The current study aimed to investigate the changes of intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection (IVI) of Conbercept and evaluate the risk factors associated with intraocular pressure spikes. Methods: Patients with diabetic macular edema receiving intravitreal injection of 0.05 ml (0.5 mg) Conbercept were involved in the study. All patients underwent slit lamp examination to determine the status of phakia/pseudophakia. The axial length was measured using IOL Master 500 before intravitreal injection. Patients underwent a Conbercept intravitreal injection with a 30-gauge needle in a standard fashion. The intraocular pressure was measured 2 min before injection, and 2, 10, 30 min, 1, 2, 5, 24 h after injection using a rebound tonometer. The changes of intraocular pressure and the relevant risk factors were evaluated. Patients were subdivided into phakic group and pseudophakic group to analyze the effect of lens status on intraocular pressure changes. Results: Forty patients with a mean age of 62.48 ± 12.22 years were included in the study. The mean intraocular pressure values at baseline and 2, 10, 30 min, 1, 2, 5, 24 h after injection were 14.81 ± 3.13 mmHg, 26.80 ± 9.43 mmHg, 18.76 ± 6.16 mmHg, 16.54 ± 5.94 mmHg, 15.64 ± 3.75 mmHg, 14.46 ± 3.03 mmHg, 14.10 ± 1.88 mmHg, 14.23 ± 2.71 mmHg respectively. The intraocular pressure after injection for 2, 10 min was significantly higher than baseline (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). The intraocular pressure between baseline and post-injection for 30 min or beyond were comparable (all p > 0.05). No significant difference was found between the phakic group and pseudophakic group (p = 0.422). The changes of intraocular pressure were positively correlated with age (r = 0.329, p = 0.038), but negatively with axial length (r = -0.472, p = 0.002). Conclusion: intravitreal injection of Conbercept may cause rapid spike of intraocular pressure, but is safe with respect to short-term changes. The intraocular pressure in patients with older age and shorter axial length is more likely to be higher after intravitreal injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunkao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biqun Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanrong Zhang
- Statistics Section, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Guanrong Zhang, ; Liang Zhang,
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Guanrong Zhang, ; Liang Zhang,
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de Vries VA, Bassil FL, Ramdas WD. The effects of intravitreal injections on intraocular pressure and retinal nerve fiber layer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13248. [PMID: 32764619 PMCID: PMC7411061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of eye diseases treated with intravitreal injections is increasing. Obviously, an injection of fluid into the eye results in an increase of intraocular pressure (IOP), the main risk factor for glaucoma. However, the effect of these repeated IOP increases on the eye is unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review with meta-analyses. PubMed, Embase and Clinical Trials Registries were searched for articles investigating the relationship between intravitreal injections (anti-vascular endothelial growth factor [anti-VEGF] or steroids) and either IOP, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)-thickness and glaucoma. Multiple meta-analyses were performed, combining data on intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF medication and dexamethasone implants. A total of 74 articles were eligible for meta-analyses. The short-term effect of an intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF showed a statistically significant increase in IOP. One day after injection of anti-VEGF, however, IOP was significantly lower than baseline. The long-term time-intervals showed no significant difference in IOP. After intravitreal injection of a dexamethasone implant, IOP was significantly higher than baseline 1 month post-injection. RNFL-thickness was significantly reduced 6 and 12 months post-injection of anti-VEGF, as well as at end of follow up. Caution is advised when using intravitreal medication, especially when treating patients with advanced glaucoma; in these cases, prophylactic IOP-lowering medication may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A de Vries
