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Üçok A, Noyan H, Gülöksüz S, Saka MC, Alptekin K, Atbaşoğlu C, Akturan E, Karadayı G, Baran Tatar Z, Akdede B, Binbay T, Altınyazar V, Ulaş H, Yalınçetin B, Gümüş-Akay G, Cihan B, Soygür H, Şahin Cankurtaran E, Ulusoy Kaymak S, Rutten BPF, van Os J. The relationship between childhood trauma, psychotic symptoms, and cognitive schemas in patients with schizophrenia, their siblings, and healthy controls: results from the EU-GEI study. Psychol Med 2024; 54:2414-2425. [PMID: 38606591 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between childhood trauma (CT) and psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), and subthreshold psychotic experiences in non-clinical populations is well-established. However, little is known about the relationship between subtypes of trauma and specific symptoms in patients, their siblings, and controls. It is also not clear which variables mediate the relationship between trauma and psychotic symptoms. METHODS Seven hundred and forty-two patients with SCZ, 718 of their unaffected siblings and 1039 controls from three EU-GEI sites were assessed for CT, symptom severity, and cognitive schemas about self/others. CT was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and cognitive schemas were assessed by The Brief Core Schema Scale. RESULTS Patients with psychosis were affected by CT more than their siblings and controls in all domains. Childhood emotional abuse and neglect were more common in siblings than controls. CT was related to negative cognitive schemas toward self/others in patients, siblings, and controls. We found that negative schemas about self-mediated the relationship between emotional abuse and thought withdrawal and thought broadcasting. Approximately 33.9% of the variance in these symptoms was explained by the mediator. It also mediated the relationship between sexual abuse and persecutory delusions in SCZ. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that childhood abuse and neglect are more common in patients with schizophrenia than their siblings and healthy controls, and have different impacts on clinical domains which we searched. The relationship between CT and positive symptoms seems to be mediated by negative cognitive schemas about self in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alp Üçok
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Handan Noyan
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Beykoz University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinan Gülöksüz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Meram Can Saka
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara University Brain Research Center, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Köksal Alptekin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cem Atbaşoğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara University Brain Research Center, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elçin Akturan
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Karadayı
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Baran Tatar
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berna Akdede
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tolga Binbay
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Vesile Altınyazar
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Halis Ulaş
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Berna Yalınçetin
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güvem Gümüş-Akay
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara University Brain Research Center, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burçin Cihan
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Haldun Soygür
- Turkish Federation of Schizophrenia Associations, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Gerges S, Hallit S, Malaeb D, Laghi F, Obeid S. Drunkorexia Among a Sample of Lebanese Adults: The Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:1175-1200. [PMID: 36321443 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221137242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Drunkorexia is a food and alcohol disturbance described as being a range of disordered and compensatory eating behaviors that co-occur with excessive alcohol consumption. The remarkable correlation, highlighted in the literature, between dysfunctional cognitions and both eating disorders and substance use disorders is able to emphasize that cognitive phenomena can be an intrapersonal factor linked to drunkorexia disorder. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and drunkorexia among a sample of Lebanese adults.Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study across all the Lebanese governorates (September-December 2020; N = 258). The Drunkorexia Motives and Behaviors Scales, Drunkorexia Fails Scale, Drunkorexia during an Alcohol Consumption Event Scale, and Post-Drinking Compensation Scale were used to assess drunkorexia, whereas the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form three was used to measure EMSs.Results: Emotional deprivation and subjugation were significantly associated with more drunkorexia motives, whereas emotional inhibition was significantly associated with less drunkorexia motives. Failure was significantly associated with more drunkorexia behaviors. Abandonment and mistrust were significantly associated with more drunkorexia fails, whereas unrelenting standards was significantly associated with less drunkorexia fails. Subjugation was significantly associated with more drunkorexia during alcohol consumption on events. Social isolation was significantly associated with more post-drinking compensation, whereas unrelenting standards was significantly associated with less post-drinking compensation.Conclusion: Our findings showed that drunkorexia is positively associated with EMSs, delineating as well the specific relationships between dysfunctional cognitive schemas and drunkorexia's maladaptive behavioral aspects. They support the hypothesis that EMSs might play an important role in drunkorexia's development and perpetuation. This study could therefore serve healthcare professionals for the cognitive approach of patients with concomitant alcohol misuse and eating disorders while emphasizing the value of cognitive-behavioral interventions-namely schema therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gerges
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fiorenzo Laghi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Social and Education Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
