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Rivera SI, Bernal CP, Martínez-Peláez R, Robledo-Nolasco R, De León-Larios G, Félix VG, Ostos R, Maestre GE, Melgarejo JD, Mena LJ. Computer Simulation of Catheter Cryoablation for Pulmonary Vein Isolation. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1508. [PMID: 39120212 PMCID: PMC11312416 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12151508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryoablation is a well-established medical procedure for surgically treating atrial fibrillation. Cryothermal catheter therapy induces cellular necrosis by freezing the insides of pulmonary veins, with the goal of disrupting abnormal electrical heart signals. Nevertheless, tissue damage induced by cold temperatures may also lead to other complications after cardiac surgery. In this sense, the simulation of catheter ablation can provide safer environments for training and the performance of cryotherapy interventions. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel approach to help better understand how temperature rates can affect this procedure by using computer tools to develop a simulation framework to predict lesion size and determine optimal temperature conditions for reducing the risk of major complications. The results showed that a temperature profile of around -40 °C caused less penetration, reduced necrotic damage, and smaller lesion size in the tissue. Instead, cryotherapy close to -60 °C achieved a greater depth of temperature flow inside the tissue and a larger cross-section area of the lesion. With further development and validation, the framework could represent a cost-effective strategy for providing personalized modeling, better planning of cryocatheter-based treatment, and preventing surgical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange I. Rivera
- Department of Chemical, Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Science and Engineering Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36250, Mexico;
| | - Clara P. Bernal
- Faculty of Engineering and Technologies, Universidad La Salle Bajío, Leon 36700, Mexico;
| | - Rafael Martínez-Peláez
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Geological Sciences, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile;
- Computer Academic Unit, School of Information Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Mazatlan 82199, Mexico; (V.G.F.); (R.O.)
| | - Rogelio Robledo-Nolasco
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Electrophysiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre ISSSTE, Mexico City 03100, Mexico; (R.R.-N.); (G.D.L.-L.)
| | - Gerardo De León-Larios
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Electrophysiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre ISSSTE, Mexico City 03100, Mexico; (R.R.-N.); (G.D.L.-L.)
| | - Vanessa G. Félix
- Computer Academic Unit, School of Information Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Mazatlan 82199, Mexico; (V.G.F.); (R.O.)
| | - Rodolfo Ostos
- Computer Academic Unit, School of Information Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Mazatlan 82199, Mexico; (V.G.F.); (R.O.)
| | - Gladys E. Maestre
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78550, USA; (G.E.M.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Jesús D. Melgarejo
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78550, USA; (G.E.M.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Luis J. Mena
- Computer Academic Unit, School of Information Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Mazatlan 82199, Mexico; (V.G.F.); (R.O.)
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2
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Liu G, Wang Y, Xu X, Tian J, Lv T. Comparison for the efficacy and safety of time-to-isolation protocol and conventional protocol of cryoballoon in the treatment of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2021; 62:259-268. [PMID: 33033904 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-020-00890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryoballoon (CB) has been widely utilized in the treatment of drug-refractory atrial fibrillation (AF), but the balance point between efficacy and safety has been unclear. The protocol based on the time-to-isolation (TTI) was expected to provide patients with individualized ablation strategies. METHODS All studies up to June 2020 comparing the CB of TTI-based protocol (TTIP) and conventional protocol (ConP) in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. The pooled OR or SMD with 95% CIs for each outcome were calculated with inverse-variance random effect model. The Egger method was used to evaluate the publication bias and the subgroup analysis was conducted according to the type of atrial fibrillation. RESULTS Six studies enrolling a total of 1770 patients with drug-refractory AF were included. The pool real-time recording of pulmonary veins potential was 71% (95% CI: 61 ~ 81%, I2 = 97.9%) and a similar incidence of freedom from ATs after 1 year (OR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.86 ~ 1.46, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.481) was observed between two protocols. No difference was observed in complications (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.43 ~ 1.04, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.717) and phrenic nerve palsy (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.37 ~ 1.35, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.807). TTIP could significantly decrease the CB freezes per patient (SMD: - 2.44; 95% CI: - 4.46 to approximately - 0.41; I2 = 99.5%, P = 0.00) and shorten the cryotherapy application time (SMD: - 3.04; 95% CI: - 4.18 to approximately - 1.89; I2 = 97.4%, P = 0.00), procedure time (SMD: - 1.51; 95% CI: - 2.08 to approximately - 0.94; I2 = 95.4%, P = 0.00), and fluorescence time (SMD: - 0.70; 95% CI: - 1.25 to approximately - 0.15; I2 = 95.7%, P = 0.00). CONCLUSION TTIP is safe and effective and it opens a new chapter in the field of individualized protocol of CB for patients with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Liu
