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Theiler M, Luchsinger I, Rast AC, Schwieger-Briel A, Weibel L, Bosshard PP. Precision diagnostics in paediatric dermatology: Advancing management of tinea capitis through dermatophyte PCR. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024. [PMID: 38819109 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.20147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinea capitis (TC) is the most frequent dermatophyte infection in children requiring systemic and topical treatment for several weeks. Traditionally, diagnosis and treatment monitoring were based on microscopic examination and fungal culture of scales and plucked hairs, which both have significant limitations. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of dermatophyte polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the treatment of TC. METHODS Scales and plucked hairs of children with TC were investigated by dermatophyte PCR, microscopic examination and fungal culture at baseline and during antifungal treatment. RESULTS Seventeen children with TC were included. At baseline, sensitivity of PCR was 100% as compared to 60% and 87% for direct microscopy and fungal culture, respectively. Species identification by PCR and fungal culture was consistent in all cases. During follow-up, analysis of 38 samples under treatment showed a sensitivity of PCR, direct microscopy and fungal culture of 68%, 26% and 89% while specificity was 84%, 100% and 100%, respectively. PCR during therapy proved to be false-negative in six and false-positive in three instances. The latter turned negative after 4 weeks without further systemic treatment. CONCLUSIONS Dermatophyte PCR is an excellent tool for baseline diagnostics of TC providing rapid and accurate results. Our findings suggest that due to the fast and reliable results, it may replace direct microscopy and fungal culture to confirm or exclude TC in children. In the treatment course, diagnostic accuracy and performance of PCR seem reduced as compared to fungal culture, limiting its value for treatment monitoring. Mycological cure ascertained by fungal culture should currently remain the therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Theiler
- Dermatology Department, Pediatric Skin Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I Luchsinger
- Dermatology Department, Pediatric Skin Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A C Rast
- Dermatology Department, Pediatric Skin Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Dermatology & Allergology, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - A Schwieger-Briel
- Dermatology Department, Pediatric Skin Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Weibel
- Dermatology Department, Pediatric Skin Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P P Bosshard
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Khutsishvili N, Rudnicka L, Ovcharenko Y, Starace M, Buchukuri I, Pataraia S, Lortkipanidze N. Trichoscopy - a valuable tool for identifying conditions mimicking androgenetic alopecia. Int J Dermatol 2024; 63:23-31. [PMID: 37950461 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most prevalent type of hair loss in women and men. Recently, a European consensus group published guidelines for the diagnostic evaluation of AGA in men, women, and adolescents. This S1 guideline presents expert opinion-based recommendations for gender-dependent steps in the diagnostic procedure, which can easily be implemented in the daily clinical routine. For diagnosing AGA, detailed anamnesis and objective learning are not enough because there are several conditions mimicking this disease. Trichoscopy can be considered an important, non-invasive tool for diagnosing hair and scalp disorders that may have similar clinical signs to AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Irma Buchukuri
- Petre Shotadze Tbilisi Medical Academy, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Gomes TF, Soares RO. Pediatric androgenetic alopecia: an updated review. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2023; 21:19-25. [PMID: 36688435 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric androgenetic alopecia is an underrecognized disorder. A clinical evaluation with trichoscopy should be made in children and adolescents with hair loss and/or reduced hair density. Diagnosis is usually clinical, by observation of the hair loss pattern and performance of trichoscopy. In some cases, hyperandrogenism should be excluded. Although there is no approved therapy for androgenetic alopecia in pediatric age, topical minoxidil, oral minoxidil and topical finasteride may be very useful. Hair transplant may be an option for girls in selected cases. This article is a review of the current state of evidence concerning pediatric androgenetic alopecia.
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[Translated article] Trichoscopy in Alopecia Areata. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2023; 114:T25-T32. [PMID: 36368582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that affects the hair follicle and can present as bald patches on the scalp and hair loss in other parts of the body. Diagnosis is clinical but can be aided by trichoscopy, a simple, rapid technique that reduces the need for invasive procedures and can also help with monitoring treatment response. We review the usefulness of trichoscopy in alopecia areata. The most common trichoscopic findings are yellow dots, black dots, exclamation mark hairs, short vellus hairs, and coudability hairs. Other, less common, findings can also help establish a diagnosis. Good response to treatment is indicated by the disappearance of black dots, broken hairs, and exclamation mark hairs. The observation of yellow dots, by contrast, indicates chronic disease and poor response to treatment.
