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Ullman LE, Nasir-Moin M, Hoffman V, Ghadersohi S, Swartzman I, de Weever M, Augustin M. Sunscreen use and affordability attitudes based on ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and Fitzpatrick skin type. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:266. [PMID: 38795207 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-02997-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE One in five Americans will develop skin cancer during their lifetime. While use of sunscreen can help prevent the development cutaneous cancer, regular use remains low nationwide. OBJECTIVE To assess and better understand health care consumer preferences for sun protection products and perceived product accessibility and availability based on socioeconomic factors, race, and ethnicity. DESIGN This quantitative survey study was conducted March through June of 2023. SETTING Participants were recruited from two university family medicine clinical sites in the Buffalo, New York area, one located in a low and one located in a middle-to-upper socioeconomic neighborhood. PARTICIPANTS Eligible participants were 18 years or older, fluent in English, and residents of the Buffalo, New York area. Surveys and consent forms were distributed by scripted verbal invitation, inviting all clinic patients who met eligibility criteria to participate. Participants were asked to self-report their racial/ethnic group as well as other demographic information including age, gender identification, household income, and household size. Information regarding sun exposure behaviors, and affordability/access was obtained using a combination of multiple choice and yes/no questions. A total of 405 participants were recruited. After excluding 235 incomplete responses, 170 surveys were available for analysis. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Our study aim was to expose health care consumer preferences as well as barriers to access based on socioeconomic factors, race, and ethnicity. RESULTS Using a 25-question anonymous survey, 405 participants from two university family medicine clinical sites representing low- and middle-to-high-income neighborhoods, participated in the survey. 170 participants completed the survey questions and were included for analysis. Of those, 61.8% identified as female, 37.6% as male, and 0.6% as other. 51.2% of participants identified as lower income, 38.2% as middle-income, and 10.6% as upper income. The results of the survey revealed disparities in sunscreen use and affordability perceptions across demographic groups. Compared with Hispanics, Caucasians exhibited higher rates of sunscreen use (85 Caucasians, 7 Hispanics; p = 0.0073), prioritized SPF (95 Caucasians, 10 Hispanics; p = 0.0178), and were more likely to perceive sunscreen as unaffordable (6 Caucasians, 4 Hispanics; p = 0.0269). Analysis by Fitzpatrick Skin Type demonstrated differences in sunscreen utilization, with Types I-III using more compared to Types IV-VI (70 Types I-III, 51 Types IV-VI; p = 0.0173); additionally, Type I-III individuals were significantly more likely to cite cost as barrier to sunscreen purchase (40 Type I-III, 65 Types IV-VI; p < 0.0001). Moreover, lower-income individuals were significantly more likely to perceive sunscreen as unaffordable (12 lower-income, 1 middle & upper income; p = 0.0025) and cited cost as a barrier to purchase (46 lower-income, 59 middle & upper income; p = 0.0146) compared to middle-to-upper income counterparts. Though statistical significance was not established, respondents from middle & upper income groups reported higher sunscreen usage rates compared with their lower-income peers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings highlight the importance of socioeconomic factors and ethnicity on accessibility to sunscreen and the impact of disparities in utilization among different ethnic and socioeconomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori E Ullman
- Department of Dermatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, 955 Main St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
| | - Mehr Nasir-Moin
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, 955 Main St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Victoria Hoffman
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, 955 Main St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Sarah Ghadersohi
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, 955 Main St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Isaac Swartzman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, 4150 V St, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Malaika de Weever
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, 955 Main St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Michael Augustin
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, 955 Main St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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Slopen N, Chang AR, Johnson TJ, Anderson AT, Bate AM, Clark S, Cohen A, Jindal M, Karbeah J, Pachter LM, Priest N, Suglia SF, Bryce N, Fawcett A, Heard-Garris N. Racial and ethnic inequities in the quality of paediatric care in the USA: a review of quantitative evidence. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2024; 8:147-158. [PMID: 38242597 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(23)00251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Racial and ethnic inequities in paediatric care have received increased research attention over the past two decades, particularly in the past 5 years, alongside an increased societal focus on racism. In this Series paper, the first in a two-part Series focused on racism and child health in the USA, we summarise evidence on racial and ethnic inequities in the quality of paediatric care. We review studies published between Jan 1, 2017 and July 31, 2022, that are adjusted for or stratified by insurance status to account for group differences in access, and we exclude studies in which differences in access are probably driven by patient preferences or the appropriateness of intervention. Overall, the literature reveals widespread patterns of inequitable treatment across paediatric specialties, including neonatology, primary care, emergency medicine, inpatient and critical care, surgery, developmental disabilities, mental health care, endocrinology, and palliative care. The identified studies indicate that children from minoritised racial and ethnic groups received poorer health-care services relative to non-Hispanic White children, with most studies drawing on data from multiple sites, and accounting for indicators of family socioeconomic position and clinical characteristics (eg, comorbidities or condition severity). The studies discussed a range of potential causes for the observed disparities, including implicit biases and differences in site of care or clinician characteristics. We outline priorities for future research to better understand and address paediatric treatment inequities and implications for practice and policy. Policy changes within and beyond the health-care system, discussed further in the second paper of this Series, are essential to address the root causes of treatment inequities and to promote equitable and excellent health for all children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Slopen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrew R Chang
