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Arriola ÍA, Costa EC, de Oliveira DC, Isaias RMDS. Soil-plant-gall relationships: from gall development to ecological patterns. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38888220 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The adaptive nature of the galler habit has been tentatively explained by the nutrition, microenvironment, and enemy hypotheses. Soil attributes have direct relationships with these three hypotheses at the cellular and macroecological scales, but their influence has been restricted previously to effects on the nutritional status of the host plant on gall richness and abundance. Herein, we discuss the ionome patterns within gall tissues and their significance for gall development, physiology, structure, and for the nutrition of the gallers. Previous ecological and chemical quantification focused extensively on nitrogen and carbon contents, evoking the carbon-nutrient defence hypothesis as an explanation for establishing the plant-gall interaction. Different elements are involved in cell wall composition dynamics, antioxidant activity, and regulation of plant-gall water dynamics. An overview of the different soil-plant-gall relationships highlights the complexity of the nutritional requirements of gallers, which are strongly influenced by environmental soil traits. Soil and plant chemical profiles interact to determine the outcome of plant-herbivore interactions and need to be addressed by considering not only the soil features and galler nutrition but also the host plant's physiological traits. The quantitative and qualitative results for iron metabolism in gall tissues, as well as the roles of iron as an essential element in the physiology and reproduction of gallers suggest that it may represent a key nutritional resource, aligning with the nutrition hypothesis, and providing an integrative explanation for higher gall diversity in iron-rich soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ígor Abba Arriola
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elaine Cotrim Costa
- Institute of Biological Sciences/Botany, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Denis Coelho de Oliveira
- Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Rua Ceará s/n, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Rosy Mary Dos Santos Isaias
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Ushima R, Sugimoto R, Sano Y, Ogi H, Ino R, Hayakawa H, Shimada K, Tsuchida T. New Gall-Forming Insect Model, Smicronyx madaranus: Critical Stages for Gall Formation, Phylogeny, and Effectiveness of Gene Functional Analysis. INSECTS 2024; 15:63. [PMID: 38249069 PMCID: PMC10816246 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying insect gall formation remain unclear. A major reason for the inability to identify the responsible genes is that only a few systems can be experimentally validated in the laboratory. To overcome these problems, we established a new galling insect model, Smicronyx madaranus. Our manipulation experiments using nail polish sealing and insecticide treatment revealed an age-dependent change in gall formation by S. madaranus; adult females and larvae are responsible for gall induction and enlargement, respectively. Furthermore, it has been suggested that substances released during oviposition and larval feeding are involved in each process. Phylogenetic analysis showed that gall-forming weevils, including S. madaranus, belong to two distinct lineages that utilize different host plants. This may indicate that gall-forming traits evolved independently in these Smicronyx lineages. The efficacy of RNA interference (RNAi) in S. madaranus was confirmed by targeting the multicopper oxidase 2 gene. It is expected that the mechanisms of gall formation will be elucidated by a comprehensive functional analysis of candidate genes using RNAi and the S. madaranus galling system in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ushima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama, Toyama City 930-8555, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ryoma Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama, Toyama City 930-8555, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yota Sano
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama, Toyama City 930-8555, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hinako Ogi
- School of Science, University of Toyama, Toyama City 930-8555, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Ino
- School of Science, University of Toyama, Toyama City 930-8555, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hayakawa
- Museum of Natural and Environmental History, Shizuoka, Shizuoka City 422-8017, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shimada
- Ishikawa Museum of Natural History, Ri-441, Choshi-Machi, Kanazawa City 920-1147, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tsuchida
- Faculty of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama City 930-8555, Toyama, Japan
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Nye DG, Irigoyen ML, Perez-Fons L, Bohorquez-Chaux A, Hur M, Medina-Yerena D, Lopez-Lavalle LAB, Fraser PD, Walling LL. Integrative transcriptomics reveals association of abscisic acid and lignin pathways with cassava whitefly resistance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:657. [PMID: 38124051 PMCID: PMC10731783 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whiteflies are a global threat to crop yields, including the African subsistence crop cassava (Manihot esculenta). Outbreaks of superabundant whitefly populations throughout Eastern and Central Africa in recent years have dramatically increased the pressures of whitefly feeding and virus transmission on cassava. Whitefly-transmitted viral diseases threaten the food security of hundreds of millions of African farmers, highlighting the need for developing and deploying whitefly-resistant cassava. However, plant resistance to whiteflies remains largely poorly characterized at the genetic and molecular levels. Knowledge of cassava-defense programs also remains incomplete, limiting characterization of whitefly-resistance mechanisms. To better understand the genetic basis of whitefly resistance in cassava, we define the defense hormone- and Aleurotrachelus socialis (whitefly)-responsive transcriptome of whitefly-susceptible (COL2246) and whitefly-resistant (ECU72) cassava using RNA-seq. For broader comparison, hormone-responsive transcriptomes of Arabidopsis