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5
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Gomes TF, Soares RO. Aktuelle Übersicht zur androgenetischen Alopezie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2023; 21:19-26. [PMID: 36721944 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14940_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Gómez-Quispe H, Muñoz Moreno-Arrones O, Hermosa-Gelbard Á, Vañó-Galván S, Saceda-Corralo D. Trichoscopy in Alopecia Areata. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2023; 114:25-32. [PMID: 36067826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that affects the hair follicle and can present as bald patches on the scalp and hair loss in other parts of the body. Diagnosis is clinical but can be aided by trichoscopy, a simple, rapid technique that reduces the need for invasive procedures and can also help with monitoring treatment response. We review the usefulness of trichoscopy in alopecia areata. The most common trichoscopic findings are yellow dots, black dots, exclamation mark hairs, short vellus hairs, and coudability hairs. Other, less common, findings can also help establish a diagnosis. Good response to treatment is indicated by the disappearance of black dots, broken hairs, and exclamation mark hairs. The observation of yellow dots, by contrast, indicates chronic disease and poor response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gómez-Quispe
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, España.
| | - O Muñoz Moreno-Arrones
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, España; Unidad de Tricología, Grupo de Dermatología Pedro Jaén, Madrid, España
| | - Á Hermosa-Gelbard
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, España; Unidad de Tricología, Grupo de Dermatología Pedro Jaén, Madrid, España
| | - S Vañó-Galván
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, España; Unidad de Tricología, Grupo de Dermatología Pedro Jaén, Madrid, España
| | - D Saceda-Corralo
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, España; Unidad de Tricología, Grupo de Dermatología Pedro Jaén, Madrid, España
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7
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Özcan D. Pediatric androgenetic alopecia: a retrospective review of clinical characteristics, hormonal assays and metabolic syndrome risk factors in 23 patients. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:166-172. [PMID: 35033390 PMCID: PMC9073250 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgenetic alopecia in the pediatric population is rarely discussed in the literature. Although the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is increased in patients with early-onset androgenetic alopecia, the presence of metabolic syndrome risk factors in pediatric androgenetic alopecia is unknown. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the demographics, medical and family histories, clinical and trichoscopic features, androgenic hormones, and metabolic syndrome risk factors in pediatric androgenetic alopecia. METHODS The medical reports of pediatric patients with androgenetic alopecia were reviewed. RESULTS The study included 23 patients (12 females and 11 males) with a mean age of 15,3 ± 2,1 years. Sixteen patients had adolescent androgenetic alopecia and seven, had childhood alopecia. Nine patients reported a family history, all of whom had adolescent androgenetic alopecia. Hyperandrogenism was noted in three patients with adolescent androgenetic alopecia. The most common hair loss pattern was diffuse thinning at the crown with preservation of the frontal hairline which was noted in 10 patients (43.5%), six of whom were males. Fourteen patients (60.9%) had at least one metabolic syndrome risk factor. The most common risk factor was obesity or overweight (47.8%) followed by insulin resistance (21.7%), high fasting blood glucose (13%), high blood pressure (4.4%) and lipid abnormalities (4.4%). STUDY LIMITATIONS Retrospective study; lack of a control group. CONCLUSION Pediatric androgenetic alopecia is often associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors. Therefore, androgenetic alopecia in the pediatric population may indicate a future metabolic syndrome which warrants an accurate and prompt diagnosis for early screening and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deren Özcan
- Department of Dermatology, Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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8
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Ramos PM, Melo DF, Lemes LR, Alcantara G, Miot HA, Lyra MR, Vargas TJDS. Folliculitis decalvans and lichen planopilaris phenotypic spectrum: case report of two paediatric cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:e674-e676. [PMID: 34014598 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Ramos
- Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - D F Melo
- Department of Dermatology, University of State of Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Brazil
| | - L R Lemes
- Department of Dermatology, University of State of Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Brazil
| | - G Alcantara
- Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - H A Miot
- Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - M R Lyra