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabiana L Bassil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sayah DN, Szigiato AA, Mazzaferri J, Descovich D, Duval R, Rezende FA, Costantino S, Lesk MR. Correlation of ocular rigidity with intraocular pressure spike after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in exudative retinal disease. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:392-396. [PMID: 32345604 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To evaluate the non-invasive measurement of ocular rigidity (OR), an important biomechanical property of the eye, as a predictor of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) intravitreal injection (IVI). METHODS Subjects requiring IVI of anti-VEGF for a pre-existing retinal condition were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study. OR was assessed in 18 eyes of 18 participants by measurement of pulsatile choroidal volume change using video-rate optical coherence tomography, and pulsatile IOP change using dynamic contour tonometry. IOP was measured using Tono-Pen XL before and immediately following the injection and was correlated with OR. RESULTS The average increase in IOP following IVI was 19±9 mm Hg, with a range of 7-33 mm Hg. The Spearman correlation coefficient between OR and IOP elevation following IVI was 0.796 (p<0.001), showing higher IOP elevation in more rigid eyes. A regression line was also calculated to predict the IOP spike based on the OR coefficient, such that IOP spike=664.17 mm Hg·µL×OR + 4.59 mm Hg. CONCLUSION This study shows a strong positive correlation between OR and acute IOP elevation following IVI. These findings indicate that the non-invasive measurement of OR could be an effective tool in identifying patients at risk of IOP spikes following IVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane N Sayah
- Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Javier Mazzaferri
- Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denise Descovich
- Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renaud Duval
- Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Flavio A Rezende
- Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Santiago Costantino
- Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark R Lesk
- Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Sayah DN, Mazzaferri J, Ghesquière P, Duval R, Rezende F, Costantino S, Lesk MR. Non-invasive in vivo measurement of ocular rigidity: Clinical validation, repeatability and method improvement. Exp Eye Res 2020; 190:107831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Uyar E, Ulas F, Sahin S, Celebi S. Major factors affecting intraocular pressure spike after intravitreal ranibizumab injection: Vitreous reflux and its amount. Eur J Ophthalmol 2019; 29:361-367. [PMID: 30947538 DOI: 10.1177/1120672119836613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the effect of vitreous reflux and its amount on short-term intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of ranibizumab. METHODS The study included 316 eyes of 276 patients. Intraocular pressures were measured before intravitreal injection (preIOP), immediately after intravitreal injection (postIOP0), and 30 min after intravitreal injection (postIOP30). The amount of vitreous reflux was evaluated by measuring conjunctival bleb diameter, and patients were grouped as; group 1: no vitreous reflux, group 2: less vitreous reflux, and group 3: more vitreous reflux. The data were analyzed using variance analysis, chi-square test, and regression analysis. RESULTS PostIOP0 values were highest in group 1, followed by group 2 and group 3 (all p values < 0.001). PostIOP30 values were similar in group 1 and group 2 (p = 0.261), but were lower in group 3 than other two groups (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). Vitreous reflux was identified as the only factor affecting postinjection intraocular pressure changes (p < 0.001), and a negative correlation was found between the total number of intravitreal injection and vitreous reflux (p = 0.032). CONCLUSION The major factor affecting short-term postinjection intraocular pressure elevation was vitreous reflux, and intraocular pressure levels increased as the amount of vitreous reflux decreased. Vitreous reflux and its amount decreased as the total number of intravitreal injection increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enes Uyar
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Aksaray Training and Research Hospital, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ulas
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Saygin Sahin
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Turhal State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Serdal Celebi
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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Karakurt Y, Ucak T, Taslı G, Agcayazı B, İcel E, Yılmaz H. The Effects of Intravitreal Ranibizumab, Aflibercept or Dexamethasone Implant Injections on Intraocular Pressure Changes. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:9019-9025. [PMID: 30542050 PMCID: PMC6301255 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the alterations in intraocular pressure (IOP) values during the early postoperative period after intravitreal ranibizumab, aflibercept, or dexamethasone implant injections. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this retrospective study, a total of 188 patients were grouped into 3 groups: the ranibizumab group, the aflibercept group, and the dexamethasone group. Ocular axial length (AXL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured in the pre-injection period. IOP was measured just before the injection at 1 minute,10 minutes, 1 hour, 1 day, and 1 month after injection. RESULTS There was a transient peak in the ranibizumab group and the aflibercept group at 1 minute that started to decrease at 10 minutes and IOP values returned to preoperative values at approximately 1 hour. Similar alterations were also determined for the dexamethasone group with a lesser increase noted. In the correlation analysis, only alterations in IOP levels at 1 minute were negatively correlated with preoperative AXL values. There was not any correlation between preoperative AXL or ACD values and IOP alterations at any other time points. CONCLUSIONS There was a sudden, transient increase in IOP values after intravitreal ranibizumab or aflibercept injections; which return to normal values in a short time without requirement of any medical treatments. This transient peak was determined to be negatively correlated with the preoperative AXL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucel Karakurt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan University, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Turgay Ucak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan University, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Gamze Taslı
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan University, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Burcu Agcayazı
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Mengücek Gazi Education and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Erel İcel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Mengücek Gazi Education and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Hayati Yılmaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Mengücek Gazi Education and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
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Bach A, Filipowicz A, Gold AS, Latiff A, Murray TG. Paracentesis following intravitreal drug injections in maintaining physiologic ocular perfusion pressure. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1925-1927. [PMID: 29259915 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.12.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who received a paracentesis immediately following an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab or triamcinolone acetonide. These patients were previously diagnosed as having glaucoma, ocular hypertension, or had responded previously with sustained elevated intraocular pressure. Of 1661 procedures were performed. Totally 219 (13%) of the injections were on phakic patients. A median (SD) of 210 µL (40 µL) of aqueous was removed during each paracentesis. There were no reported incidences of any complications. We propose performing a paracentesis immediately following intravitreal injections for patients at risk for ocular hypertension, glaucoma, and retinal vein or artery occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Bach
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Artur Filipowicz
- Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA
| | - Aaron S Gold
- Murray Ocular Oncology & Retina, Miami, FL 33143, USA
| | - Azeema Latiff
- Murray Ocular Oncology & Retina, Miami, FL 33143, USA
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Karl MD, Francis JH, Iyer S, Marr B, Abramson DH. Intraocular Pressure Changes Following Intravitreal Melphalan and Topotecan for the Treatment of Retinoblastoma With Vitreous Seeding. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2017; 54:185-190. [PMID: 28092395 PMCID: PMC5473509 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20161116-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the impact of intravitreal chemotherapy on intraocular pressure (IOP) in children with retinoblastoma. METHODS This was a retrospective study of 10 eyes of 10 patients with retinoblastoma (7 males, 3 females, mean age: 33.6 ± 9.4 months) with vitreous seeding injected with intravitreal melphalan and topotecan. IOP was measured with Tonopen (Reichert, Inc., Buffalo, NY) at baseline prior to injecting and then repeatedly following each intravitreal injection. RESULTS Mean pre-injection IOP was 8.2 ± 2.3 mm Hg (range: 4 to 12 mm Hg). Mean IOP 1 to 30 seconds after intravitreal melphalan (first injection) was 45.4 ± 14.3 mm Hg. The IOP of 89.5% of patients declined to 29 mm Hg or less in a mean 153.3 ± 97.5 seconds. Mean IOP 1 to 30 seconds after intravitreal topotecan (second injection) was 44.5 ± 11.0 mm Hg, which decreased to 31.0 ± 5.0 mm Hg by 150 seconds after injection. No significant relationship was found between age and post-injection IOP elevation. IOP exceeded the calculated mean arterial perfusion pressure in four encounters. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal chemotherapy caused a transient rise in IOP. Post-injection IOP elevations can reach levels that may exceed mean arterial pressure. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017;54(3):185-190.].