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Kuhn SAK, Andreou C, Elbel G, Lieb R, Zander-Schellenberg T. Reasoning biases and delusional ideation in the general population: A longitudinal study. Schizophr Res 2023; 255:132-139. [PMID: 36989670 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reasoning biases have been suggested as risk factors for delusional ideation in both patients and non-clinical individuals. Still, it is unclear how these biases are longitudinally related to delusions in the general population. We hence aimed to investigate longitudinal associations between reasoning biases and delusional ideation in the general population. METHODS We conducted an online cohort study with 1184 adults from the German and Swiss general population. Participants completed measures on reasoning biases (jumping-to-conclusion bias [JTC], liberal acceptance bias [LA], bias against disconfirmatory evidence [BADE], possibility of being mistaken [PM]) and delusional ideation at baseline, and delusional ideation 7 to 8 months later. RESULTS A greater JTC bias was associated with a greater increase in delusional ideation over the following months. This association was better described by a positive quadratic relationship. Neither BADE, LA nor PM were associated with subsequent changes in delusional ideation. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that jumping-to-conclusions predicts delusional ideation in the general population but that this association may follow a quadratic trajectory. While no other associations turned significant, future studies with shorter temporal distances may shed further light on the role of reasoning biases as risk factors for delusional ideation in non-clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Anne Kezia Kuhn
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Christina Andreou
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Psychiatry Unit, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Gregory Elbel
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roselind Lieb
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thea Zander-Schellenberg
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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Webster L, Norman C, Jones G, Marriott M. Mediating role for metacognitive processes in the relationship between schizotypy and anxiety and depression symptoms. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2022; 27:393-410. [PMID: 35975632 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2022.2108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Depression and anxiety symptoms are highly prevalent in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and are commonly associated with schizotypy in non-clinical samples. However, it remains unclear what factors could be contributing to the relationships between schizotypy and anxiety and depression symptoms. Using path analysis, we explored the complex interplay between schizotypy, metacognitive beliefs, cognitive insight, and symptoms of emotional distress.Methods: Self-report data of schizotypy, metacognitive beliefs, cognitive insight, depression, and anxiety symptoms were collected from 344 participants from a predominantly student sample.Results: Path analysis confirmed unique associations between schizotypy dimensions, metacognitive beliefs, and cognitive insight. Furthermore, negative beliefs about worry mediated the link between the schizotypy dimensions, unusual experiences, cognitive disorganisation, and introvertive anhedonia and both depression and anxiety symptoms. Lack of cognitive confidence also mediated the relationship between cognitive disorganisation and depression symptoms. Finally, the cognitive insight subcomponent self-reflectiveness mediated the relationship between unusual experiences and cognitive disorganisation and anxiety.Conclusions: This study significantly furthers our understanding of the complex relationship between schizotypy, metacognitive processes, and emotional distress. Our findings also provide support for interventions which modify metacognitive beliefs and self-reflectiveness, which may prove beneficial for treatment in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Webster
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christine Norman
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gary Jones
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mike Marriott
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Kowalski J, Gawęda Ł. 'Thinking about Them is only making me feel worse'. The mediating role of metacognitive factors in the relationship between paranoia-like beliefs and psychopathology symptoms in a community sample. Schizophr Res 2022; 244:84-90. [PMID: 35640356 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paranoia in community samples is associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety symptoms and suicidality. The metacognitive model assumes the role of metacognitive factors in these associations. Positive and negative metacognitive beliefs (PMB and NMB, respectively) and cognitive-attentional syndrome (CAS) are to mediate between paranoia-like beliefs and psychopathology symptoms. The current study is an attempt to test this prediction. METHODS A cross-sectional community study with n = 840 participants. We used R-GPTS's persecutory subscale to measure paranoia-like beliefs, CAS-1 for CAS and metacognitive beliefs and SCL-27-plus for psychopathology symptoms. RESULTS Indirect effects of PMB, CAS and NMB accounted for 22% to 56% (CI 95%) of total effects of relationships between paranoia-like beliefs and vegetative symptoms, symptoms of social phobia, agoraphobia, depression and suicidality screening. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that PMB, CAS and NMB mediate between paranoia-like beliefs and various psychopathological symptoms, as predicted by the metacognitive model of psychopathology. We also uncovered other indirect effects, including negative mediation effect of PMB on the relationship between paranoia-like beliefs and depressive symptoms and suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kowalski
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Coleman EP, Croft RJ, Barkus E. The profile of unusual beliefs associated with metacognitive thinking and attributional styles. Psych J 2022; 11:296-309. [PMID: 35168296 PMCID: PMC9305741 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive interpretations of daily events may differ in people from the general population who hold unusual beliefs. It is also important to understand whether different belief profiles exist to appreciate which patterns of beliefs are less psychologically healthy. Cluster analysis was used to form unusual belief profiles in a general population sample (n = 578; Mage = 22 years, SD = 6.98; 80% female) across paranoid, paranormal, and magical ideation beliefs, and we assessed whether they differed in attribution style and metacognitive beliefs about worry. Four clusters were formed: low on all measures (low all); high on all measures (high all); comparably higher on paranormal beliefs (paranormal group); and comparably higher on paranoid beliefs (paranoid group). For total Metacognitions Questionnaire‐30, the high all and high paranoid clusters did not differ, and both clusters scored higher than the high paranormal group, who all scored higher than the low all cluster. For attributional styles (Attributional Styles Questionnaire), lower scores on internal positive attribution were found for the high all and high paranoid clusters compared to the low all and high paranormal clusters. The high paranormal cluster had higher scores than the high paranoid cluster on self‐serving bias. Differences in attributional style appeared to be driven by mental health diagnosis. Our results suggest different profiles of unusual beliefs are detectable in the general population that differ in their metacognitive beliefs and perceived causation of events in their environment. Future studies investigating delusional proneness need to consider multiple unusual beliefs as well as assessing mood state and distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle P Coleman