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Infectious Disease in Dermatology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T J de S Vargas
- Department of Dermatology, Federal Hospital of Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Genedy RM, Sorour OA, Elokazy MAW. Trichoscopic signs of tinea capitis: a guide for selection of appropriate antifungal. Int J Dermatol 2020; 60:471-481. [PMID: 33141453 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinea capitis is the most common pediatric dermatophyte infection. Optimal treatment regimen differs according to the type of the dermatophyte involved. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to study the trichoscopic signs in relation to isolated organism in a sample of Egyptian patients with tinea capitis and the possibility of using them as a guide for selection of appropriate antifungal. METHODS This study was carried out on 60 subjects with tinea capitis. Patients were mycologically examined, both direct microscopy with KOH preparation and culture of the scraped hair materials on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Culture mounts were used for identification of the organism. Trichoscopic examination of all patients was performed using the Dermlite DLIII dermoscope. RESULTS There was significant higher prevalence of both comma and corkscrew hair in endothrix infection and T. violaceum-infected cases. On the other hand, there was significant higher prevalence of zigzag, barcode hairs, and white sheaths in ectothrix infection and M. canis-infected cases. CONCLUSION While some trichoscopic findings are nonspecific, others were found to be more specific. Finding zigzag hairs and barcode hairs points to ectothrix infection (M. canis), and it is recommended to start treatment with griseofulvin. On the other hand, finding comma hairs and corkscrew hairs without zigzag hairs and barcode hairs points to endothrix infection (T. violaceum), and it is recommended to start treatment with terbinafine in the usual dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Genedy
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Osama A Sorour
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Miada A W Elokazy
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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10
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn Marie R Davis
- Department of Dermatology and.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Megha M Tollefson
- Department of Dermatology and.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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11
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Lal M, Saini AK, Kumar R, Jain SK. Early-onset Trichotillomania with Habit Disorder in a 5-Year-Old-Girl - With Trichoscopic Findings. Int J Trichology 2020; 12:241-242. [PMID: 33531748 PMCID: PMC7832168 DOI: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_31_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Lal
- Department of Skin AND VD, Government Medical College, Kota, Rajasthan, India
| | - Akhil Kumar Saini
- Department of Skin AND VD, Government Medical College, Kota, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Skin AND VD, Government Medical College, Kota, Rajasthan, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Jain
- Department of Skin AND VD, Government Medical College, Kota, Rajasthan, India
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12
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Mahajan R, Daroach M, De D, Handa S. Clinico-dermoscopic features and treatment responsiveness in pediatric alopecia – Experience from a tertiary care pediatric dermatology clinic. Indian J Dermatol 2020; 65:483-488. [PMID: 33487703 PMCID: PMC7810076 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_121_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Data on clinical and epidemiologic profile on pediatric alopecia is relatively scarce. Aims and Objectives: We aimed to study the clinical, epidemiological, and dermoscopic profile of children presenting with alopecia, and assess the responsiveness to different treatment modalities in a real-life setting. Materials and Methods: This cohort study involved analyzing children presenting with hair loss during the study period. After a detailed history, clinical, and trichoscopic examination, treatment offered to patients and follow-up response to treatment along with relapse of symptoms were noted. Results: Around 119 children were included. Nearly 90% were of acquired etiology. The most common cause of alopecia was alopecia areata (AA) in 85 (71%) patients followed by tinea capitis 9 (7.5%), lichen planopilaris 4 (3.3%), and other less common causes. In patients of AA, dermoscopy showed the presence of black dots in 68% cases, exclamation mark hair in 54% of patients followed by off-white dots, yellow dots, and vellus hair. Patients with an acute course and black dots on dermoscopy responded better to treatment. Relapse was common in patients with early age of onset and longer disease duration. Conclusions: Hair loss is frequently seen in pediatric dermatology clinics. Dermoscopy of pediatric AA shows scarce yellow dots while off-white dots are more frequent; the presence of black dots is a good prognostic indicator.
