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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in cardiopulmonary disease of rheumatic conditions: A systematic review. Med Clin (Barc) 2020; 155:454-458. [PMID: 32446682 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Yeo HJ, Son J, Lee SG, Son BS, Cho WH, Kim TH, Kim JS, Je HG, Kim DH. Clinical Result and Feasibility of Transport ECMO in Thoracic Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2020; 51:3385-3390. [PMID: 31810506 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an increasing need for transport extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in thoracic transplantation. This study was performed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of transport ECMO in thoracic transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 24 patients referred from outside hospitals for ECMO treatment used our interhospital ECMO transport system from December 2011 to October 2018. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data to evaluate the feasibility and safety of transport ECMO for thoracic transplantations. RESULTS The median transport distance was 34 km (interquartile range [IQR]: 29-45) and the median transport time was 38 minutes (IQR: 26-45). There were no adverse events during transit in any patient. ECMO weaning was possible in 19 patients (79%) and 13 patients (54%) were weaned from mechanical ventilation. Of these patients, only 14 (58%) underwent transplantation, of whom 8 received lung transplants (53%) and 6 received heart transplants (67%). Among the patients receiving transplants, intensive care unit discharge was possible in 9 patients (64%), and 8 patients (57%) were discharged home. CONCLUSIONS Transport ECMO to the transplantation center is a useful strategy to rescue patients with cardiorespiratory failure who may require transplantation, providing an additional means of improving the chance of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ju Yeo
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Joohyung Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Sang Gwon Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Bong Soo Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Cho
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Tae Hwa Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Jeong Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of cardiology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Hyung Gon Je
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Do Hyung Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea.
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Frazier WJ, Shepherd EG, Gee SW. Development of a new interfacility extracorporeal membrane oxygenation transport program for pediatric lung transplantation evaluation. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:68. [PMID: 28275613 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.10.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric lung transplantation is a life-saving intervention for children with irreversible end-stage lung disease. Access to transplant can be limited by geographic isolation from a center or the presence of comorbidities affecting transplant eligibility. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-supported patients are an uncommon but historically high-risk cohort of patients considered for lung transplant. We report the development of a service at our center to provide transport services to our hospital for patients unable to wean from ECMO support at their local institution for the purpose of evaluation for lung transplantation by our program. We developed a process for pre-transport consultation by the lung transplant physician team, standardized hand-off tools and equipment lists, and procedures for transitioning patients to transport ECMO machinery. Four patients have been transported to date including fixed wing (FW) and helicopter transports. All patients were successfully transported with either none or minor complications. Transport of ECMO-supported patients is a feasible method to increase access of patients with irreversible lung injured patients to evaluation for lung transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Joshua Frazier
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Edward G Shepherd
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA;; Critical Care Transport Team, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samantha W Gee
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA;; Critical Care Transport Team, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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Holt PL, Hodge AB, Ratliff T, Frazier WJ, Ohnesorge D, Gee SW. Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Transport by EC-145 With a Custom-Built Sled. Air Med J 2016; 35:171-5. [PMID: 27255881 DOI: 10.1016/j.amj.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indications for the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in pediatrics has expanded beyond the initial historic treatment of neonates with respiratory failure. Patients with severe refractory cardiopulmonary failure may benefit from ECMO support until the primary insult has subsided or been treated. More recently, ECMO has been used by some centers as a bridge to transplant for irreversible organ failure. Nationwide Children's Hospital is a referral center that supports the use of ECMO as a bridge to transplant and is able to provide transport services for ECMO patients referred for transplant evaluation. In this report, we describe our design of a unique, custom-built sled designed specifically for the EC-145 helicopter to transport pediatric ECMO patients to our institution. This report is the first, to our knowledge, to describe the safe and successful transport of a pediatric ECMO patient in an EC-145 helicopter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Holt
- Nationwide Children's Critical Care Transport Team, Clinical Lead of Operations, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Ashley B Hodge
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Todd Ratliff
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W Joshua Frazier
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Samantha W Gee
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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5
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Nicolai T, Schramm D, Hammer J, Eber E, Eich CB, Hinrichs B. Bronchoskopie bei Kindern. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-016-0046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Luc JGY, Nagendran J. The evolving potential for pediatric ex vivo lung perfusion. Pediatr Transplant 2016; 20:13-22. [PMID: 26694514 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rise in the number of adult lung transplantations performed, rates of pediatric lung transplantation remain low. Lung transplantation is an accepted therapy for pediatric end-stage lung disease; however, it is limited by a shortage of donor organs. EVLP has emerged as a platform for assessment and preservation of donor lung function. EVLP has been adopted in adult lung transplantation and has successfully led to increased adult lung transplantations and donor lung utilization. We discuss the future implications of EVLP utilization, specifically, its potential evolving role in overcoming donor shortages in smaller children and adolescents to improve the quality and outcomes of lung transplantation in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Y Luc
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jayan Nagendran
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Alberta Transplant Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Canadian National Transplant Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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7
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Abstract
Cardiothoracic transplantation has significantly impacted the lives of pediatric patients with advanced cardiopulmonary failure. The current state of lung transplantation in children as well as its ongoing and future challenges are discussed.