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Croft
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Barkus
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Humphrey C, Bucci S, Varese F, Degnan A, Berry K. Paranoia and negative schema about the self and others: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 90:102081. [PMID: 34564019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Negative self and negative other schema have been implicated in the development of paranoia. The current study provides a meta-analysis, narrative review and quality appraisal of quantitative studies investigating the relationship between negative self and negative other schema and paranoia across the paranoia continuum. A systematic search identified 43 eligible studies; 25 were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analytic findings demonstrated a medium to large relationship between paranoia and negative self-schema (r = 0.46, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.53) and negative other schema (r = 0.48, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.56). The magnitude of associations was similar across people with and without psychosis. Findings demonstrated that associations between negative self-schema and paranoia were not always statistically significant when controlling for confounding variables, particularly depression. The association between negative other schema and paranoia tended to remain significant when controlling for confounding variables. Findings also demonstrated that negative schema may mediate relationships between adverse experiences in childhood and paranoia. Overall, findings support theoretical proposals that both negative self and negative other schema are associated with paranoia. Longitudinal studies are required to confirm the direction of effects. Findings provide support for incorporating and targeting negative self and negative other schema in psychological formulations and therapeutic work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Humphrey
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Sandra Bucci
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Filippo Varese
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Amy Degnan
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Katherine Berry
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester, United Kingdom (UK).
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Penzenstadler L, Chatton A, Lecomte T, Huguelet P, Lecardeur L, Azoulay S, Bartolomei J, Brazo P, Murys E, Poupart F, Rouvière S, Parabiaghi A, Saoud M, Favrod J, Khazaal Y. Does the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale predict change in delusional beliefs? Psychol Psychother 2020; 93:690-704. [PMID: 31583824 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) is composed of two subscales, self-reflectiveness and self-certainty, assessing reflectiveness and openness to feedback, and mental flexibility. Delusions have previously been associated with low cognitive insight. The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in BCIS scores predict changes in delusional beliefs. METHODS The study is a secondary analysis of a previously published randomized controlled trial. All participants had a psychotic disorder diagnosis and received treatment as usual, with half of them also receiving the cognitive restructuring intervention 'Michael's game'. Participants were assessed at three different times: at baseline (T1), at 3 months (T2), and at 9 months (T3). Cognitive insight was measured with the BCIS, belief flexibility with the Maudsley assessment of delusions schedule (MADS), and psychotic symptoms with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). RESULTS A total of 172 participants took part in the trial. After using generalized estimating equation (GEE) modelling, we observed (1) significant main effects of BCIS self-certainty and Time and (2) significant Time × BCIS self-certainty and Time × treatment group interaction effects on belief flexibility. Improvements in self-certainty (i.e., decrease in scores) were associated with more changes in conviction over time, more accommodation, improved ability in ignoring or rejecting a hypothetical contradiction and increased use of verification of facts. Medication and BPRS total scores were controlled for in the GEE analyses at their baseline values. CONCLUSIONS Overall improvement in BCIS self-certainty scores over time predicted better treatment outcomes as assessed with MADS items. PRACTITIONER POINTS Treatments for patients with psychosis should focus on improving cognitive insight as this seems to improve overall treatment outcomes and recovery. The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale can be used to measure changes during treatment and can predict treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Chatton
- Hôpitaux Universitaires Genève, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Switzerland
| | - Tania Lecomte
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Huguelet
- Hôpitaux Universitaires Genève, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Lecardeur
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Imagerie et Strategies Therapeutiques de la schizophrenie (ISTS), EA4766, Caen, France
| | - Silke Azoulay
- Soins Psychiatriques Ambulatoires, Bienne, Switzerland
| | | | - Perrine Brazo
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Service de Psychiatrie d'adultes, Centre Esquirol, Caen, France.,Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Imagerie et Stratégies Thérapeutiques de la Schizophrénie (ISTS), EA:7466, Caen, France
| | - Elodie Murys
- Unité Mobile de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Princess Grace, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Florent Poupart
- Laboratoire Clinique Psychopathologique et Interculturelle, Université de Toulouse, France.,Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Mohamed Saoud
- PsyR², INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, France Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
| | - Jérôme Favrod
- La Source, School of Nursing Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yasser Khazaal
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospitals, Switzerland.,Research Center, Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Quebec, Canada
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Residual Anxiety in Patients with Bipolar Disorder in Full or Partial Remission: Metacognitive Beliefs and Neurocognitive Function. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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