- Department of Cardiology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - YuanLi Wang
- Department of Cardiology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Cardiology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Cardiology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Tiewei Lv
- Department of Cardiology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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3
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Bianchini L, Bordignon S, Chen S, Zanchi S, Tohoku S, Bologna F, Tondo C, Schmidt B, Chun KRJ. Increased procedural safety of cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation with a double 120 s freeze protocol. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2021; 44:1371-1379. [PMID: 34152640 DOI: 10.1111/pace.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently a double 120 s freeze cryoballoon (CB) pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) protocol proved to be non inferior to a double 240 s freeze protocol in terms of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrences. We hypothesized that this approach could also result in an increased procedure safety. METHODS Eighty consecutive patients treated with a double 120 s freeze protocol (Group CB120) were compared with 80 previous consecutive patients treated with a single 240 s freeze protocol (Group CB240). Procedures were performed with a temperature probe to monitor the luminal esophageal temperature (LET), using a cut off for cryoenergy interruption of 15°C. During ablation at the septal pulmonary veins (PVs), the phrenic nerve (PN) function was monitored by pacing. RESULTS In CB120 and CB240 the rate of single shot isolation was similar in all PVs. Time to isolation was not different between the two groups. Mean minimal esophageal temperature was lower in LSPV and LIPV of the CB240 group. A total of 4/80 patients (5%) of the CB120 group experienced a PN injury, but no persistent form was recorded; 11/80 patients (14%) of the CB240 group experienced a PN injury, three in a persistent form (p = .10). A LET <15°C was recorded in 3/80 patients (4%) in the CB120 group and in 16/80 patients (20%) in the CB240 group (p < .01). Composite rate of energy-related safety events (LET <15°C and PN injury) was significantly lower in the CB120 (34% vs. 9%, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Safety of second generation CB PVI can be increased using a double 120 s freeze protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bianchini
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien (CCB)/Kardiologie, Medizinische Klinik III, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Bordignon
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien (CCB)/Kardiologie, Medizinische Klinik III, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shaojie Chen
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien (CCB)/Kardiologie, Medizinische Klinik III, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Simone Zanchi
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien (CCB)/Kardiologie, Medizinische Klinik III, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Shota Tohoku
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien (CCB)/Kardiologie, Medizinische Klinik III, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Bologna
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien (CCB)/Kardiologie, Medizinische Klinik III, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudio Tondo
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Boris Schmidt
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien (CCB)/Kardiologie, Medizinische Klinik III, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - K R Julian Chun
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien (CCB)/Kardiologie, Medizinische Klinik III, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Long-term course of phrenic nerve injury after cryoballoon ablation of atrial fibrillation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6226. [PMID: 33737633 PMCID: PMC7973708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While phrenic nerve palsy (PNP) due to cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) of atrial fibrillation (AF) was transient in most cases, no studies have reported the results of the long-term follow-up of PNP. This study aimed to summarize details and the results of long-term follow-up of PNP after cryoballoon ablation. A total of 511 consecutive AF patients who underwent cryoballoon ablation was included. During right-side PVI, the diaphragmatic compound motor action potential (CMAP) was reduced in 46 (9.0%) patients and PNP occurred in 29 (5.7%) patients (during right-superior PVI in 20 patients and right-inferior PVI in 9 patients). PNP occurred despite the absence of CMAP reduction in 0.6%. The PV anatomy, freezing parameters and the operator’s proficiency were not predictors of PNP. While PNP during RSPVI persisted more than 4 years in 3 (0.6%) patients, all PNP occurred during RIPVI recovered until one year after the ablation. However, there was no significant difference in the recovery duration from PNP between PNP during RSPVI and RIPVI. PNP occurred during cryoballoon ablation in 5.7%. While most patients recovered from PNP within one year after the ablation, PNP during RSPVI persisted more than 4 years in 0.6% of patients.
