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Ramamurthy D, Srinivasan S, Chamarty S, Velappan T, Verkicharla PK, Samuel Paulraj AK. Smart Devices in Optometry: Current and Future Perspectives to Clinical Optometry. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2024; 16:169-190. [PMID: 39100732 PMCID: PMC11296370 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s447554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
There is a huge unmet need for eye care with more than a hundred million people living without basic eye care services and facilities. There is an exigency to deploy adequate resources in terms of manpower and equipment to address this. The usage of smart devices in optometry and eye care practice has been gaining momentum for last half a decade, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and technological advancements in telemedicine. These smart devices will help facilitate remote monitoring of important visual functions, ocular signs and symptoms, thus providing better eye care services and facilities and promoting outreach services. Smart devices in optometry exist in the form of gadgets that can be worn in the wrist, and spectacle-mounted or head-mounted devices. On the other hand, with the ubiquitous nature of smartphones, a large number of smartphone applications have been developed and tested for advanced optometry and primary eye care practice, which may potentially reduce the burden of inadequate resources and the unmet need for eye care. This article aims to give an overview of the current trends and future perspectives on the application of such smart devices in optometric practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharani Ramamurthy
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | | | - Sruthi Chamarty
- Myopia Research Lab, Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, 500034, India
| | - Tharaniy Velappan
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Verkicharla
- Myopia Research Lab, Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, 500034, India
| | - Angeline Kirubha Samuel Paulraj
- Department. of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
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Semenova Y, Urazhanova M, Lim L, Kaiyrzhanova N. Refractive Errors, Amplitude of Accommodation, and Myopia Progression in Kazakhstani Medical Students: 5-Year Follow-Up. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3985. [PMID: 38999549 PMCID: PMC11242746 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: this longitudinal study aimed to investigate the refractive errors, the amplitude of accommodation, and myopia progression in Kazakhstani medical students as they progressed from the first to the fifth course of their studies. Methods: A total of 696 students from Semey Medical University underwent non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic autorefraction in the first course, and 655 were available for examination in the fifth year of study. The amplitude of accommodation was measured before the instillation of cycloplegics using the push-up and push-down methods. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to evaluate the risk factors associated with myopia progression. Results: In the first course, the median spherical equivalent was -0.75 Diopters before cycloplegia and -0.25 Diopters after cycloplegia. In the fifth course, it constituted -1.125 Diopters before cycloplegia and -0.5 Diopters after cycloplegia. The proportion of students with myopia following cycloplegic refraction increased from 44.7% in the first course to 47.5% in the fifth course. The proportion of emmetropic students declined from 31.5% to 30.3%, and hyperopia decreased from 23.8% to 16.8%. The dioptric power of accommodative excess increased from 0.375 in the first year to 0.50 in the fifth year. The hours spent on near-work activities, such as reading books, writing, working at a computer, and using a mobile device, were significantly associated with a myopia progression of ≥0.5 Diopters. Conclusions: the findings of this study suggest implications for public health policy and educational practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Semenova
- Department of Surgery, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Malika Urazhanova
- Department of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Otorhinolaryngology, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan;
| | - Lisa Lim
- Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan;
