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Hardigan MA, Feldmann MJ, Carling J, Zhu A, Kilian A, Famula RA, Cole GS, Knapp SJ. A medium-density genotyping platform for cultivated strawberry using DArTag technology. THE PLANT GENOME 2023; 16:e20399. [PMID: 37940627 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Genomic prediction in breeding populations containing hundreds to thousands of parents and seedlings is prohibitively expensive with current high-density genetic marker platforms designed for strawberry. We developed mid-density panels of molecular inversion probes (MIPs) to be deployed with the "DArTag" marker platform to provide a low-cost, high-throughput genotyping solution for strawberry genomic prediction. In total, 7742 target single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) regions were used to generate MIP assays that were tested with a screening panel of 376 octoploid Fragaria accessions. We evaluated the performance of DArTag assays based on genotype segregation, amplicon coverage, and their ability to produce subgenome-specific amplicon alignments to the FaRR1 assembly and subsequent alignment-based variant calls with strong concordance to DArT's alignment-free, count-based genotype reports. We used a combination of marker performance metrics and physical distribution in the FaRR1 assembly to select 3K and 5K production panels for genotyping of large strawberry populations. We show that the 3K and 5K DArTag panels are able to target and amplify homologous alleles within subgenomic sequences with low-amplification bias between reference and alternate alleles, supporting accurate genotype calling while producing marker genotypes that can be treated as functionally diploid for quantitative genetic analysis. The 3K and 5K target SNPs show high levels of polymorphism in diverse F. × ananassa germplasm and UC Davis cultivars, with mean pairwise diversity (π) estimates of 0.40 and 0.32 and mean heterozygous genotype frequencies of 0.35 and 0.33, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hardigan
- USDA-ARS, Horticultural Crops Production and Genetic Improvement Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mitchell J Feldmann
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jason Carling
- Diversity Arrays Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Anyu Zhu
- Diversity Arrays Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrzej Kilian
- Diversity Arrays Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Randi A Famula
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Glenn S Cole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Steven J Knapp
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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2
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Sharma N, Raman H, Wheeler D, Kalenahalli Y, Sharma R. Data-driven approaches to improve water-use efficiency and drought resistance in crop plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111852. [PMID: 37659733 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing population, there lies a pressing demand for food, feed and fibre, while the changing climatic conditions pose severe challenges for agricultural production worldwide. Water is the lifeline for crop production; thus, enhancing crop water-use efficiency (WUE) and improving drought resistance in crop varieties are crucial for overcoming these challenges. Genetically-driven improvements in yield, WUE and drought tolerance traits can buffer the worst effects of climate change on crop production in dry areas. While traditional crop breeding approaches have delivered impressive results in increasing yield, the methods remain time-consuming and are often limited by the existing allelic variation present in the germplasm. Significant advances in breeding and high-throughput omics technologies in parallel with smart agriculture practices have created avenues to dramatically speed up the process of trait improvement by leveraging the vast volumes of genomic and phenotypic data. For example, individual genome and pan-genome assemblies, along with transcriptomic, metabolomic and proteomic data from germplasm collections, characterised at phenotypic levels, could be utilised to identify marker-trait associations and superior haplotypes for crop genetic improvement. In addition, these omics approaches enable the identification of genes involved in pathways leading to the expression of a trait, thereby providing an understanding of the genetic, physiological and biochemical basis of trait variation. These data-driven gene discoveries and validation approaches are essential for crop improvement pipelines, including genomic breeding, speed breeding and gene editing. Herein, we provide an overview of prospects presented using big data-driven approaches (including artificial intelligence and machine learning) to harness new genetic gains for breeding programs and develop drought-tolerant crop varieties with favourable WUE and high-yield potential traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Sharma
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia.