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Fuest M, Mamas N, Walter P, Mazinani BE, Roessler G, Plange N. Goldmann Applanation Tonometry versus Dynamic Contour Tonometry after Vitrectomy with Silicone Oil Endotamponade. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:1007-1012. [PMID: 28121186 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2016.1264608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the agreement of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements using dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) and Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) in eyes after vitrectomy with silicone oil endotamponade and controls. METHODS In this prospective comparative study, IOP was measured with GAT and DCT in 30 eyes with oil endotamponade 1-3 days after vitrectomy and 40 untreated controls. In addition, ocular pulse amplitude (OPA), corneal pachymetry (CCT), and axial length (AL) were measured. RESULTS GAT values in the oil group were significantly higher compared to control eyes (mean GAT oil 13.6 ± 5.1 mmHg; mean GAT control 10.8 ± 2.1 mmHg; p = 0.003). There was no significant difference in DCT measurements (mean DCT oil 12.0 ± 4.1 mmHg; mean DCT control 11.9 ± 2.9 mmHg; p = 0.9). This led to a significant difference of GAT-DCT between the oil and control group (mean difference of GAT-DCT oil 1.6 ± 4.7 mmHg; mean difference of GAT-DCT control -1.1 ± 2.6 mmHg; p = 0.004). The difference between GAT and DCT was negatively correlated with the mean IOP measured by both methods (r = -0.36, p = 0.02) and positively correlated with CCT only in the control group (r = 0.36, p = 0.02), as well as to AL only in the oil group (r = 0.46, p = 0.01). The OPA did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSION GAT and DCT showed a good agreement in control eyes. The difference of GAT and DCT is significantly changed in eyes after vitrectomy with silicone oil endotamponade. Our findings suggest that GAT overestimates IOP in this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fuest
- a Department of Ophthalmology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Nikolaos Mamas
- b 1st Department of Ophthalmology , University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Peter Walter
- a Department of Ophthalmology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Babac E Mazinani
- a Department of Ophthalmology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Gemot Roessler
- a Department of Ophthalmology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Niklas Plange
- a Department of Ophthalmology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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NEXT-GENERATION DUAL-BORE CANNULA FOR INJECTION OF VITAL DYES AND HEAVY LIQUIDS DURING PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY. Retina 2016; 36:582-7. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Buckhurst HD, Gilmartin B, Cubbidge RP, Logan NS. Measurement of Scleral Thickness in Humans Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherent Tomography. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218188 PMCID: PMC4517791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior segment optical coherent tomography (AS-OCT, Visante; Zeiss) is used to examine meridional variation in anterior scleral thickness (AST) and its association with refractive error, ethnicity and gender. Scleral cross-sections of 74 individuals (28 males; 46 females; aged between 18-40 years (27.7±5.3)) were sampled twice in random order in 8 meridians: [superior (S), inferior (I), nasal (N), temporal (T), superior-temporal (ST), superior-nasal (SN), inferior-temporal (IT) and inferior-nasal (IN)]. AST was measured in 1mm anterior-to-posterior increments (designated the A-P distance) from the scleral spur (SS) over a 6mm distance. Axial length and refractive error were measured with a Zeiss IOLMaster biometer and an open-view binocular Shin-Nippon autorefractor. Intra- and inter-observer variability of AST was assessed for each of the 8 meridians. Mixed repeated measures ANOVAs tested meridional and A-P distance differences in AST with refractive error, gender and ethnicity. Only right eye data were analysed. AST (mean±SD) across all meridians and A-P distances was 725±46 μm. Meridian SN was the thinnest (662±57 μm) and I the thickest (806±60 μm). Significant differences were found between all meridians (p<0.001), except S:ST, IT:IN, IT:N and IN:N. Significant differences between A-P distances were found except between SS and 6 mm and between 2 and 4 mm. AST measurements at 1mm (682±48 μm) were the thinnest and at 6mm (818±49 μm) the thickest (p<0.001); a significant interaction occurred between meridians and A-P distances (p<0.001). AST was significantly greater (p<0.001) in male subjects but no significant differences were found between refractive error or ethnicity. Significant variations in AST occur with regard to meridian and distance from the SS and may have utility in selecting optimum sites for pharmaceutical or surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetal D. Buckhurst
- Plymouth University, School of Health Professions, Peninsula Allied Health Centre, Derriford Road, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Bernard Gilmartin
- Aston University, School of Life & Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P. Cubbidge
- Aston University, School of Life & Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S Logan
- Aston University, School of Life & Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Wood J, McKendrick A, Owsley C, Rubin G. Feature issue: visual function and the ageing visual system. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2015; 34:387-9. [PMID: 25047244 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Wood
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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