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Huang JT, Coughlin CC, Hawryluk EB, Hook K, Humphrey SR, Kruse L, Lawley L, AI-Sayegh H, London WB, Marghoob A, Phung TL, Pope E, Gerami P, Schmidt B, Robinson S, Bartenstein D, Bahrani E, Brahmbhatt M, Chen L, Haddock E, Mansour D, Nguyen J, Raisanen T, Tran G, Travis K, Wolner Z, Eichenfield LF. Risk Factors and Outcomes of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Children and Young Adults. J Pediatr 2019; 211:152-158. [PMID: 31103258 PMCID: PMC7916541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) occurrence and survival in children. STUDY DESIGN This was a multicenter, retrospective, case-control study of patients <20 years of age diagnosed with NMSC between 1995 and 2015 from 11 academic medical centers. The primary outcome measure was frequency of cases and controls with predisposing genetic conditions and/or iatrogenic exposures, including chemotherapy, radiation, systemic immunosuppression, and voriconazole. RESULTS Of the 124 children with NMSC (40 with basal cell carcinoma, 90 with squamous cell carcinoma), 70% had at least 1 identifiable risk factor. Forty-four percent of the cases had a predisposing genetic condition or skin lesion, and 29% had 1 or more iatrogenic exposures of prolonged immunosuppression, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and/or voriconazole use. Prolonged immunosuppression and voriconazole use were associated with squamous cell carcinoma occurrence (cases vs controls; 30% vs 0%, P = .0002, and 15% vs 0%, P = .03, respectively), and radiation therapy and chemotherapy were associated with basal cell carcinoma occurrence (both 20% vs 1%, P < .0001). Forty-eight percent of initial skin cancers had been present for >12 months prior to diagnosis and 49% of patients were diagnosed with ≥2 skin cancers. At last follow-up, 5% (6 of 124) of patients with NMSC died. Voriconazole exposure was noted in 7 cases and associated with worse 3-year overall survival (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS NMSC in children and young adults is often associated with a predisposing condition or iatrogenic exposure. High-risk patients should be identified early to provide appropriate counseling and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T. Huang
- Dermatology Program, Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital,Harvard Medical School,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Carrie C. Coughlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Elena B. Hawryluk
- Dermatology Program, Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital,Harvard Medical School,Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kristen Hook
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Lacey Kruse
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Leslie Lawley
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hasan AI-Sayegh
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Wendy B. London
- Harvard Medical School,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ashfaq Marghoob
- Department of Dermatology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Thuy L. Phung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Elena Pope
- Section of Dermatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pedram Gerami
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Birgitta Schmidt
- Harvard Medical School,Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospita, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Dermatology Program, Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Diana Bartenstein
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Eman Bahrani
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Meera Brahmbhatt
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lily Chen
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ellen Haddock
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children’s Hospita
| | - Danny Mansour
- Section of Dermatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Tom Raisanen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Gary Tran
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Kate Travis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Zachary Wolner
- Department of Dermatology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Lawrence F. Eichenfield
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children’s Hospita,Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA
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Li ZR, Jiang Y, Hu JZ, Chen Y, Liu QZ. SOX2 knockdown inhibits the migration and invasion of basal cell carcinoma cells by targeting the SRPK1-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:1617-1625. [PMID: 30675221 PMCID: PMC6341784 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of human skin cancer, which is driven by the aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling. Previous evidence indicated that sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) is associated with the tumor metastasis. However, the expression and role of SOX2 in BCC remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to analyze the possible mechanism of SOX2 in the progression of BCC. The levels of SOX2 in BCC cells were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Transwell assays were also used to determine the migration and invasion of BCC cells. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence were used for analyzing the role of SOX2 knockdown in the serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1)-mediated phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway in BCC cells. The results demonstrated that SOX2 is overexpressed in BCC tissues and cells. In addition, SOX2 knockdown inhibited the migration and invasion of BCC cells, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progress of BCC cells. It was also observed that SOX2 knockdown decreased SRPK1 expression, which further led to the downregulation of PI3K and AKT expression levels in BCC cells. Furthermore, SRPK1 transfection or PI3K/AKT pathway activation abolished the inhibitory effects of SOX2 knockdown on the migration, invasion and EMT progress of BCC cells. In conclusion, these results indicated that SOX2 may potentially serve as a target for BCC therapy by targeting the SRPK1-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Ran Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Institute, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Zhong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Chen F, Yang SF, Chen CH, Lieu AS, Cheng ST, Huang MY, Lee HH. Secondary basal cell carcinoma of scalp after radiotherapy: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12170. [PMID: 30200117 PMCID: PMC6133595 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Radiotherapy (RT) is widely used for both malignant and benign tumors in order to reduce the risk of recurrence, to promote tumor control, and to improve survival. However, there have been studies reported that RT is also a risk factor of secondary cancer. Very few cases of secondary malignancy after RT to high grade brain cancer have been reported due to short survival of this disease, and most RT-induced malignancies presented with sarcomatous histology. Here we present a patient with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) 14 years after RT to his brain. PATIENT CONCERNS A 28-year-old man without any underlying disease had suffered from left side weakness and clonic-tonic seizures for 12 days. DIAGNOSES His brain images showed a tumor in the right frontal lobe. The pathologic report confirmed anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO Grade III). INTERVENTIONS After craniotomy and tumor biopsy, RT was delivered. Fourteen years later, a gray-colored skin papule was noted in the previously irradiated area. The scalp biopsy revealed BCC. The scalp BCC was adequately resected. He then suffered from brain tumor recurrence and received further craniotomy for three times combined with chemotherapy with temozolomide. OUTCOMES After treatment, follow-up brain images showed that the disease was under control. There was no neurological sequela. For scalp BCC, no skin tumor recurrence has been noted to date after the resection 14 years after initial RT. He has survived for more than 26 years since his initial diagnosis of anaplastic astrocytoma, and more than 12 years from the diagnosis of scalp BCC. LESSONS Notwithstanding the risk of radiation-induced skin cancer, RT contributed to this patient's survival. The possible late adverse events should be informed to the patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Astrocytoma/diagnostic imaging
- Astrocytoma/therapy
- Brain Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Brain Neoplasms/therapy
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/surgery
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Humans
- Male
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnostic imaging
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/therapy
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/surgery
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/etiology
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/pathology
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/surgery
- Scalp
- Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Skin Neoplasms/etiology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/surgery
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheau-Fang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | | | - Shih-Tsung Cheng
- Faculty of Medicine
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yii Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- Faculty of Medicine
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
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