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Methods to Optimize Cryoballoon Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation to Minimize Risk of Adverse Outcomes and Arrhythmia Recurrences. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-021-00668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Molenaar MMD, Hesselink T, Ter Bekke RMA, Scholten MF, Manusama R, Pison L, Brusse-Keizer M, Kraaier K, Ten Haken B, Grandjean JG, Timmermans CC, van Opstal JM. Shorter RSPV cryoapplications result in less phrenic nerve injury and similar 1-year freedom from atrial fibrillation. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2020; 43:1173-1179. [PMID: 32901950 DOI: 10.1111/pace.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 123-study, we prospectively assessed, in a randomized fashion, the minimal cryoballoon application time necessary to achieve pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (PVI) in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) with the aim to reduce complications by shortening the application duration. The first results of this study demonstrated that shortened cryoballoon applications (<2 minutes) resulted in less phrenic nerve injury (PNI) without compromising acute isolation efficacy for the right PVs. We now report the 1-year follow-up results regarding safety and efficacy of shorter cryoballoon applications. METHODS A total of 222 patients with AF were randomized to two applications of 1 min "short," 2 min "medium," or 3 min "long" duration, 74 per group. Recurrence of AF and PV reconduction at 1-year follow-up were assessed. RESULTS The overall 1-year freedom from AF was 79% and did not differ significantly between the short, medium, and long application groups (77%, 74%, and 85% for short, medium, and long application groups, respectively; P = 0.07). In 30 patients, a redo PVI procedure was performed. For all four PVs, there was no significant difference in reconduction between the three groups. Reconduction was most common in the left superior PV (57%). The right superior PV (RSPV) showed significantly less reconduction (17%) compared to the other PVs. CONCLUSIONS Shortening cryoballoon applications of the RSPV to <2 minutes results in less PNI, while acute success and 1-year freedom from AF are not compromised. Therefore, shorter cryoballoon applications (especially) in the RSPV could be used to reduce PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen M D Molenaar
- Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Randy Manusama
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Karin Kraaier
- Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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7
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Anwar O, Gunawardene MA, Dickow J, Scherschel K, Jungen C, Münkler P, Eickholt C, Willems S, Gessler N, Meyer C. Contemporary analysis of phrenic nerve injuries following cryoballoon-based pulmonary vein isolation: A single-centre experience with the systematic use of compound motor action potential monitoring. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235132. [PMID: 32584880 PMCID: PMC7316283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phrenic nerve injury (PNI) remains one of the most frequent complications during cryoballoon-based pulmonary vein isolation (CB-PVI). Since its introduction in 2013, the use of compound motor action potential (CMAP) for the prevention of PNI during CB-PVI is increasing; however, systematic outcome data are sparse. METHODS The CMAP technique was applied in conjunction with abdominal palpation during pacing manoeuvres (10 mV, 2 ms) from the superior vena cava for 388 consecutive patients undergoing CB-PVI between January 2015 and May 2017 at our tertiary arrhythmia centre. Cryoablation was immediately terminated when CMAP amplitude was reduced by 30%. RESULTS Reductions in CMAP amplitude were observed in 16 (4%) of 388 patients during isolation of the right veins. Of these, 11 (69%) patients did not manifest a reduction in diaphragmatic excursions. The drop in CMAP amplitude was observed in 10 (63%) patients during ablation of the right superior pulmonary veins (PVs) and in 7 (44%) patients during ablation of the right inferior PVs. Postprocedural persistent PNI was observed in three of four patients for a duration of 6 months, with one of these patients remaining symptomatic at the 24-month follow-up. One of the four patients was lost to long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS All PNIs occurred during right-sided CB-PVI and were preceded by a reduction in CMAP amplitude. Thus, the standardized use of CMAP surveillance during CB-PVI is easily applicable, reliable and compared with other studies, results in a lower number of PNIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Anwar
- Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University Campus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie A. Gunawardene
- Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University Campus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jannis Dickow
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Heart and Vascular Centre, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Scherschel
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Heart and Vascular Centre, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Cardiology, cardiac Neuro- and Electrophysiology Research Consortium (cNEP), EVK Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christiane Jungen
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Heart and Vascular Centre, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Münkler
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Heart and Vascular Centre, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Eickholt
- Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University Campus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Willems
- Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University Campus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nele Gessler
- Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University Campus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Meyer
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Heart and Vascular Centre, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Cardiology, cardiac Neuro- and Electrophysiology Research Consortium (cNEP), EVK Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cardiac Neuro- and Electrophysiology Research Consortium (cNEP), Institute for Neural and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
Cryoballoon ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation has established itself as an effective and efficient modality for achieving pulmonary vein isolation. Over the past 13 years more than 100,000 Cryoballoon ablation procedures have been performed with the first to fourth generation cryoballoons. Over that time there have been significant advances in our understanding regarding the optimal procedural techniques. The purpose of this "topic in review" is to focus on the practical aspects of performing a Cryoballoon ablation procedure, within the context of the contemporary literature. Specifically there is a focus on how contemporary studies can inform clinical decision making and ensure operators are able to perform a safe and effective procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Andrade
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Vancouver, Canada
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9
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Aryana A, Braegelmann KM, Lim HW, Ellenbogen KA. Cryoballoon ablation dosing: From the bench to the bedside and back. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17:1185-1192. [PMID: 32142876 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To date, multiple modes of research have been leveraged to study the optimal cryoballoon ablation parameters to safely, effectively, and efficiently isolate the pulmonary veins for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Basic scientific investigation, preclinical studies, clinical observations, trials, and, more recently, computational modeling have helped to generate and test new hypotheses for the advancement of cryoballoon treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation. In this review, we examine the data and evidence that have contributed to the development of patient-tailored dosing strategies that are currently used for pulmonary vein isolation by using the Arctic Front series of cryoballoon ablation catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Aryana
- Mercy General Hospital and Dignity Health Heart and Vascular Institute, Sacramento, California.
