1
|
Yan Z, Wang C, Li Z, Li X, Cheng F, Lin D, Yang Y. Supplementary White, UV-A, and Far-Red Radiation Differentially Regulates Growth and Nutritional Qualities of Greenhouse Lettuce. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3234. [PMID: 37765398 PMCID: PMC10534803 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Light is a crucial environmental signal and a form of photosynthetic energy for plant growth, development, and nutrient formation. To explore the effects of light quality on the growth and nutritional qualities of greenhouse-grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), lettuce was cultivated under supplementary white (W) light-emitting diodes (LEDs); white plus ultraviolet A LEDs (W+UV); white plus far-red LEDs (W+FR); and the combination of white, far-red, and UV-A LEDs (W+FR+UV) for 25 days, with lettuce grown under natural sunlight used as the control. The results indicate that the leaf length and leaf width values for lettuce grown under the W+FR+UV treatment were significantly higher than those of lettuce grown under other supplementary light treatments. The highest values of shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and root dry weight were recorded under the W+FR treatment (4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 12.4 times higher than those under the control treatment, respectively). Lettuce grown under the W+FR treatment exhibited the highest total chlorophyll content (39.1%, 24.6%, and 16.2% higher than that under the W, W+UV, and W+FR+UV treatments, respectively). The carotenoid content of lettuce grown under the W+FR treatment was the highest among all treatments. However, the root activity of greenhouse-grown lettuce was the highest under the W+FR+UV treatment. Soluble sugar content, cellulose content, and starch content in the lettuce responded differently to the light treatments and were highest under the W+UV treatment. In summary, supplementary light promoted growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce. Specifically, white plus far-red light promoted lettuce growth, and white plus UV increased some specific compounds in greenhouse-grown lettuce. Our findings provide valuable references for the application of light-supplementation strategies to greenhouse lettuce production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Yan
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chunling Wang
- College of Water Resources and Architecture Engineering, Tarim University, Aral 843300, China;
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Fei Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Duo Lin
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yanjie Yang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Y.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen D, Yuan K, Zhang J, Wang Z, Sun Z, Zhang H, Hu J. Response analysis of fluorescence parameters of tomato seedlings oriented to vertical light environment adaptation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111118. [PMID: 34895547 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Seedling quality greatly affects the subsequent survival, quality and yield of tomatoes. To explore the response of tomato seedlings on vertical light, we investigated the continuous trends of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in six vertical light intensities and Pearson's correlation analysis of them. The results showed that the dark fluorescence parameters of Fm, Fv/Fm highly correlated with the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) while NPQ, Y(NPQ), Y(NO) were highly correlated with the day of light processing (DLP). With increasing PPFD, the Fv/Fm decreased, the residual sum of curves increased and the scaling factor (S) was decreased. The photoinhibition phenomenon was relieved to different degrees on DLP 4. L4 (243.17 ± 4.37 μmol m-2 s-1) was the fastest light adaptation, L5 (295.34 ± 5.42 μmol m-2 s-1) was the second. ΦPSII accumulation was greatest in L4 and second in L5. Both L4 and L5 seedling health index and dry weight were significantly higher than L1 (53.20 ± 1.55 μmol m-2 s-1). L4 had the highest Chl a/b and total soluble sugar. It can be concluded that L4 was the best vertical PPFD with the highest light-adaption. The larger the PPFD, the greater the curve deviation, the greater the degree of data discretization, and the higher the photoinhibition. The more appropriate the light intensity is, the faster the seedlings light-adapted are. Therefore, the rapid and proper adjustment of light intensity is the key to obtain high quality tomato seedlings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyan Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Kaikai Yuan
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Junhua Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Zhangtong Sun
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Haihui Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Jin Hu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sagun JV, Badger MR, Chow WS, Ghannoum O. Cyclic electron flow and light partitioning between the two photosystems in leaves of plants with different functional types. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 142:321-334. [PMID: 31520186 PMCID: PMC6874625 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) is essential for generating additional ATP and enhancing efficient photosynthesis. Accurate estimation of CEF requires knowledge of the fractions of absorbed light by PSI (fI) and PSII (fII), which are only known for a few model species such as spinach. No measures of fI are available for C4 grasses under different irradiances. We developed a new method to estimate (1) fII in vivo by concurrently measuring linear electron flux through both photosystems [Formula: see text] in leaf using membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) and total electron flux through PSII (ETR2) using chlorophyll fluorescence by a Dual-PAM at low light and (2) CEF as ETR1-[Formula: see text]. For a C3 grass, fI was 0.5 and 0.4 under control (high light) and shade conditions, respectively. C4 species belonging to NADP-ME and NAD-ME subtypes had fI of 0.6 and PCK subtype had 0.5 under control. All shade-grown C4 species had fI of 0.6 except for NADP-ME grass which had 0.7. It was also observed that fI ranged between 0.3 and 0.5 for gymnosperm, liverwort and fern species. CEF increased with irradiance and was induced at lower irradiances in C4 grasses and fern relative to other species. CEF was greater in shade-grown plants relative to control plants except for C4 NADP-ME species. Our study reveals a range of CEF and fI values in different plant functional groups. This variation must be taken into account for improved photosynthetic calculations and modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Ver Sagun