thaliana were also generated. RESULTS Whitefly infestation, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and abscisic acid (ABA) transcriptome responses of ECU72 and COL2246 were defined and analyzed. Strikingly, SA responses were largely reciprocal between the two cassava genotypes and we suggest candidate regulators. While susceptibility was associated with SA in COL2246, resistance to whitefly in ECU72 was associated with ABA, with SA-ABA antagonism observed. This was evidenced by expression of genes within the SA and ABA pathways and hormone levels during A. socialis infestation. Gene-enrichment analyses of whitefly- and hormone-responsive genes suggest the importance of fast-acting cell wall defenses (e.g., elicitor recognition, lignin biosynthesis) during early infestation stages in whitefly-resistant ECU72. A surge of ineffective immune and SA responses characterized the whitefly-susceptible COL2246's response to late-stage nymphs. Lastly, in comparison with the model plant Arabidopsis, cassava's hormone-responsive genes showed striking divergence in expression. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first characterization of cassava's global transcriptome responses to whitefly infestation and defense hormone treatment. Our analyses of ECU72 and COL2246 uncovered possible whitefly resistance/susceptibility mechanisms in cassava. Comparative analysis of cassava and Arabidopsis demonstrated that defense programs in Arabidopsis may not always mirror those in crop species. More broadly, our hormone-responsive transcriptomes will also provide a baseline for the cassava community to better understand global responses to other yield-limiting pests/pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle G Nye
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Maria L Irigoyen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Laura Perez-Fons
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Adriana Bohorquez-Chaux
- Alliance Bioversity International and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Manhoi Hur
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Diana Medina-Yerena
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Luis Augusto Becerra Lopez-Lavalle
- Alliance Bioversity International and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
- Present Address: International Center of Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Paul D Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Linda L Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Mhoswa L, Myburg AA, Slippers B, Külheim C, Naidoo S. Genome-wide association study identifies SNP markers and putative candidate genes for terpene traits important for Leptocybe invasa resistance in Eucalyptus grandis. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6521028. [PMID: 35134191 PMCID: PMC8982386 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Terpenes are an important group of plant specialized metabolites influencing, amongst other functions, defence mechanisms against pests. We used a genome-wide association study to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and putative candidate genes for terpene traits. We tested 15,387 informative SNP markers derived from genotyping 416 Eucalyptus grandis individuals for association with 3 terpene traits, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene. A multilocus mixed model analysis identified 21 SNP markers for 1,8-cineole on chromosomes 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, that individually explained 3.0%–8.4% and jointly 42.7% of the phenotypic variation. Association analysis of γ-terpinene found 32 significant SNP markers on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 11, explaining 3.4–15.5% and jointly 54.5% of phenotypic variation. For p-cymene, 28 significant SNP markers were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, and 11, explaining 3.4–16.1% of the phenotypic variation and jointly 46.9%. Our results show that variation underlying the 3 terpene traits is influenced by a few minor loci in combination with a few major effect loci, suggesting an oligogenic nature of the traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Mhoswa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Carsten Külheim
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931-1295, USA
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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de Oliveira Pinto I, Sarmento MI, Martins AO, Rocha JPL, Pinto G, Araújo WL, Soares AM, Sarmento RA. Cell death and changes in primary metabolism: the onset of defence in Eucalyptus in the war against Leptocybe invasa. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1721-1728. [PMID: 34997819 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here, we investigated changes in primary metabolism and cell death around oviposition sites in two hybrid clones of Eucalyptus with different degrees of resistance to Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), as well as tolerance to water deficiency. RESULTS We showed that apices of the resistant clone with oviposition had a higher content of amino acids, organic acids and the compound putrescine compared with those of the susceptible clone with oviposition. By contrast, apices of the resistant clone with oviposition had lower sugar and pyruvate organic acid content than those of the susceptible clone with oviposition. Small areas of necrosis were induced around the oviposition sites in the stem apices of Eucalyptus 24 h after infestation. The resistant clone developed larger necrotic areas that showed progressive increases 24-72 h after infestation compared with the susceptible clone, in which cell death was significantly lower and no changes were observed in necrotic area over time. Thus, the programmed death of cells around the egg, modulated by several amino acids, is likely the first defence response of Eucalyptus against L. invasa. CONCLUSION Our results serve as the basis for the early identification of key metabolites produced in plants in defence against galling insects. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael de Oliveira Pinto
- Federal Institute of Tocantins, Colinas do Tocantins Campus, Colinas do Tocantins, Brazil
- Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi Campus, Gurupi, Brazil
| | - Maíra Ignacio Sarmento
- Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi Campus, Gurupi, Brazil
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Auxiliadora Oliveira Martins
- Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Max Planck Partner Group at the Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Glória Pinto
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Max Planck Partner Group at the Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Amadeu Mvm Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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Messal M, Vivas M, Kemler M, Begerow D, Brachmann A, Witfeld F, Naidoo S, Slippers B. Fungal Communities of Eucalyptus grandis Leaves Are Influenced by the Insect Pest Leptocybe invasa. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:841621. [PMID: 35432259 PMCID: PMC9009095 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.841621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal communities in above-ground tree tissues are hyperdiverse and are influenced by biotic interactions with other organisms living in or on these tissues. These biotic interactions are, however, still poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to understand how insect-associated gall formation on Eucalyptus foliage correlates with the diversity of foliar fungal communities in surrounding healthy leaf tissue, as well as the co-occurrence patterns among the members of the fungal community. We used ITS metabarcoding to characterise the foliar fungal communities of 179 individual E. grandis trees. These trees were assigned to infestation levels of the wasp Leptocybe invasa (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera), which causes gall formation on shoot tips and leaves of its host. Fungal community networks were calculated using a Pearson correlation coefficient. The composition and diversity of fungal communities were influenced by the severity of L. invasa infestations. We identified potential Eucalyptus pathogens with high sequence abundance at all disease severity levels, but network analysis indicated that the co-occurrence of potential pathogens between no to mild and medium to heavy infestation differed significantly. A better understanding of microbial interactions, especially the role of pathogens, can be useful for controlling disease- and beneficial host-associated microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Messal
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Mandy Messal,
| | - María Vivas
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
| | - Martin Kemler
- Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik Begerow
- Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Frederick Witfeld
- Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Bernard Slippers,
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Guedes LM, Torres S, Sáez-Carillo K, Becerra J, Pérez CI, Aguilera N. High antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds dampens oxidative stress in Espinosa nothofagi galls induced on Nothofagus obliqua buds. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111114. [PMID: 34895543 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered the first signaling molecules involved in gall development, linked to the establishment of cyto-histological gradients leading to gall tissue redifferentiation. ROS overproduction induces the failure of gall establishment or its premature senescence. Galls could therefore have efficient mechanisms of ROS dissipation and maintenance of homeostasis, such as polyphenol synthesis. The co-occurrence of ROS and polyphenols in the Espinosa nothofagi galls induced on Nothofagus obliqua buds was explored and was related to the antioxidant capacity of the inner (IC) and outer (OC) gall compartments. We hypothesize that: (i) ROS are produced and accumulated in both tissue compartments of E. nothofagi galls in co-occurrence with polyphenolic, flavonols, and lignin, conferring high antioxidant activity to inner and outer gall tissue compartment; (ii) antioxidant activity is higher in IC related to a higher polyphenol concentration in this compartment. The results show that ROS and polyphenols, mainly flavonols, are produced and accumulated in IC and OC, while lignin accumulated mainly in the IC. In both gall compartments, polyphenols mediate ROS elimination, confirmed by histochemical and spectrophotometry techniques. The IC extract has the highest antioxidant capacity, probably due to lignin deposition and a higher polyphenol concentration in this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubia María Guedes
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Departamento de Silvicultura, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Solange Torres
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Botánica, Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Katia Sáez-Carillo
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Departamento de Estadística, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Becerra
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Botánica, Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudia I Pérez
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Botánica, Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Narciso Aguilera
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Departamento de Silvicultura, Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Casilla 160-C, CP 4030000, Concepción, Chile.
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Life stage-dependent genetic traits as drivers of plant-herbivore interactions. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 70:234-240. [PMID: 34224938 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, we have come to understand in great detail the mechanisms that allow plants and herbivorous arthropods to withstand each other. Research into these interactions often focuses on specific life stages of plants and animals, often for pragmatic reasons. Yet it is well known that the lifecycles of plants and herbivores are accompanied by niche shifts that can change their interactions. The occurrence of changes in the defensive regulatory and metabolic networks of plants during their development as driver of plant-herbivore interactions is mainly inferred from behavioral patterns, but there is increasingly molecular-mechanistic data to support the causality. In particular, understanding the molecular-mechanistic signatures of ontogenetic niche shifts, and their genetic basis, may prove to be critical for the design of knowledge-based crop protection strategies.
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