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Van Kessel ATM, Cosa G. Lipid-derived electrophiles inhibit the function of membrane channels during ferroptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317616121. [PMID: 38743627 PMCID: PMC11127018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317616121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic targeting of ferroptosis requires full understanding of the molecular mechanism of this regulated cell death pathway. While lipid-derived electrophiles (LDEs), including 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), are important biomarkers of ferroptosis, a functional role for these highly reactive species in ferroptotic cell death execution has not been established. Here, through mechanistic characterization of LDE-detoxification impairment, we demonstrate that LDEs mediate altered protein function during ferroptosis. Applying live cell fluorescence imaging, we first identified that export of glutathione-LDE-adducts through multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) channels is inhibited following exposure to a panel of ferroptosis inducers (FINs) with different modes of action (type I-IV FINs erastin, RSL3, FIN56, and FINO2). This channel inhibition was recreated by both initiation of lipid peroxidation and treatment with 4-HNE. Importantly, treatment with radical-trapping antioxidants prevented impaired LDE-adduct export when working with both FINs and lipid peroxidation initiators but not 4-HNE, pinpointing LDEs as the cause of this inhibited MRP activity observed during ferroptosis. Our findings, when combined with reports of widespread LDE alkylation of key proteins following ferroptosis induction, including MRP1, set a precedent for LDEs as critical mediators of ferroptotic cell damage. Lipid hydroperoxide breakdown to form truncated phospholipids and LDEs may fully explain membrane permeabilization and modified protein function downstream of lipid peroxidation, offering a unified explanation of the molecular cell death mechanism of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonius T. M. Van Kessel
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Structural Biology Research (CRBS) and Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Structural Biology Research (CRBS) and Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A 0B8, Canada
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2
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Xie M, Koch EHW, van Walree CA, Sobota A, Sonnen AFP, Breukink E, Killian JA, Lorent JH. Two separate mechanisms are involved in membrane permeabilization during lipid oxidation. Biophys J 2023; 122:4503-4517. [PMID: 37905401 PMCID: PMC10719051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid oxidation is a universal degradative process of cell membrane lipids that is induced by oxidative stress and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in multiple pathophysiological situations. It has been shown that certain oxidized lipids alter membrane properties, leading to a loss of membrane function. Alteration of membrane properties is thought to depend on the initial membrane lipid composition, such as the number of acyl chain unsaturations. However, it is unclear how oxidative damage is related to biophysical properties of membranes. We therefore set out to quantify lipid oxidation through various analytical methods and determine key biophysical membrane parameters using model membranes containing lipids with different degrees of lipid unsaturation. As source for RONS, we used cold plasma, which is currently developed as treatment for infections and cancer. Our data revealed complex lipid oxidation that can lead to two main permeabilization mechanisms. The first one appears upon direct contact of membranes with RONS and depends on the formation of truncated oxidized phospholipids. These lipids seem to be partly released from the bilayer, implying that they are likely to interact with other membranes and potentially act as signaling molecules. This mechanism is independent of lipid unsaturation, does not rely on large variations in lipid packing, and is most probably mediated via short-living RONS. The second mechanism takes over after longer incubation periods and probably depends on the continued formation of lipid oxygen adducts such as lipid hydroperoxides or ketones. This mechanism depends on lipid unsaturation and involves large variations in lipid packing. This study indicates that polyunsaturated lipids, which are present in mammalian membranes rather than in bacteria, do not sensitize membranes to instant permeabilization by RONS but could promote long-term damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline H W Koch
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A van Walree
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; University College Utrecht, Campusplein 1, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Sobota
- Atmospheric Pressure Non-Thermal Plasmas and Their Interaction with Targets, Applied Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas F P Sonnen
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Pathology Department, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Antoinette Killian
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph H Lorent
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Translational Research from Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology to Treatment Optimization, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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3
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Antifungal Effects of Fusion Puroindoline B on the Surface and Intracellular Environment of Aspergillus flavus. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:249-260. [PMID: 32488675 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus infection is a major issue for safe food storage. In this study, we constructed an efficient prokaryotic expression system for puroindoline B (PINB) protein to detect its antifungal activity. The Puroindoline b gene was cloned into pET-28a (+) vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. Treatment with fusion PINB revealed that it inhibits mycelial growth of A. flavus, a common grain mold. Moreover, fusion PINB-treated A. flavus mycelium withered and exhibited a sunken spore head. As fusion PINB concentration increased, electrical conductivity in mycelium also increased, indicative of cell membrane damage. Furthermore, intracellular malate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activity decreased, revealing a disruption in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Moreover, the dampened activity of the ion pump Na+K+-ATPase negatively affected the intracellular regulation of both ions. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activity decreased, thus reducing antioxidant capacity, a result confirmed with an increase in malondialdehyde content. Changes to the GSH/GSSG ratio indicated a shift to an intracellular oxidative state. At the same time, laser scanning confocal microscopy assay showed the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and nuclear damage. Therefore, the PINB fusion protein may have the potential to control A. flavus in grain storage and food preservation.