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ashaunta T Anderson
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aleha M Bate
- Milburn Smith Child Health Outcomes, Research, and Evaluation Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Stanely Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shawnese Clark
- Milburn Smith Child Health Outcomes, Research, and Evaluation Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Stanely Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alyssa Cohen
- Milburn Smith Child Health Outcomes, Research, and Evaluation Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Monique Jindal
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J'Mag Karbeah
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lee M Pachter
- Institute for Research on Equity and Community Health, ChristianaCare, Wilmington, DE, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; School of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Naomi Priest
- Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shakira F Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nessa Bryce
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Fawcett
- Department of Clinical and Organizational Development, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nia Heard-Garris
- Milburn Smith Child Health Outcomes, Research, and Evaluation Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Mason BS, Heath C, Parker J, Coleman K. Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Belonging in Dermatology. Dermatol Clin 2023; 41:239-248. [PMID: 36933912 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Addressing continued inequities in medicine, and especially in dermatology, requires a strategic approach and meaningful actions that will yield and result in sustainable change in our medical, clinical, and learning environments. Heretofore, most solutions-based actions and programs in DEI have focused on developing and edifying the diverse learner or faculty member. Alternatively, accountability rests with the entities that wield the power and ability and authority to shift culture change such that the diverse learner, faculty member, and patient can receive equitable access to care and educational resources in environments within a culture of belonging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Simpson Mason
- American College of Surgeons, 20 F Street, Northwest, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20001, USA.
| | - Candrice Heath
- Departmenf of Dermatology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3401 N. Broad Sreet, Suite B500, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jennifer Parker
- Departmenf of Dermatology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3401 N. Broad Sreet, Suite B500, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kamaria Coleman
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge Street, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
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Kamat S, Chennareddy S, D'Ovidio T, Han J, Encarnacion MRNF, Yang C, Silverberg N. Disparities in the Use of Teledermatology During the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in a Pediatric Dermatology Practice. Telemed J E Health 2022; 29:744-750. [PMID: 36112352 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2022.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic required a rapid expansion of teledermatology services. Objective: Analyze demographic shifts in a pediatric dermatology practice session with children of color. Methods: A retrospective chart review of pediatric dermatology patients seen in the 4 practice weeks preceding the New York COVID-19 lockdown and comparable teledermatology visits during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Demographic differences (e.g., race, age, gender, and household income) were analyzed. Results: A greater proportion of patients seen were White during lockdown (59.7%), compared with pre-lockdown (43.6%), with a reduction in Asian patients seen in lockdown (6.0%) compared with pre-lockdown (24.5%). A lower proportion of no-show patients (4.3%, 3/70 scheduled) were noted in lockdown compared with pre-lockdown (16%, 18/112). Preferred provider organizations (PPO) and higher-income zip codes were more common for children seen during lockdown. Limitations: The sample addresses a limited New York pediatric dermatology practice during a short time period. Conclusions: White patients and patients with PPO were more likely to access telehealth, supporting disparity in teledermatology services. These results demonstrate reduced health care access for lower-income and Asian children during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kamat
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sumanth Chennareddy
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tyler D'Ovidio
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Han
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Connie Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nanette Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To identify factors that impact accessibility to pediatric dermatology and review healthcare delivery models that improve access and address these barriers. RECENT FINDINGS Up to one-third of pediatric primary care visits include a skin-related problem, yet pediatric dermatology subspecialist services are highly inaccessible. Workforce shortages and geographic, sociocultural, and economic barriers perpetuate inaccessibility. Teledermatology expands care, particularly to underserved or geographically remote communities, and reduces healthcare-related costs. Federal legislation to support telehealth services with adequate reimbursement for providers with parity between live, video, and phone visits will dictate the continued feasibility of virtual visits. Innovative care delivery models, such as language-based clinics, multidisciplinary teleconferencing, or embedded dermatology services within primary care are other promising alternatives. SUMMARY Despite efforts to expand access, dermatology still ranks among the most underserved pediatric subspecialties. Improving access requires a multipronged approach. Efforts to expand exposure and mentorship within pediatric dermatology, diversify the workforce and clinical curriculum, recruit and retain clinicians in geographically underserved areas, and collaborate with policymakers to ensure adequate reimbursement for teledermatology services are necessary.
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