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Emma F, Montini G, Pennesi M, Peruzzi L, Verrina E, Goffredo BM, Canalini F, Cassiman D, Rossi S, Levtchenko E. Biomarkers in Nephropathic Cystinosis: Current and Future Perspectives. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111839. [PMID: 35681534 PMCID: PMC9180050 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and effective therapy are essential for improving the overall prognosis and quality of life of patients with nephropathic cystinosis. The severity of kidney dysfunction and the multi-organ involvement as a consequence of the increased intracellular concentration of cystine highlight the necessity of accurate monitoring of intracellular cystine to guarantee effective treatment of the disease. Cystine depletion is the only available treatment, which should begin immediately after diagnosis, and not discontinued, to significantly slow progression of renal and extra-renal organ damage. This review aims to discuss the importance of the close monitoring of intracellular cystine concentration to optimize cystine depletion therapy. In addition, the role of new biomarkers in the management of the disease, from timely diagnosis to implementing treatment during follow-up, is overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Emma
- Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Division of Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Montini
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione Ca’ Grande IRRCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Pennesi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Licia Peruzzi
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Enrico Verrina
- Dialysis Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Bianca Maria Goffredo
- Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Canalini
- Medical Department, Chiesi Pharmaceutics, 43100 Parma, Italy; (F.C.); (S.R.)
| | - David Cassiman
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Medical Department, Chiesi Pharmaceutics, 43100 Parma, Italy; (F.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Mammo DA, McClelland CM, Lee MS. Intracranial Hypertension and Nephropathic Cystinosis in Monozygotic Twins. J Neuroophthalmol 2022; 42:e315-e317. [PMID: 33870934 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danny A Mammo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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