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Murray R. Badger
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhen S, Haidekker M, van Iersel MW. Far-red light enhances photochemical efficiency in a wavelength-dependent manner. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:21-33. [PMID: 30203475 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Linear electron transport depends on balanced excitation of photosystem I and II. Far-red light preferentially excites photosystem I (PSI) and can enhance the photosynthetic efficiency when combined with light that over-excites photosystem II (PSII). The efficiency of different wavelengths of far-red light exciting PSI was quantified by measuring the change in quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII ) of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under red/blue light with narrowband far-red light added (from 678 to 752 nm, obtained using laser diodes). The ΦPSII of lettuce increased with increasing wavelengths of added light from 678 to 703 nm, indicating longer wavelengths within this region are increasingly used more efficiently by PSI than by PSII. Adding 721 nm light resulted in similar ΦPSII as adding 703 nm light, but ΦPSII tended to decrease as wavelength increased from 721 to 731 nm, likely due to decreasing absorptance and low photon energy. Adding 752 nm light did not affect ΦPSII . Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence light response measurements showed lettuce had higher ΦPSII under halogen light (rich in far-red) than under red/blue light (which over-excites PSII). Far-red light is more photosynthetically active than commonly believed, because of its synergistic interaction with light of shorter wavelengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Zhen
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Mark Haidekker
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Marc W van Iersel
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Murakami K, Ibaraki Y. Time course of the photochemical reflectance index during photosynthetic induction: its relationship with the photochemical yield of photosystem II. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:524-536. [PMID: 29660140 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Time courses of photochemical reflectance index (PRI) of an attached cucumber leaf during a dark-light transition were compared with those of photochemical yields of photosystem II (YII ) to discuss the feasibility of PRI imaging for estimating the efficiency of photosynthetic light use. YII and PRI were simultaneously evaluated with a pulse-amplitude modulation chlorophyll fluorometer and a low-cost imaging system consisting of digital cameras and band-pass filters, respectively. YII decreased immediately after the transition and then increased under various photon flux densities. Although PRI exhibited delayed time courses with respect to YII under low light conditions, PRI decreased monotonically under high light conditions. There was no correlation between YII and the changes in PRI (ΔPRI) immediately after the transition but YII was correlated with ΔPRI under the steady-state photosynthesis. These results indicate that the use of PRI to estimate YII under fluctuating light based on the regression obtained at steady state can overestimate YII . The imaging system was also applied to evaluate the spatial PRI distribution within a leaf. While PRI of leaf areas that remained untreated, or had been treated with H2 O again, first dropped and then rose under low light and monotonically decreased under high light conditions, leaf areas treated with inhibitor (dichlorophenyl dimethylurea) did not exhibit any changes. It is likely that the inhibitor suppressed lumen acidification, which triggers a decrease in PRI. It was suggested that YII of leaves with malfunctions in the photosynthetic electron transport can be overestimated by the PRI-based estimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keach Murakami
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Ibaraki
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Murakami K, Matsuda R, Fujiwara K. A Mathematical Model of Photosynthetic Electron Transport in Response to the Light Spectrum Based on Excitation Energy Distributed to Photosystems. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1643-1651. [PMID: 29697808 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To enable us to analyze more systematically the effects of the spectral distribution of light (i.e. light quality) on photosynthetic electron transport, we propose a simple mathematical model which describes electron transport reactions under light-limited conditions based on the excitation energy distributed to the photosystems. The model assumes that the rate-limiting photosystem performs the photochemical reaction at its maximum yield, while the yield in the other photosystem is passively down-regulated to equalize the rates of linear electron transport through the photosystems. Using intact cucumber leaves, we tested the model by comparing actual and estimated photosynthetic parameters under several combinations of photon flux densities of red and far-red lights (R and FR, respectively). Simultaneously provided R and FR yielded greater gross photosynthetic rates than the sums of the rates under only R and only FR, which is known as the 'enhancement effect'. The present model reproduced these non-additive increases in the gross photosynthetic rates in response to supplemental FR to R and provided more accurate estimates than an existing method that did not take the enhancement effect into account (root mean square errors: 0.11 and 0.21 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively). Using the present model, the photon flux density of the supplemental FR which gives the changing point of rate-limiting photosystem and the photochemical yields of the non-rate-limiting photosystems were estimated reasonably well. The present study has therefore formulated a simplified quantitative electron transport model in response to the light spectrum based on generally accepted concepts and demonstrated its validity experimentally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keach Murakami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|