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Lin C, Guo X, Yu X, Li S, Li W, Yu X, An F, Zhao P, Ruan M. Genome-Wide Survey of the RWP-RK Gene Family in Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Functional Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12925. [PMID: 37629106 PMCID: PMC10454212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant-specific RWP-RK transcription factor family plays a central role in the regulation of nitrogen response and gametophyte development. However, little information is available regarding the evolutionary relationships and characteristics of the RWP-RK family genes in cassava, an important tropical crop. Herein, 13 RWP-RK proteins identified in cassava were unevenly distributed across 9 of the 18 chromosomes (Chr), and these proteins were divided into two clusters based on their phylogenetic distance. The NLP subfamily contained seven cassava proteins including GAF, RWP-RK, and PB1 domains; the RKD subfamily contained six cassava proteins including the RWP-RK domain. Genes of the NLP subfamily had a longer sequence and more introns than the RKD subfamily. A large number of hormone- and stress-related cis-acting elements were found in the analysis of RWP-RK promoters. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that all MeNLP1-7 and MeRKD1/3/5 genes responded to different abiotic stressors (water deficit, cold temperature, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, NaCl, and H2O2), hormonal treatments (abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate), and nitrogen starvation. MeNLP3/4/5/6/7 and MeRKD3/5, which can quickly and efficiently respond to different stresses, were found to be important candidate genes for further functional assays in cassava. The MeRKD5 and MeNLP6 proteins were localized to the cell nucleus in tobacco leaf. Five and one candidate proteins interacting with MeRKD5 and MeNLP6, respectively, were screened from the cassava nitrogen starvation library, including agamous-like mads-box protein AGL14, metallothionein 2, Zine finger FYVE domain containing protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, E3 Ubiquitin-protein ligase HUWE1, and PPR repeat family protein. These results provided a solid basis to understand abiotic stress responses and signal transduction mediated by RWP-RK genes in cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Lin
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (C.L.); (X.G.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (S.L.); (W.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xin Guo
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (C.L.); (X.G.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (C.L.); (X.G.); (X.Y.)
| | - Shuxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (S.L.); (W.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (S.L.); (W.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (S.L.); (W.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Feng An
- Hainan Danzhou Agro-Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Rubber Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, China;
| | - Pingjuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (S.L.); (W.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Mengbin Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (S.L.); (W.L.); (X.Y.)
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Alternative Polyadenylation Is a Novel Strategy for the Regulation of Gene Expression in Response to Stresses in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054727. [PMID: 36902157 PMCID: PMC10003127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Precursor message RNA requires processing to generate mature RNA. Cleavage and polyadenylation at the 3'-end in the maturation of mRNA is one of key processing steps in eukaryotes. The polyadenylation (poly(A)) tail of mRNA is an essential feature that is required to mediate its nuclear export, stability, translation efficiency, and subcellular localization. Most genes have at least two mRNA isoforms via alternative splicing (AS) or alternative polyadenylation (APA), which increases the diversity of transcriptome and proteome. However, most previous studies have focused on the role of alternative splicing on the regulation of gene expression. In this review, we summarize the recent advances concerning APA in the regulation of gene expression and in response to stresses in plants. We also discuss the mechanisms for the regulation of APA for plants in the adaptation to stress responses, and suggest that APA is a novel strategy for the adaptation to environmental changes and response to stresses in plants.
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Evolution and regulation of nitrogen flux through compartmentalized metabolic networks in a marine diatom. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4552. [PMID: 31591397 PMCID: PMC6779911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms outcompete other phytoplankton for nitrate, yet little is known about the mechanisms underpinning this ability. Genomes and genome-enabled studies have shown that diatoms possess unique features of nitrogen metabolism however, the implications for nutrient utilization and growth are poorly understood. Using a combination of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, fluxomics, and flux balance analysis to examine short-term shifts in nitrogen utilization in the model pennate diatom in Phaeodactylum tricornutum, we obtained a systems-level understanding of assimilation and intracellular distribution of nitrogen. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are energetically integrated at the critical intersection of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in diatoms. Pathways involved in this integration are organelle-localized GS-GOGAT cycles, aspartate and alanine systems for amino moiety exchange, and a split-organelle arginine biosynthesis pathway that clarifies the role of the diatom urea cycle. This unique configuration allows diatoms to efficiently adjust to changing nitrogen status, conferring an ecological advantage over other phytoplankton taxa. Here, using the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum as a model organism, the authors combine functional genomics, phylogenetics, and metabolic modeling to describe how diatoms might have functionally integrated nitrogen metabolism during evolution and how metabolic flux is regulated across cellular compartments
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Qiu A, Lei Y, Yang S, Wu J, Li J, Bao B, Cai Y, Wang S, Lin J, Wang Y, Shen L, Cai J, Guan D, He S. CaC3H14 encoding a tandem CCCH zinc finger protein is directly targeted by CaWRKY40 and positively regulates the response of pepper to inoculation by Ralstonia solanacearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2221-2235. [PMID: 29683552 PMCID: PMC6638151 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tandem CCCH zinc finger (TZnF) proteins have been implicated in plant defence, but their role in pepper (Capsicum annuum) is unclear. In the present study, the role of CaC3H14, a pepper TZnF protein, in the immune response of pepper plants to Ralstonia solanacearum infection was characterized. When fused to the green fluorescent protein, CaC3H14 was localized exclusively to the nuclei in leaf cells of Nicotiana benthamiana plants transiently overexpressing CaC3H14. Transcript abundance of CaC3H14 was up-regulated by inoculation with R. solanacearum. Virus-induced silencing of CaC3H14 increased the susceptibility of the plants to R. solanacearum and down-regulated the genes associated with the hypersensitive response (HR), specifically HIR1 and salicylic acid (SA)-dependent PR1a. By contrast, silencing resulted in the up-regulation of jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent DEF1 and ethylene (ET) biosynthesis-associated ACO1. Transient overexpression of CaC3H14 in pepper triggered an intensive HR, indicated by cell death and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) accumulation, up-regulated PR1a and down-regulated DEF1 and ACO1. Ectopic overexpression of CaC3H14 in tobacco plants significantly decreased the susceptibility of tobacco plants to R. solanacearum. It also up-regulated HR-associated HSR515, immunity-associated GST1 and the SA-dependent marker genes NPR1 and PR2, but down-regulated JA-dependent PR1b and ET-dependent EFE26. The CaC3H14 promoter and was bound and its transcription was up-regulated by CaWRKY40. Collectively, these results indicate that CaC3H14 is transcriptionally targeted by CaWRKY40, is a modulator of the antagonistic interaction between SA and JA/ET signalling, and enhances the defence response of pepper plants to infection by R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailian Qiu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Yufen Lei