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Wang XY, Deng HW, Yang J, Zhu XM, Xiang FL, Tu J, Huang MX, Wang Y, Gan JH, Yang WH. The optimal atropine concentration for myopia control in Chinese children: a systematic review and network Meta-analysis. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:1128-1137. [PMID: 38895669 PMCID: PMC11144781 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.06.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To figure out whether various atropine dosages may slow the progression of myopia in Chinese kids and teenagers and to determine the optimal atropine concentration for effectively slowing the progression of myopia. METHODS A systematic search was conducted across the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, CBM, VIP, and Wanfang database, encompassing literature on slowing progression of myopia with varying atropine concentrations from database inception to January 17, 2024. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed, and a network Meta-analysis was executed using Stata version 14.0 Software. Results were visually represented through graphs. RESULTS Fourteen papers comprising 2475 cases were included; five different concentrations of atropine solution were used. The network Meta-analysis, along with the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA), showed that 1% atropine (100%)>0.05% atropine (74.9%) >0.025% atropine (51.6%)>0.02% atropine (47.9%)>0.01% atropine (25.6%)>control in refraction change and 1% atropine (98.7%)>0.05% atropine (70.4%)>0.02% atropine (61.4%)>0.025% atropine (42%)>0.01% atropine (27.4%)>control in axial length (AL) change. CONCLUSION In Chinese children and teenagers, the five various concentrations of atropine can reduce the progression of myopia. Although the network Meta-analysis showed that 1% atropine is the best one for controlling refraction and AL change, there is a high incidence of adverse effects with the use of 1% atropine. Therefore, we suggest that 0.05% atropine is optimal for Chinese children to slow myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Wang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646600, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong-Wei Deng
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Luzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhu
- Luzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Feng-Ling Xiang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646600, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Tu
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646600, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ming-Xue Huang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646600, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin-Hua Gan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646099, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei-Hua Yang
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
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Li W, Tu Y, Zhou L, Ma R, Li Y, Hu D, Zhang C, Lu Y. Study of myopia progression and risk factors in Hubei children aged 7-10 years using machine learning: a longitudinal cohort. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:93. [PMID: 38429630 PMCID: PMC10905806 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the trend of refractive error among elementary school students in grades 1 to 3 in Hubei Province, analyze the relevant factors affecting myopia progression, and develop a model to predict myopia progression and the risk of developing high myopia in children. METHODS Longitudinal study. Using a cluster-stratified sampling method, elementary school students in grades 1 to 3 (15,512 in total) from 17 cities in Hubei Province were included as study subjects. Visual acuity, cycloplegic autorefraction, and height and weight measurements were performed for three consecutive years from 2019 to 2021. Basic information about the students, parental myopia and education level, and the students' behavioral habits of using the eyes were collected through questionnaires. RESULTS The baseline refractive errors of children in grades 1 ~ 3 in Hubei Province in 2019 were 0.20 (0.11, 0.27)D, -0.14 (-0.21, 0.06)D, and - 0.29 (-0.37, -0.22)D, respectively, and the annual myopia progression was - 0.65 (-0.74, -0.63)D, -0.61 (-0.73, -0.59)D and - 0.59 (-0.64, -0.51)D, with the prevalence of myopia increasing from 17.56%, 20.9%, and 34.08% in 2019 to 24.16%, 32.24%, and 40.37% in 2021 (Χ2 = 63.29, P < 0.001). With growth, children's refractive error moved toward myopia, and the quantity of myopic progression gradually diminished. (F = 291.04, P = 0.027). The myopia progression in boys was less than that in girls in the same grade (P < 0.001). The change in spherical equivalent refraction in myopic children was smaller than that in hyperopic and emmetropic children (F = 59.28, P < 0.001), in which the refractive change in mild myopia, moderate myopia, and high myopia children gradually increased (F = 73.12, P < 0.001). Large baseline refractive error, large body mass index, and high frequency of eating sweets were risk factors for myopia progression, while parental intervention and strong eye-care awareness were protective factors for delaying myopia progression. The nomogram graph predicted the probability of developing high myopia in children and found that baseline refraction had the greatest predictive value. CONCLUSION Myopia progression varies by age, sex, and myopia severity. Baseline refraction is the most important factor in predicting high myopia in childhood. we should focus on children with large baseline refraction or young age of onset of myopia in clinical myopia prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuyang Tu
- Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lianhong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, 430060, Wuhan, China.