| | - Harsh Raman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - David Wheeler
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Yogendra Kalenahalli
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana 502324, India
| | - Rita Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
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Deb SK, Edger PP, Pires JC, McKain MR. Patterns, mechanisms, and consequences of homoeologous exchange in allopolyploid angiosperms: a genomic and epigenomic perspective. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2284-2304. [PMID: 37010081 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Allopolyploids result from hybridization between different evolutionary lineages coupled with genome doubling. Homoeologous chromosomes (chromosomes with common shared ancestry) may undergo recombination immediately after allopolyploid formation and continue over successive generations. The outcome of this meiotic pairing behavior is dynamic and complex. Homoeologous exchanges (HEs) may lead to the formation of unbalanced gametes, reduced fertility, and selective disadvantage. By contrast, HEs could act as sources of novel evolutionary substrates, shifting the relative dosage of parental gene copies, generating novel phenotypic diversity, and helping the establishment of neo-allopolyploids. However, HE patterns vary among lineages, across generations, and even within individual genomes and chromosomes. The causes and consequences of this variation are not fully understood, though interest in this evolutionary phenomenon has increased in the last decade. Recent technological advances show promise in uncovering the mechanistic basis of HEs. Here, we describe recent observations of the common patterns among allopolyploid angiosperm lineages, underlying genomic and epigenomic features, and consequences of HEs. We identify critical research gaps and discuss future directions with far-reaching implications in understanding allopolyploid evolution and applying them to the development of important phenotypic traits of polyploid crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sontosh K Deb
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Patrick P Edger
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
- Genetics and Genome Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - J Chris Pires
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Michael R McKain
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
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Raman H, Shamaya N, Pirathiban R, McVittie B, Raman R, Cullis B, Easton A. Quantitative Trait Loci for Genotype and Genotype by Environment Interaction Effects for Seed Yield Plasticity to Terminal Water-Deficit Conditions in Canola ( Brassica napus L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12040720. [PMID: 36840067 PMCID: PMC9964187 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Canola plants suffer severe crop yield and oil content reductions when exposed to water-deficit conditions, especially during the reproductive stages of plant development. There is a pressing need to develop canola cultivars that can perform better under increased water-deficit conditions with changing weather patterns. In this study, we analysed genetic determinants for the main effects of quantitative trait loci (QTL), (Q), and the interaction effects of QTL and Environment (QE) underlying seed yield and related traits utilising 223 doubled haploid (DH) lines of canola in well-watered and water-deficit conditions under a rainout shelter. Moderate water-deficit at the pre-flowering stage reduced the seed yield to 40.8%. Multi-environmental QTL analysis revealed 23 genomic regions associated with days to flower (DTF), plant height (PH) and seed yield (SY) under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. Three seed yield QTL for main effects were identified on chromosomes A09, C03, and C09, while two were related to QE interactions on A02 and C09. Two QTL regions were co-localised to similar genomic regions for flowering time and seed yield (A09) and the second for plant height and chlorophyll content. The A09 QTL was co-located with a previously mapped QTL for carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) that showed a positive relationship with seed yield in the same population. Opposite allelic effects for plasticity in seed yield were identified due to QE interactions in response to water stress on chromosomes A02 and C09. Our results showed that QTL's allelic effects for DTF, PH, and SY and their correlation with Δ13C are stable across environments (field conditions, previous study) and contrasting water regimes (this study). The QTL and DH lines that showed high yield under well-watered and water-deficit conditions could be used to manipulate water-use efficiency for breeding improved canola cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Raman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Nawar Shamaya
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Ramethaa Pirathiban
- Centre for Biometrics and Data Science for Sustainable Primary Industries, National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Brett McVittie
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Rosy Raman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Brian Cullis
- Centre for Biometrics and Data Science for Sustainable Primary Industries, National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Andrew Easton
- Advanta Seeds Pty Ltd., 268 Anzac Avenue, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
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Yang Y, Wang W, Hu Q, Raman H, Liu J. Genome-wide association and RNA-seq analyses identify loci for pod orientation in rapeseed ( Brassica napus). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1097534. [PMID: 36714779 PMCID: PMC9880488 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1097534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distribution and orientation of pods on the main raceme (stem) and branches could affect rapeseed yield. However, genomic regions underlying the pod orientation were not described in Brassica species. Here, we determined the extent of genetic variation in pod orientation, described as the angles of pedicel on raceme (APR) and angles of the pod on pedicel (APP) among 136 rapeseed accessions grown across three environments of the upper, middle and lower Yangtze River in China. The APR ranged from 59° to 109°, while the APP varied from 142° to 178°. Statistical analysis showed that phenotypic variation was due to genotypic (G) and environmental (E) effects. Using the genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) approach, two QTLs for APR (qBnAPR.A02 and qBnAPR.C02) and two for APP (qBnAPP.A05 and qBnAPP.C05), having minor to moderate allelic effects (4.30% to 19.47%) were identified. RNA-seq analysis revealed 606 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in two rapeseed accessions representing the extreme phenotypes for pod orientation and different alleles at the QTLs of APR. Three DEGs (BnLAZY4.A02, BnSAUR32.A02, and BnSAUR32.C02) were identified as the most likely candidates responsible for variation in pod orientation (APR). This study elucidates the genomic regions and putative candidate genes underlying pod orientation in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Shenzhen Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Hu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Harsh Raman