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Ji Wu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Jiazhi Li
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Bingjin Bao
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Yiting Cai
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Song Wang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Jinhui Lin
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Lei Shen
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Jinsen Cai
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
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Li Z, Wang R, Gao Y, Wang C, Zhao L, Xu N, Chen KE, Qi S, Zhang M, Tsay YF, Crawford NM, Wang Y. The Arabidopsis CPSF30-L gene plays an essential role in nitrate signaling and regulates the nitrate transceptor gene NRT1.1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:1205-1222. [PMID: 28850721 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to adapt to fluctuating environmental nitrogen availability. However, more underlying genes regulating the response to nitrate have yet to be characterized. We report here the identification of a nitrate regulatory mutant whose mutation mapped to the Cleavage and Polyadenylation Specificity Factor 30 gene (CPSF30-L). In the mutant, induction of nitrate-responsive genes was inhibited independent of the ammonium conditions and was restored by expression of the wild-type 65 kDa encoded by CPSF30-L. Molecular and genetic evidence suggests that CPSF30-L works upstream of NRT1.1 and independently of NLP7 in response to nitrate. Analysis of the 3'-UTR of NRT1.1 showed that the pattern of polyadenylation sites was altered in the cpsf30 mutant. Transcriptome analysis revealed that four nitrogen-related clusters were enriched in the differentially expressed genes of the cpsf30 mutant. Nitrate uptake was decreased in the mutant along with reduced expression of the nitrate transporter/sensor gene NRT1.1, while nitrate reduction and amino acid content were enhanced in roots along with increased expression of several nitrate assimilatory genes. These findings indicate that the 65 kDa protein encoded by CPSF30-L mediates nitrate signaling in part by regulating NRT1.1 expression, thus adding an important component to the nitrate signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Rongchen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yangyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Lufei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Na Xu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, China
| | - Kuo-En Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shengdong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yi-Fang Tsay
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nigel M Crawford
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
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Calatrava V, Chamizo-Ampudia A, Sanz-Luque E, Ocaña-Calahorro F, Llamas A, Fernandez E, Galvan A. How Chlamydomonas handles nitrate and the nitric oxide cycle. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2593-2602. [PMID: 28201747 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The green alga Chlamydomonas is a valuable model system capable of assimilating different forms of nitrogen (N). Nitrate (NO3-) has a relevant role in plant-like organisms, first as a nitrogen source for growth and second as a signalling molecule. Several modules are necessary for Chlamydomonas to handle nitrate, including transporters, nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), GS/GOGAT enzymes for ammonium assimilation, and regulatory protein(s). Transporters provide a first step for influx/efflux, homeostasis, and sensing of nitrate; and NIT2 is the key transcription factor (RWP-RK) for mediating the nitrate-dependent activation of a number of genes. Here, we review how NR participates in the cycle NO3- →NO2- →NO →NO3-. NR uses the partner protein amidoxime-reducing component/nitric oxide-forming nitrite reductase (ARC/NOFNiR) for the conversion of nitrite (NO2-) into nitric oxide (NO). It also uses the truncated haemoglobin THB1 in the conversion of nitric oxide to nitrate. Nitric oxide is a negative signal for nitrate assimilation; it inhibits the activity and expression of high-affinity nitrate/nitrite transporters and NR. During this cycle, the positive signal of nitrate is transformed into the negative signal of nitric oxide, which can then be converted back into nitrate. Thus, NR is back in the spotlight as a strategic regulator of the nitric oxide cycle and the nitrate assimilation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Calatrava
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Chamizo-Ampudia
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Ocaña-Calahorro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Angel Llamas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emilio Fernandez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aurora Galvan
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
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NRT2.4 and NRT2.5 Are Two Half-Size Transporters from the Chlamydomonas NRT2 Family. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy6010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sanz-Luque E, Chamizo-Ampudia A, Llamas A, Galvan A, Fernandez E. Understanding nitrate assimilation and its regulation in microalgae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:899. [PMID: 26579149 PMCID: PMC4620153 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate assimilation is a key process for nitrogen (N) acquisition in green microalgae. Among Chlorophyte algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has resulted to be a good model system to unravel important facts of this process, and has provided important insights for agriculturally relevant plants. In this work, the recent findings on nitrate transport, nitrate reduction and the regulation of nitrate assimilation are presented in this and several other algae. Latest data have shown nitric oxide (NO) as an important signal molecule in the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of nitrate reductase and inorganic N transport. Participation of regulatory genes and proteins in positive and negative signaling of the pathway and the mechanisms involved in the regulation of nitrate assimilation, as well as those involved in Molybdenum cofactor synthesis required to nitrate assimilation, are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emilio Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of CordobaCordoba, Spain
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