| | - Runting Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanjin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Diewenjie Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Cancan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, 430060, Wuhan, China
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Osuagwu UL, Ahaiwe KE, Meribe N, Nkanga ED, Ekpenyong BN, Ibanga AA, Goson PC, Nkanga DG. Quality of life and depression among patients with high myopia in Nigeria: a cross sectional study. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:2071-2081. [PMID: 38111950 PMCID: PMC10700079 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the quality of life (QOL) and level of depression among participants with high myopia in Nigeria and the demographic factors associated with these outcomes. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 adult participants with high myopia (defined as refractive error ≤-5.00 D or worse, and uncorrected visual acuity worse than 6/18 in the better seeing eye) attending ophthalmology centres in Nigeria from 2 October 2021 to 30 August 2022. The means and standard deviations were calculated for each of the four domains of World Health Organization Quality of life scale (WHOQOL-BREF) using the transformed scores. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale was used to assess the level of depression. RESULTS The highest and the lowest mean scores of WHOQOL-BREF domains were found for the psychological and physical health domains (mean percentage scores were 67.0 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 64.1-68.9] and 55.3 (95%CI 51.8-58.8, P<0.001), respectively. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences in physical health with educational status (higher among those with tertiary education: mean difference 0.9, 95%CI -0.2-2.1; P=0.049), differences in psychological health with working status (higher among those who were working 1.2, 95%CI 0.3-2.1; P=0.012). Also, the result showed a statistically significant association between environmental health and marital status (higher among non-married: 1.7, 95%CI -0.9-2.3; P=0.012) while overall health was associated with place of residence (higher in urban areas: 2.3, 95%CI 1.2-3.5; P=0.024). For depression, one in every nine participants reported major depressive symptom, mostly younger people (aged 16-29 vs 30-49y: 17.0% vs 0, P=0.019), and slightly more women than men (14.3% vs 0, P=0.064). There were significant negative correlations between the depression scores and psychological health (r=-0.48, P<0.001), physical health (r=-0.29, P=0.002), social and relationship (r=-0.49, P<0.001), environmental (r=-0.48, P<0.001) and overall health (r=-0.49, P<0.001). CONCLUSION People with high myopia have a relatively moderate QOL, but poor physical health, particularly the younger age group, and women who are more likely to experience clinically relevant depression. Eye care professionals should consider possible referrals for counselling for people with high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu
- Bathurst Rural Clinical School (BRCS), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
- African Vision Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Kelechukwu Enyinnaya Ahaiwe
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State 540281, Nigeria
| | - Nnaemeka Meribe
- Department of Politics, Media and Philosophy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Dennis Nkanga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State 540281, Nigeria
| | - Bernadine Nsa Ekpenyong
- Department of Public Health, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State 540281, Nigeria
| | - Affiong Andem Ibanga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State 540281, Nigeria
| | - Piwuna Christopher Goson
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau 930001, Nigeria
| | - Dennis George Nkanga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State 540281, Nigeria
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Li X, Li L, Qin W, Cao Q, Mu X, Liu T, Li Z, Zhang W. Urban Living Environment and Myopia in Children. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2346999. [PMID: 38064211 PMCID: PMC10709769 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.46999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance The global prevalence of myopia has shown a steady increase over recent decades, with urban areas seemingly experiencing a more significant impact. Objective To assess the association between urbanization and the prevalence, incidence, progression, and severity of myopia. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included students in grades 1 to 6 in Tianjin, China, who underwent 3 vision examinations conducted over a 2-year period, from March 1, 2021, to March 31, 2023. Participants from grades 1 to 4 completed the 2-year follow-up. Exposures Urban living environment. Main Outcomes and Measures The association of urbanization with the incidence, progression, prevalence, and severity of myopia. To quantify urbanization, an urban score was constructed using satellite data and an iterative exploratory factor analysis. Results Of 177 894 students (51.7% male; mean [SD] age, 10.27 [1.75] years) included in the study, 137 087 students (52.3% male; mean [SD] age, 8.97 [1.21] years) were followed up for 2 years. A positive association was identified between myopia incidence and urbanization. Specifically, each 1-unit increment in the urban score was associated with an increased risk of myopia over a 1-year period (odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.15; P = .02) and a 2-year period (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.50-1.57; P < .001). Conversely, each 1-unit increase in the urban score was associated with a significant decrease in myopia progression at 1 year (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.82-0.86; P < .001) and 2 years (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.70-0.75, P < .001). In a cross-sectional data analysis, the urban score was positively associated with myopia prevalence (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.08-2.42; P = .02) and negatively associated with myopia severity, as indicated by spherical equivalent refraction (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.07-1.99; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance This study exploring urban living environments and myopia revealed dual associations of urban living with both the incidence and the progression of myopia. The observed patterns emphasize the urgency of promptly implementing myopia control strategies in less urbanized regions, where myopia progression may be accentuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Li
- Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Cao
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Mu
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiange Liu
- Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
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Lorato MM, Yimer A, Kebede Bizueneh F. Prevalence of myopia in school-age children in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231200105. [PMID: 37808514 PMCID: PMC10559703 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of myopia among school-age children in Ethiopia. Methods Eligible articles were searched from PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. In addition, Google Scholar and reference lists of the retrieved articles were searched from 30 July 2022 to 02 January 2023. The preferred reporting of items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis was used to report the search results. Microsoft Excel was used to keep the data. The qualities of eligible studies were checked using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for prevalence studies. Analysis was held using STATA Version 11. The degree of heterogeneity was checked using I² statistics. The possible sources of heterogeneity were examined using meta-regression and subgroup analyses. The funnel plot and Egger's test were used to assess the potential publication bias. A correction was made for publication bias using Duval and Twee Die's trim-and-fill analysis. The systematic review registration number is PROSPERO (#CRD42022330541). Results We identified 21 eligible articles including 20,757 subjects. Of those participants, 10,601 (51.1%) and 10,156 (48.9%) were males and females, respectively. A total of 15,152 (73%) participants were urban residents. The estimated prevalence of myopia among school-age children in Ethiopia was found to be 5.26% (95% confidence interval: 4.09-6.42). Conclusions The prevalence of myopia among school-age children in Ethiopia is considerable, affecting one in 20 school-age children. Therefore, the authors recommend the stakeholders take extra steps to speed up the implementation of the school vision screening program and its integration plan into the existing school nutrition program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merkineh Markos Lorato
- Department of Optometry, School of Medicine, College of Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ali Yimer
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
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Chen K, Wu J, Zhao F, Wong C, Liu W, Li Z, Chen X, Lin J, Huang H, Zhang Z, Zhuo X, Xu L, Yu X, Wu X, Zhu Y, Wang N, Zhuo Y. Correlation between spherical equivalent and biometry parameters in adult Cynomolgus macaque. Exp Eye Res 2023:109545. [PMID: 37406955 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the distribution of refractive and ocular biometry parameters and analyze the effect factors of the refractive status in cynomolgus monkey colonies. METHODS A Population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in adult cynomolgus macaque colonies. Animals were anesthetized with Zoletil 50. Intraocular pressure was measured using the Icare tonometer. Cycloplegic refraction (three drops of 1% tropicamide) and corneal radius of curvature (CRC) were measured using an autorefractor. The spherical equivalent (SE) was calculated. Biometric measurements, including the anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and axial length (AL), were obtained by A-scan ultrasonography. The AL-to-CR ratio (AL/CRC) was calculated. Central corneal thickness (CCT) and choroidal thickness (ChT) were measured using the Heidelberg Spectralis HRA OCT. Multiple regression analysis was performed to explore the association between refraction and ocular biometry. RESULTS Among 263 cynomolgus monkeys (aged 5-26 years), which consisted of 520 eyes, 29.42% had hyperopia, 27.12% had emmetropia, 33.27% had mild-to-moderate myopia and 10.19% had high myopia. The mean SE was -1.27 ± 3.44 Diopters (D). The mean CRC, CCT, AL, and ChT was 5.70 ± 0.22 mm, 454.30 ± 32.40 μm, 18.76 ± 0.89 mm and 188.96 ± 38.19 μm, respectively. The LT was the thickest in the hyperopic eyes. CRC was the lowest, and CCT was the thickest in high myopic eyes. AL increased, while ChT decreased as SE decreased. For the SE variance, AL alone explained 40.5%; age, AL, and CRC together explained 57.5%. CONCLUSIONS The refractive characteristics and biometry parameters of cynomolgus monkeys are highly comparable to those of humans. AL, CRC, and ChT showed the similar variation tendency in cynomolguses when compared to humans. Cynomolgus monkeys with naturally-occurring refractive errors may be a good animal model for refractive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | | | - Wei Liu