- New South Wales (NSW) Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Jia Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
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Zandberg JD, Fernandez CT, Danilevicz MF, Thomas WJW, Edwards D, Batley J. The Global Assessment of Oilseed Brassica Crop Species Yield, Yield Stability and the Underlying Genetics. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2740. [PMID: 36297764 PMCID: PMC9610009 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The global demand for oilseeds is increasing along with the human population. The family of Brassicaceae crops are no exception, typically harvested as a valuable source of oil, rich in beneficial molecules important for human health. The global capacity for improving Brassica yield has steadily risen over the last 50 years, with the major crop Brassica napus (rapeseed, canola) production increasing to ~72 Gt in 2020. In contrast, the production of Brassica mustard crops has fluctuated, rarely improving in farming efficiency. The drastic increase in global yield of B. napus is largely due to the demand for a stable source of cooking oil. Furthermore, with the adoption of highly efficient farming techniques, yield enhancement programs, breeding programs, the integration of high-throughput phenotyping technology and establishing the underlying genetics, B. napus yields have increased by >450 fold since 1978. Yield stability has been improved with new management strategies targeting diseases and pests, as well as by understanding the complex interaction of environment, phenotype and genotype. This review assesses the global yield and yield stability of agriculturally important oilseed Brassica species and discusses how contemporary farming and genetic techniques have driven improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaco D. Zandberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | - Monica F. Danilevicz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - William J. W. Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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7
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Liu H, Zou M, Zhang B, Yang X, Yuan P, Ding G, Xu F, Shi L. Genome-wide association study identifies candidate genes and favorable haplotypes for seed yield in Brassica napus. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2022; 42:61. [PMID: 37313016 PMCID: PMC10248642 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-022-01332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most essential oil crops. Genetic improvement of seed yield (SY) is a major aim of B. napus breeding. Several studies have been reported on the genetic mechanisms of SY of B. napus. Here, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of SY was conducted using a panel of 403 natural accessions of B. napus, with more than five million high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A total of 1773 significant SNPs were detected associated with SY, and 783 significant SNPs were co-located with previously reported QTLs. The lead SNPs chrA01__8920351 and chrA02__4555979 were jointly detected in Trial 2_2 and Trial 2_mean value, and in Trial 1_2 and Trial 1_mean value, respectively. Subsequently, two candidate genes of BnaA01g17200D and BnaA02g08680D were identified through combining transcriptome, candidate gene association analysis, and haplotype analysis. BnaA09g10430D detected through lead SNP chrA09__5160639 was associated with SY of B. napus. Our results provide valuable information for studying the genetic control of seed yield in B. napus and valuable genes, haplotypes, and cultivars resources for the breeding of high seed yield B. napus cultivars. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01332-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiang Liu
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
- Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
| | - Maoyan Zou
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
- Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
- Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
- Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
| | - Pan Yuan
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
- Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
| | - Guangda Ding
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
- Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
- Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
- Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province China
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Zhang Z, Xun H, Lv R, Gou X, Ma X, Li J, Zhao J, Li N, Gong L, Liu B. Effects of homoeologous exchange on gene expression and alternative splicing in a newly formed allotetraploid wheat. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1267-1282. [PMID: 35763523 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Homoeologous exchange (HE) is a major mechanism generating post-polyploidization genetic variation with important evolutionary consequences. However, the direct impacts of HE on gene expression and transcript diversity in allopolyploids without the intertwined evolutionary processes remain to be fully understood. Here, we analyzed high-throughput RNA-seq data of young leaves from plant groups of a synthetic allotetraploid wheat (AADD), which contained variable numbers of HEs. We aimed to investigate if and to which extent HE directly impacts gene expression and alternative splicing (AS). We found that HE impacts expression of genes located within HE regions primarily via a cis-acting dosage effect, which led to significant changes in the total expression level of homoeologous gene pairs, especially for homoeologs whose original expression was biased. In parallel, HE also influences expression of a large number of genes residing in non-HE regions by trans-regulation leading to convergent expression of homoeologs. Intriguingly, when taking the original relative homoeolog expression states into account, homoeolog pairs under trans-effect are more prone to manifesting a convergent response to the HEs whereas those under cis-regulation tended to show further exacerbated subgenome-biased expression. Moreover, HE-induced quantitative, largely individual-specific, changes of AS events were detected. Similar to homoeologous expression, homoeo-AS events under trans-effect were more responsive to HE. HE therefore exerts multifaceted immediate effects on gene expression and, to a less extent, on individualized transcript diversity in nascent allopolyploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Hongwei Xun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Ruili Lv
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xiaowan Gou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Xintong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Juzuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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