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Al-Refu K. Clinical Significance of Trichoscopy in Common Causes of Hair Loss in Children: Analysis of 134 Cases. Int J Trichology 2018; 10:154-161. [PMID: 30386074 PMCID: PMC6192235 DOI: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_101_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hair loss is a common and distressing clinical complaint in the dermatology clinics. Common causes of hair loss in children include alopecia areata, tinea capitis, traction alopecia, and trichotillomania. Newly, trichoscopy allows differential diagnosis of hair loss in most cases and allows visualization of hair shafts and scalps without the need of removing hair. Objective: The main objective is to compare the different trichoscopic features of common causes of patchy hair in children loss including tinea capitis, alopecia areata, traction alopecia, and trichotillomania. Patients and Methods: This study included 134 patients, 63 patients with tinea capitis, 38 patients with alopecia areata, 18 patients with traction alopecia, and 15 patients with trichotillomania. The diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of hair loss problem included a detailed history, evaluation of the child's hair and scalp, fungal scrapping, and trichoscopy. Results: Tinea capitis was the most common, and the trichoscopic features were comma-shaped hairs, corkscrew hairs, short broken hairs, and interrupted hairs. While in alopecia areata patients, the most specific features were yellow dots and black dots, microexclamation mark, hair shafts with variable thickness, and vellus hairs, with uncommon features included: monilethrix, coiled, zigzag, and tulip hairs. Trichoscopy of trichotillomania showed hair with fraying of ends, breakage at different lengths, short and coiled hairs, and amorphous hair residues. The trichoscopic features of traction alopecia were similar to those of trichotillomania. However, flame hairs and coiled hairs were less common. Conclusions: Trichoscopy is a noninvasive method of examining hair and scalp. It allows differential diagnosis of hair loss in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khitam Al-Refu
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Mutah, Karak, Jordan
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15
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Sonthalia S, Jha AK, Gupta V, Lallas A. A Tricky Case of Hair Loss in a Child: Trichoscopy Saves the Day. Indian Dermatol Online J 2018; 9:203-204. [PMID: 29854647 PMCID: PMC5956874 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_175_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Sonthalia
- Consultant Dermatologist and Dermatosurgeon, SKINNOCENCE: The Skin Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Dermatosurgery, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Abhijeet K Jha
- Department of Skin and VD, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Vishal Gupta
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, AllInstitute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aimilios Lallas
- First Department of Dermatology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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16
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Abstract
Tinea capitis is the most important superficial fungal condition in children. It is often unrecognised but the presence of alopecia, scale and lymphadenopathy, especially in inner-city children should prompt investigation. An understanding of changing epidemiology and prevalence of causative organisms is important in deciding appropriate therapy. The use of diagnostic aids including dermoscopy is increasing and is reported to be helpful in identifying subtle signs. Trichophyton tonsurans accounts for the majority of cases in the UK and terbinafine is increasingly advocated as a safe and effective therapy. Exclusion from school is unnecessary provided the child is receiving appropriate systemic and topical therapy, but family members should be screened and carriers should receive treatment. Steroids and surgical treatments should be avoided. Treatment failure is common and may be multifactorial. Mycological cure after completing treatment should be sought and therefore follow up is necessary for Tinea capitis cases. Development of molecular diagnostic methods may improve our ability to diagnose Tinea capitis accurately and quickly in the future. Emerging new dermatophytoses affecting other anatomical sites are discussed which, although not common in the UK, may be seen due to increasing travel worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ferguson
- Department of Dermatology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - L Claire Fuller
- Department of Dermatology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.