| | | | - Hae W Lim
- Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kenneth A Ellenbogen
- Division of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia
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10
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Alarcón F, Cabanelas N, Izquierdo M, Benito E, Figueras I Ventura R, Guasch E, Prat-Gonzalez S, Perea RJ, Borràs R, Trotta O, Arbelo E, Tolosana JM, Sitges M, Berruezo A, Brugada J, Mont L. Cryoballoon vs. radiofrequency lesions as detected by late-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance after ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a case-control study. Europace 2020; 22:382-387. [PMID: 31821484 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euz309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cryoballoon (CB) ablation has emerged as a reliable modality to isolate pulmonary veins (PVs) in atrial fibrillation. Ablation lesions and the long-term effects of energy delivery can be assessed by delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance (DE-CMR). The aim of the study was to compare the number, extension, and localization of gaps in CB and radiofrequency (RF) techniques in pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). METHODS AND RESULTS Consecutive patients submitted to PVI with CB in whom DE-CMR images were available (n = 30) were matched (1:1) to patients who underwent PVI with RF (n = 30), considering age, sex, hypertension, and diabetes. Delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance was obtained at 3 months post-procedure, and images were processed to assess the mean number of gaps around PV ostia, their localization, and the normalized gap length (NGL), calculated as the difference between total gap length and total PV perimeter. Patients were followed up for 12 months. The CB and RF procedures did not differ in the mean number of gaps per patient (4.40 vs. 5.13 gaps, respectively; P = 0.21) nor NGL (0.35 vs. 0.32, P = 0.59). For both techniques, a higher mean number of gaps were detected in right vs. left PVs (3.18 vs. 1.58, respectively; P = 0.01). The incidence of recurrences did not differ between techniques (odds ratio 1.87, 95% confidence interval 0.66-4.97; P = 0.29). CONCLUSION Location and extension of ablation gaps in PVI did not differ between CB and RF groups in DE-CMR image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Alarcón
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuno Cabanelas
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marc Izquierdo
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eva Benito
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rosa Figueras I Ventura
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Guasch
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Prat-Gonzalez
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rosario Jesus Perea
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger Borràs
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Omar Trotta
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Arbelo
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Maria Tolosana
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sitges
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Berruezo
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Brugada
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Mont
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, UFA (Unitat de Fibril·lació Auricular de l'Hospital Clínic), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona. C/Villarroel N° 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Trotta O, Alarcón F, Guasch E, Benito EM, San Antonio R, Perea RJ, Prat-Gonzalez S, Apolo J, Sitges M, Tolosana JM, Mont L. Impact of cryoballoon applications on lesion gaps detected by magnetic resonance after pulmonary vein isolation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 31:638-646. [PMID: 31957087 DOI: 10.1111/jce.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ablation with second-generation cryoballoon technology evolves as an effective and safe alternative to radiofrequency for atrial fibrillation ablation procedures. Nevertheless, the optimal freezing strategy remains unknown. Our objective was to identify the procedural cryoablation parameters predicting successful peri-pulmonary vein (PV) lesions by directly analyzing Postablation gaps in late-gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (LGE-CMR). METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-nine consecutive patients (196 PVs) undergoing ablation with second-generation cryoballoon at our center were included. The number and duration of cryoballoon application to achieve PV isolation were left to operator discretion. Gap number and length were quantified in all patients with a LGE-CMR performed 3 months postablation. Application time (420 ± 217 seconds), number of applications (2.1 ± 1.2), application time after electrical isolation (311 ± 194 seconds) and minimum temperature (-45.8 ± 6.5°C) were similar in the 4 PVs. Gaps were observed in 148 PVs (76%), averaging 1.3 ± 1 gaps per vein. Gaps were longer and more frequent in the right PVs (91% vs 59% in left PVs, P < .001). Neither the number, total duration of applications, nor postisolation application time predicted relative length or number of gaps. CONCLUSIONS After successful PV isolation was achieved in patients undergoing cryoablation, increasing the number of applications, the total application time or application time postisolation did not result in a reduction in the number or the relative length of gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Trotta