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Hayes D, Whitson BA, Black SM, Preston TJ, Papadimos TJ, Tobias JD. Influence of age on survival in adult patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34:832-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Extracorporeal support in children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16:S111-7. [PMID: 26035361 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracorporeal life support has undergone a revolution in the past several years with the advent of new, miniaturized equipment and success in supporting patients with a variety of illnesses. Most experience has come with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, a modified form of cardiopulmonary bypass that can support the heart, lungs, and circulation for days to months at a time. To describe the recommendations for the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome based on a review of the literature and expert opinion. DESIGN Consensus conference of experts in pediatric acute lung injury. METHODS A panel of 27 experts met over the course of 2 years to develop a taxonomy to define pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome and to make recommendations regarding treatment and research priorities. The extracorporeal support subgroup comprised two international experts. When published data were lacking, a modified Delphi approach emphasizing strong professional agreement was used. RESULTS The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference experts developed and voted on a total of 151 recommendations addressing the topics related to pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome, 11 of which related to extracorporeal support. All recommendations had agreement, with 10 recommendations (91%) achieving strong agreement. These recommendations included the utilization of extracorporeal support for reversible causes of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome, consideration of quality of life when making the decision to use extracorporeal support, and the use of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry to report all extracorporeal support activity, among others. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome could benefit from more specific data collection and collaboration of focused investigators to establish validated criteria for optimal application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and patient management protocols. Until that time, consensus opinion offers some insight into guidelines.
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10
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Hayes D, McConnell PI, Tobias JD, Whitson BA, Preston TJ, Yates AR, Galantowicz M. Survival in children on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at the time of lung transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2015; 19:87-93. [PMID: 25425268 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Limited data exist on ECMO at the time of LTx in children. The UNOS database was queried from 2000 to 2013 for pediatric lung transplant recipients (<18 yr) to assess post-transplant survival of patients on ECMO at the time of LTx. Of 587 pediatric recipients with 17 on ECMO, 585 were used for univariate and Kaplan-Meier function analysis, 535 for multivariate Cox models, and 24 for propensity score matching. Univariate Cox (HR = 1.777; 95% CI: 0.658, 4.803; p = 0.257) and Kaplan-Meier function (log-rank test: chi-square (df = 1): 1.32, p = 0.250) analyses did not identify a survival difference between ECMO and non-ECMO, while multivariate Cox models (HR = 1.821; 95% CI: 0.654, 5.065; p = 0.251) did not demonstrate an increased risk for death. Propensity score matching analysis (HR = 1.500; 95% CI: 0.251, 8.977; p = 0.657) also failed to demonstrate a significantly increased hazard ratio. Using a contemporary cohort of pediatric lung transplant recipients, the use of ECMO at the time of lung transplantation did not negatively impact survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Hayes
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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11
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Hayes D, Preston TJ, Galantowicz M, Tobias JD, Long CR, Peri G. Improving accessibility to lung transplantation for children through air transport. Air Med J 2015; 34:52-53. [PMID: 25542729 DOI: 10.1016/j.amj.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are a limited number of pediatric lung transplant programs in the United States; therefore, geographical barriers limit critically ill children who may be good candidates for lung transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS With advancements in technology, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is becoming an option to bridge children requiring advanced life support to lung transplantation and offers the opportunity to transport critically ill children to pediatric lung transplant centers. RESULTS Air transport services with rotor-wing and fixed-wing aircraft were successfully developed and quickly became as a vital component of our pediatric lung transplant program offering ECMO for both transport and as a bridge to lung transplantation to children throughout the United States. CONCLUSION Air transport services can be an important component of pediatric lung transplant programs to offer this advanced treatment to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Hayes
- Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
| | - Thomas J Preston
- Department of Perfusion and ECMO, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Mark Galantowicz
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Joseph D Tobias
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Corinne R Long
- Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Gil Peri
- Office of Regional Development, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
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12