- Huazhen Biosciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhidong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Junxiong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Haishun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zhuoyu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | | | | | | | - Yingting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Tong HJ, Huang ZM, Li YL, Chen YM, Tian B, Ding LL, Zhu LL. Machine learning to analyze the factors influencing myopia in students of different school periods. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1169128. [PMID: 37333519 PMCID: PMC10270291 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1169128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aim to develop myopia classification models based on machine learning algorithms for each schooling period, and further analyze the similarities and differences in the factors influencing myopia in each school period based on each model. Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Participants We collected visual acuity, behavioral, environmental, and genetic data from 7,472 students in 21 primary and secondary schools (grades 1-12) in Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, using visual acuity screening and questionnaires. Methods Machine learning algorithms were used to construct myopia classification models for students at the whole schooling period, primary school, junior high school, and senior high school period, and to rank the importance of features in each model. Results The main influencing factors for students differ by school section, The optimal machine learning model for the whole schooling period was Random Forest (AUC = 0.752), with the top three influencing factors being age, myopic grade of the mother, and Whether myopia requires glasses. The optimal model for the primary school period was a Random Forest (AUC = 0.710), with the top three influences being the myopic grade of the mother, age, and extracurricular tutorials weekly. The Junior high school period was an Support Vector Machine (SVM; AUC = 0.672), and the top three influencing factors were gender, extracurricular tutorial subjects weekly, and whether can you do the "three ones" when reading and writing. The senior high school period was an XGboost (AUC = 0.722), and the top three influencing factors were the need for spectacles for myopia, average daily time spent outdoors, and the myopic grade of the mother. Conclusion Factors such as genetics and eye use behavior all play an essential role in students' myopia, but there are differences between school periods, with those in the lower levels focusing on genetics and those in the higher levels focusing on behavior, but both play an essential role in myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jie Tong
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ze-Min Huang
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu-Lan Li
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ben Tian
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ling-Ling Ding
- Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Ling Zhu
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
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Vera-Diaz FA, Jnawali A, Panorgias A, Bex PJ, Kerber KL. Baseline metrics that may predict future myopia in young children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:466-481. [PMID: 36892148 PMCID: PMC10416753 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We used baseline data from the PICNIC longitudinal study to investigate structural, functional, behavioural and heritable metrics that may predict future myopia in young children. METHODS Cycloplegic refractive error (M) and optical biometry were obtained in 97 young children with functional emmetropia. Children were classified as high risk (HR) or low risk (LR) for myopia based on parental myopia and M. Other metrics included axial length (AXL), axial length/corneal radius (AXL/CR) and refractive centile curves. RESULTS Based on the PICNIC criteria, 46 children (26 female) were classified as HR (M = +0.62 ± 0.44 D, AXL = 22.80 ± 0.64 mm) and 51 (27 female) as LR (M = +1.26 ± 0.44 D, AXL = 22.77 ± 0.77 mm). Based on centiles, 49 children were HR, with moderate agreement compared with the PICNIC classification (k = 0.65, p < 0.01). ANCOVA with age as a covariate showed a significant effect for AXL (p < 0.01), with longer AXL and deeper anterior chamber depth (ACD) (p = 0.01) in those at HR (differences AXL = 0.16 mm, ACD = 0.13 mm). Linear regression models showed that central corneal thickness (CCT), ACD, posterior vitreous depth (PVD) (=AXL - CCT - ACD-lens thickness (LT)), corneal radius (CR) and age significantly predicted M (R = 0.64, p < 0.01). Each 1.00 D decrease in hyperopia was associated with a 0.97 mm elongation in PVD and 0.43 mm increase in CR. The ratio AXL/CR significantly predicted M (R = -0.45, p < 0.01), as did AXL (R = -0.25, p = 0.01), although to a lesser extent. CONCLUSIONS Although M and AXL were highly correlated, the classification of pre-myopic children into HR or LR was significantly different when using each parameter, with AXL/CR being the most predictive metric. At the end of the longitudinal study, we will be able to assess the predictability of each metric.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter J. Bex
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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