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17
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Góes HFDO, Dias MFRG, Salles SDAN, Lima CDS, Vieira MDS, Pantaleão L. Lichen planopilaris developed during childhood. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 92:543-545. [PMID: 28954108 PMCID: PMC5595606 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20174890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichen planopilaris is a disease that appears with lymphocytic cicatricial alopecia. It is considered a follicular variant of lichen planus. The examination of affected areas shows alopecia with perifollicular erythema and scaling, revealing a predilection for hair follicles. The involvement of children is uncommon, with few reports in this population in the literature. This study presents a clinical case of a male patient of 15 years of age with characteristic lesions of lichen planopilaris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Caren Dos Santos Lima
- Department of Dermatology, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Pantaleão
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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18
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Xu L, Liu KX, Senna MM. A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Hair Loss in Children and Adolescents. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:112. [PMID: 28791288 PMCID: PMC5522886 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair loss or alopecia is a common and distressing clinical complaint in the primary care setting and can arise from heterogeneous etiologies. In the pediatric population, hair loss often presents with patterns that are different from that of their adult counterparts. Given the psychosocial complications that may arise from pediatric alopecia, prompt diagnosis and management is particularly important. Common causes of alopecia in children and adolescents include alopecia areata, tinea capitis, androgenetic alopecia, traction alopecia, trichotillomania, hair cycle disturbances, and congenital alopecia conditions. Diagnostic tools for hair loss in children include a detailed history, physical examination with a focused evaluation of the child’s hair and scalp, fungal screens, hair pull and tug test, and if possible, light microscopy and/or trichoscopy. Management of alopecia requires a holistic approach including psychosocial support because treatments are only available for some hair loss conditions, and even the available treatments are not always effective. This review outlines the clinical presentations, presents a diagnostic algorithm, and discusses management of these various hair loss disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Xu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevin X Liu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maryanne M Senna
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Campos S, Brasileiro A, Galhardas C, Apetato M, Cabete J, Serrão V, Lencastre A. Follow-up of tinea capitis with trichoscopy: a prospective clinical study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:e478-e480. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Campos
- Department of Dermatovenereology; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central; Hospital Santo António dos Capuchos; Lisbon Portugal
| | - A. Brasileiro
- Department of Dermatovenereology; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central; Hospital Santo António dos Capuchos; Lisbon Portugal
| | - C. Galhardas
- Department of Dermatovenereology; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central; Hospital Santo António dos Capuchos; Lisbon Portugal
| | - M. Apetato
- Department of Dermatovenereology; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central; Hospital Santo António dos Capuchos; Lisbon Portugal
| | - J. Cabete
- Department of Dermatovenereology; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central; Hospital Santo António dos Capuchos; Lisbon Portugal
| | - V. Serrão
- Department of Dermatovenereology; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central; Hospital Santo António dos Capuchos; Lisbon Portugal
| | - A. Lencastre
- Department of Dermatovenereology; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central; Hospital Santo António dos Capuchos; Lisbon Portugal
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Hair loss among a group of Egyptian children. JOURNAL OF THE EGYPTIAN WOMEN’S DERMATOLOGIC SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ewx.0000489879.88799.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Amer M, Helmy A, Amer A. Trichoscopy as a useful method to differentiate tinea capitis from alopecia areata in children at Zagazig University Hospitals. Int J Dermatol 2016; 56:116-120. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Amer
- Department of Dermatology & Venereology; Faculty of Medicine; Zagazig University; Sharqia Egypt
| | - Afaf Helmy
- Department of Dermatology & Venereology; Faculty of Medicine; Zagazig University; Sharqia Egypt
| | - Amin Amer
- Department of Dermatology & Venereology; Faculty of Medicine; Zagazig University; Sharqia Egypt
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22
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Liberati G, Starace M, Patrizi A, Piraccini BM. Neonatal Alopecia Due to Birth Trauma: Case Report and Trichoscopic Findings. Pediatr Dermatol 2016; 33:e254-5. [PMID: 27241852 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 4-day-old boy was referred for evaluation of an oval patch of occipital alopecia associated with caput succedaneum and ipsilateral eyelid ecchymoses. Based on the history of a prolonged, difficult labor with vacuum-assisted delivery, the diagnosis of neonatal alopecia associated with birth trauma was made. Trichoscopy showed purple dots corresponding to blood extravasation and follicular ostia. We also review the trichoscopic differential diagnosis of focal neonatal alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Liberati