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Cardiac four chamber CT angiography view identifying bicaval dual-lumen catheter positioning. Pediatr Cardiol 2014; 35:1483-4. [PMID: 25269535 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-014-1027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Tulman DB, Stawicki SPA, Whitson BA, Gupta SC, Tripathi RS, Firstenberg MS, Hayes D, Xu X, Papadimos TJ. Veno-venous ECMO: a synopsis of nine key potential challenges, considerations, and controversies. BMC Anesthesiol 2014; 14:65. [PMID: 25110462 PMCID: PMC4126084 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2253-14-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Following the 2009 H1N1 Influenza pandemic, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) emerged as a viable alternative in selected, severe cases of ARDS. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a major public health problem. Average medical costs for ARDS survivors on an annual basis are multiple times those dedicated to a healthy individual. Advances in medical and ventilatory management of severe lung injury and ARDS have improved outcomes in some patients, but these advances fail to consistently “rescue” a significant proportion of those affected. Discussion Here we present a synopsis of the challenges, considerations, and potential controversies regarding veno-venous ECMO that will be of benefit to anesthesiologists, surgeons, and intensivists, especially those newly confronted with care of the ECMO patient. We outline a number of points related to ECMO, particularly regarding cannulation, pump/oxygenator design, anticoagulation, and intravascular fluid management of patients. We then address these challenges/considerations/controversies in the context of their potential future implications on clinical approaches to ECMO patients, focusing on the development and advancement of standardized ECMO clinical practices. Summary Since the 2009 H1N1 pandemic ECMO has gained a wider acceptance. There are challenges that still must be overcome. Further investigations of the benefits and effects of ECMO need to be undertaken in order to facilitate the implementation of this technology on a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Tulman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State, University, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus 43210, OH, USA
| | - Stanislaw P A Stawicki
- Department of Surgery, Division of Critical Care, Trauma, and Burn, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus 43210, OH, USA
| | - Bryan A Whitson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus 43210, OH, USA
| | - Saarik C Gupta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State, University, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus 43210, OH, USA ; Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 SR 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown 44272, OH, USA
| | - Ravi S Tripathi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State, University, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus 43210, OH, USA
| | | | - Don Hayes
- Pulmonary Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus 43205, OH, USA
| | - Xuzhong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, 2 Fuxue Road, 32500 Zhejiang, China
| | - Thomas J Papadimos
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State, University, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus 43210, OH, USA
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Turner DA, Rehder KJ, Bonadonna D, Gray A, Lin S, Zaas D, Cheifetz IM. Ambulatory ECMO as a bridge to lung transplant in a previously well pediatric patient with ARDS. Pediatrics 2014; 134:e583-5. [PMID: 25049344 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly implemented in patients with end-stage pulmonary disease as a bridge to lung transplant. Several centers have instituted an approach that involves physical rehabilitation and ambulation for patients supported with ECMO. Recent reports describe the successful use of ambulatory ECMO in patients with chronic respiratory illnesses being bridged to lung transplant. We describe the first case of a previously healthy pediatric patient with acute respiratory failure successfully supported with ambulatory ECMO as a bridge to lung transplant after an unsuccessful bridge to recovery. Although there are challenges associated with awake and ambulatory ECMO in children, this strategy represents an exciting breakthrough and a potential paradigm shift in ECMO management for pediatric acute respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Turner
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Kyle J Rehder
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | | | - Alice Gray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Shu Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North CarolinaImmunology, andPathology
| | - David Zaas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Ira M Cheifetz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, North Carolina; andRespiratory Care Services
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Lee SG, Son BS, Kang PJ, Cho WH, Kim DH, Lee YS, Lee KH. The Feasibility of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support for Inter-Hospital Transport and as a Bridge to Lung Transplantation. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 20:26-31. [DOI: 10.5761/atcs.oa.12.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Cho YH, Yang JH, Choi JH, Yang JH, Jeon K, Chung CR, Suh GY. Inter-Hospital Transportation of Patients on Extracorporeal Life Support: A Single Center Experience. Korean J Crit Care Med 2014. [DOI: 10.4266/kjccm.2014.29.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hyun Cho
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyuk Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeongman Jeon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chi Ryang Chung
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gee Young Suh
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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