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Alarcón
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Guasch
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Maria Benito
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodolfo San Antonio
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosario J Perea
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanna Prat-Gonzalez
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Apolo
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sitges
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Tolosana
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Mont
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Getman MK, Wissner E, Ranjan R, Lalonde JP. Relationship between time-to-isolation and freeze duration: Computational modeling of dosing for Arctic Front Advance and Arctic Front Advance Pro cryoballoons. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2019; 30:2274-2282. [PMID: 31502304 PMCID: PMC6899473 DOI: 10.1111/jce.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and clinical studies have utilized periprocedural parameters to optimize cryoballoon ablation dosing, including acute time-to-isolation (TTI) of the pulmonary vein, balloon rate of freezing, balloon nadir temperature, and balloon-thawing time. This study sought to predict the Arctic Front Advance (AFA) vs Arctic Front Advance Pro (AFA Pro) ablation durations required for transmural pulmonary vein isolation at varied tissue depths. METHODS A cardiac-specific, three-dimensional computational model that incorporates structural characteristics, temperature-dependent cellular responses, and thermal-conductive properties was designed to predict the propagation of cold isotherms through tissue. The model assumed complete cryoballoon-to-pulmonary vein (PV) circumferential contact. Using known temperature thresholds of cardiac cellular electrical dormancy (at 23°C) and cellular nonviability (at -20°C), transmural time-to-isolation electrical dormancy (TTIED ) and cellular nonviability (TTINV ) were simulated. RESULTS For cardiac thickness of 0.5, 1.25, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 mm, the 23°C isotherm passed transmurally in 33, 38, 46, 62, 80, and 95 seconds during cryoablation utilizing AFA and 33, 38, 46, 63, 80, and 95 seconds with AFA Pro. Using the same cardiac thicknesses, the -20°C isotherm passed transmurally in 40, 55, 78, 161, 354, and 696 seconds during cryoablation with AFA and 40, 54, 78, 160, 352, and 722 seconds with AFA Pro. CONCLUSION This model predicted a minimum duration of cryoballoon ablation (TTINV ) to obtain a transmural lesion when acute TTI of the PV was observed (TTIED ). Consequently, the model is a useful tool for characterizing CBA dosing, which may guide future cryoablation dosing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Wissner
- Division of Cardiology, University of Illinois Health, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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13
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Molenaar MMD, Timmermans CC, Hesselink T, Scholten MF, Ter Bekke RMA, Luermans JGLM, Brusse-Keizer M, Kraaier K, Ten Haken B, Grandjean JG, Vernooy K, van Opstal JM. Shorter cryoballoon applications times do effect efficacy but result in less phrenic nerve injury: Results of the randomized 123 study. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2019; 42:508-514. [PMID: 30756393 PMCID: PMC6850154 DOI: 10.1111/pace.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The second‐generation cryoballoon significantly improves outcome of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) but may cause more complications than the first generation. Currently, no consensus regarding optimal cryoballoon application time exists. The 123‐study aimed to assess the minimal cryoballoon application duration necessary to achieve PVI (primary endpoint) and the effect of application duration on prevention of phrenic nerve injury (PNI). Methods Patients <75 years of age with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, normal PV anatomy, and left atrial size <40 cc/m² or <50 mm were randomized to two applications of different duration: “short,” “medium,” or “long.” A total of 222 patients were enrolled, 74 per group. Results Duration per application was 105 (101‐108), 164 (160‐168), and 224 (219‐226) s and isolation was achieved in 79, 89, and 90% (P < 0.001) of the PVs after two applications in groups short, medium, and long, respectively. Only for the left PVs, the success rate of the short group was significantly less compared to the medium‐ and long‐duration groups (P < 0.001). PNI during the procedure occurred in 19 PVs (6.5%) in the medium and in 20 PVs (6.8%) in the long duration groups compared to only five PVs (1.7%) in the short duration group (P < 0.001). Conclusions Short cryoballoon ablation application times, less than 2 min, did affect the success for the left PVs but not for the right PVs and resulted in less PNI. A PV tailored approach with shorter application times for the right PVs might be advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen M D Molenaar
- Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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