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, United Hospital of Ancona, Polytechnic Marche University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michela Starace
- Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Patrizi
- Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Piraccini
- Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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23
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Rakowska A, Maj M, Zadurska M, Czuwara J, Warszawik-Henzel O, Olszewska M, Rudnicka L. Trichoscopy of Focal Alopecia in Children - New Trichoscopic Findings: Hair Bulbs Arranged Radially along Hair-Bearing Margins in Aplasia Cutis Congenita. Skin Appendage Disord 2016; 2:1-6. [PMID: 27843914 DOI: 10.1159/000445721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish whether trichoscopy can be useful in the differential diagnosis of patchy alopecia in children. PROCEDURES The study was a retrospective analysis (2012-2015) and included 68 patients under 6 years of age. The inclusion criteria were age and the presence of 1-3 alopecia patches. A total of 124 alopecia patches were examined with the use of a videodermoscope: 102 alopecia areata, 8 tinea capitis, 6 trichotillomania, 3 temporal triangular alopecia and 5 aplasia cutis congenita. RESULTS In all aplasia cutis congenita lesions, trichoscopy revealed elongated hair bulbs visible through the semitranslucent epidermis, seen at the hair-bearing margin and radially arranged. Hair regrowth [upright regrowing hairs (44%), circular hairs (23%) and vellus hairs (20%)] was observed in the majority of alopecia areata patches. For triangular alopecia, upright regrowing hairs (100%; 3/3), vellus hairs (100%; 3/3) and circle hairs (33%; 1/3) were seen inside the alopecia patch. CONCLUSION Trichoscopy is a useful technique for the differential diagnosis of patchy alopecia in children. A novel finding in this study indicates that radially arranged hair bulbs visible through the translucent epidermis are characteristic of nonbullous type aplasia cutis congenita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Maj
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Czuwara
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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24
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25
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Tiña de la cabeza: descripción de los hallazgos dermatoscópicos en 37 pacientes. Rev Iberoam Micol 2015; 32:242-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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26
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Rakowska A, Górska R, Rudnicka L, Zadurska M. Trichoscopic Hair Evaluation in Patients with Ectodermal Dysplasia. J Pediatr 2015; 167:193-5. [PMID: 25935816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hair abnormalities in ectodermal dysplasia may be difficult to identify. Among 16 patients with ectodermal dysplasia trichoscopy (hair dermoscopy) revealed predominance of pilosebaceous units with 1 hair (69%), abnormalities of hair shaft pigmentation (gray hair with single dark hairs, 56%), pili torti, trichothiodystrophy, trichorrhexis nodosa, and rarely, cicatricial alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Górska
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neuropeptides, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Rakowska A, Zadurska M, Czuwara J, Warszawik-Hendzel O, Kurzeja M, Maj M, Olszewska M, Rudnicka L. Trichoscopy findings in loose anagen hair syndrome: rectangular granular structures and solitary yellow dots. J Dermatol Case Rep 2015; 9:1-5. [PMID: 25932055 DOI: 10.3315/jdcr.2015.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loose anagen hair syndrome (LAHS) is typically diagnosed in girls older than 2 years who present with hair that "will not grow". Hair microscopic examination shows absent inner and outer root sheaths, ruffling of the cuticle on the proximal hair shaft and deformed pigmented anagen bulbs. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess whether there are characteristic trichoscopic features favoring the diagnosis of LAHS. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty nine children patients were included into the study (24 girls with LAHS, 25 with alopecia areata, 20 with telogen effluvium and 20 healthy children). In all groups trichoscopy was performed. Trichoscopy images were analyzed for abnormalities in the hairs shafts, the hair follicle openings and the interfollicular area. RESULTS Dirty dots were present in all groups. A unique feature of LAHS was the presence of rectangular black granular structures which differs from dense black dots seen in patients with alopecia areata. This feature was observed in 71% of patients with LAHS. Follicular units with single hairs constituted 92,9% of hair units in these patients (65,5% in telogen effluvium and 53% in the control group). Solitary yellow dots were found in 50% of patient with LAHS and in 24% of patients with alopecia areata, but was not found in control group or in patients with telogen effluvium. CONCLUSION The trichoscopy features favoring the diagnosis of LAHS are: rectangular black granular structures, solitary yellow dots and major predominance of follicular units with single hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanna Czuwara
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marta Kurzeja
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Maj
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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28
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Rudnicka L, Kwiatkowska M, Rakowska A, Czuwara J, Olszewska M. Alopecia areata. How not to miss Satoyoshi syndrome? J Dermatol 2014; 41:951-6. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Neuropeptides; Mossakowski Medical Research Centre; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Adriana Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Joanna Czuwara
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
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Yorulmaz A, Artuz F, Erden O. A case of trichotillomania with recently defined trichoscopic findings. Int J Trichology 2014; 6:77-9. [PMID: 25191044 PMCID: PMC4154157 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.138597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichotillomania (TTM) is an impulse control disorder characterized by repetitive behavior of hair pulling resulting in secondary alopecia. It is among the psychocutaneous diseases known to be associated with psychiatric comorbidity, social, and functional impairment. Although most of the time, an experienced dermatologist easily recognizes the key features of TTM, a history and physical examination alone might not be enough to make a definitive diagnosis. As an effective noninvasive technique for the evaluation of scalp and hair diseases, trichoscopy also has proven to be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of TTM. Currently, new trichoscopic findings of TTM have been described. Here, we report a case of TTM with recently defined trichoscopic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahu Yorulmaz
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara Numune Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ferda Artuz
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara Numune Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Orkun Erden
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara Numune Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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30
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Different trichoscopic features of tinea capitis and alopecia areata in pediatric patients. Dermatol Res Pract 2014; 2014:848763. [PMID: 25024698 PMCID: PMC4082839 DOI: 10.1155/2014/848763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Diagnosis of patchy hair loss in pediatric patients is often a matter of considerable debate among dermatologists. Trichoscopy is a rapid and noninvasive tool to detect more details of patchy hair loss. Like clinical dermatology, trichoscopy works parallel to the skin surface and perpendicular to the histological plane; like the histopathology, it thus allows the viewing of structures not discovered by the naked eye. Objective. Aiming to compare the different trichoscopic features of tinea capitis and alopecia areata in pediatric patients. Patients and Methods. This study included 40 patients, 20 patients with tinea capitis and 20 patients with alopecia areata. They were exposed toclinical examination, laboratory investigations (10% KOH and fungal culture), and trichoscope examination. Results. Our obtained results reported that, in tinea capitis patients, comma shaped hairs, corkscrew hairs, and zigzag shaped hairs are the diagnostic trichoscopic features of tinea capitis. While in alopecia areata patients, the most trichoscopic specific features were yellow dots, exclamation mark, and short vellus hairs. Conclusion. Trichoscopy can be used as a noninvasive tool for rapid diagnosis of tinea capitis and alopecia areata in pediatric patients.
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31
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Al-Refu K. Hair loss in children: common and uncommon causes; clinical and epidemiological study in jordan. Int J Trichology 2014; 5:185-9. [PMID: 24778527 PMCID: PMC3999647 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.130393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alopecia is a common complaint in dermatology clinics, and can be caused by a number of conditions, and has patterns that are different from that seen in adults. Aim of Study: No previous studies investigating the clinical types of hair loss in Jordan and its epidemiology. The ultimate aim was to provide a guide for the evaluation of hair loss commonly occurring in childhood in our environment. Patients and Methods: A total of 2800 children were seen at the dermatology clinics (Karak teaching hospital and Mutah university medical center) during January 2009 to October 2013 complaining of various clinical dermatological symptoms. Results: Of these patients, 210 children were complaining of hair loss and scalp disorders (7.5% of pediatric dermatology cases seen in Jordan). The most common presentation was asymptomatic patchy hair loss (40%). Other symptoms were scaly scalp (22.9%), diffuse hair loss (21.4%), change in hair texture and color (8.1%), pruritus (5.7%), and pain in the scalp (1%). Tinea capitis was the commonest causes of hair loss (40.0%) followed by alopecia areata (26.2%) and telogen effluvium (17.6%). Other common causes of hair loss were observed in this study, these include chronic diffuse form of hair loss, trichotillomania, and traction alopecia. Conclusions: As has been observed in this study, hair problem may be due to important nutritional deficiency such as iron and zinc elements, and this is very important problem to think of especially in developing countries. Therefore, hair examination by a pediatrician or dermatologist is an important part of the physical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khitam Al-Refu
- Clinical PhD in Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mutah, Karak, Jordan
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