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Corvalán NA, Caviglia AF, Felsztyna I, Itri R, Lascano R. Lipid Hydroperoxidation Effect on the Dynamical Evolution of the Conductance Process in Bilayer Lipid Membranes: A Condition Toward Criticality. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8883-8893. [PMID: 32643942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell membranes are one of the main targets of oxidative processes mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). These chemical species interact with unsaturated fatty acids of membrane lipids, triggering an autocatalytic chain reaction, producing lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) as the first relatively stable product of the ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation (LPO) process. Numerous biophysical and computational studies have been carried out to elucidate the LPO impact on the structure and organization of lipid membranes. However, although LOOHs are the major primary product of LPO of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), to the best of our knowledge, there is no experimental evidence on the effects of the accumulation of these LPO byproducts on the electrical properties and the underlying dynamics of lipid membranes. In this work, bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) containing 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocoline (POPC) with increasing hydroperoxidized POPC (POPC-OOH) molar proportions (BLMPC/PC-OOH) are used as model membranes to investigate the effect of LOOH-mediated LPO propagation on the electrical behavior of lipid bilayers. Voltage-induced ion current signals are analyzed by applying the fractal method of power spectrum density (PSD) analysis. We experimentally prove that, when certain LOOH concentration and energy threshold are overcome, oxidized membranes evolve toward a critical state characterized by the emergence of non-linear electrical behavior dynamics and the pore-type metastable structures formation. PSD analysis shows that temporal dynamics exhibiting "white" noise (non-time correlations) reflects a linear relationship between the input and output signals, while long-term correlations (β > 0.5) begin to be observed closely to the transition (critical point) from linear (Ohmic) to nonlinear (non-Ohmic) behavior. The generation of lipid pores appears to arise as an optimized energy dissipation mechanism based on the system's ability to self-organize and generate ordered structures capable of dissipating energy gradients more efficiently under stressful oxidative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Corvalán
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba CP X5000, Argentina
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, 05314970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agustín F Caviglia
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba CP X5000, Argentina
| | - Iván Felsztyna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET, Córdoba CP X5016, Argentina
| | - Rosangela Itri
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, 05314970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Lascano
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba CP X5000, Argentina
- Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)-CONICET, Córdoba CP X5119, Argentina
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An X, Naowarojna N, Liu P, Reinhard BM. Hybrid Plasmonic Photoreactors as Visible Light-Mediated Bactericides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:106-116. [PMID: 31800205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic compounds and complexes, such as tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II), [Ru(bpy)3]2+, have recently attracted attention as light-mediated bactericides that can help to address the need for new antibacterial strategies. We demonstrate in this work that the bactericidal efficacy of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and the control of its antibacterial function can be significantly enhanced through combination with a plasmonic nanoantenna. We report strong, visible light-controlled bacterial inactivation with a nanocomposite design that incorporates [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as a photocatalyst and a Ag nanoparticle (NP) core as a light-concentrating nanoantenna into a plasmonic hybrid photoreactor. The hybrid photoreactor platform is facilitated by a self-assembled lipid membrane that encapsulates the Ag NP and binds the photocatalyst. The lipid membrane renders the nanocomposite biocompatible in the absence of resonant illumination. Upon illumination, the plasmon-enhanced photoexcitation of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer band of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ prepares the reactive excited state of the complex that oxidizes the nanocomposite membrane and increases its permeability. The photooxidation induces the release of [Ru(bpy)3]2+, Ag+, and peroxidized lipids into the ambient medium, where they interact synergistically to inactivate bacteria. We measured a 7 order of magnitude decrease in Gram-positive Arthrobacter sp. and a 4 order of magnitude decrease in Gram-negative Escherichia coli colony forming units with the photoreactor bactericides after visible light illumination for 1 h. In both cases, the photoreactor exceeds the bactericidal standard of a log reduction value of 3 and surpasses the antibacterial effect of free Ag NPs or [Ru(bpy)3]2+ by >4 orders of magnitude. We also implement the inactivation of a bacterial thin film in a proof-of-concept study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingda An
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
- Photonics Center , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Nathchar Naowarojna
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Björn M Reinhard
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
- Photonics Center , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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6
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Bacellar IL, Baptista MS. Mechanisms of Photosensitized Lipid Oxidation and Membrane Permeabilization. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21636-21646. [PMID: 31891041 PMCID: PMC6933592 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid oxidation encompasses chemical transformations affecting animals and plants in many ways, and light is one of the most common triggers of lipid oxidation in our habitat. Still, the molecular mechanisms and biological consequences of photoinduced lipid oxidation were only recently understood at the molecular level. In this review, we focus on the main mechanisms of photosensitized lipid oxidation and membrane permeabilization, dissecting the consequences of both singlet oxygen and contact-dependent pathways and discussing how these reactions contribute to chemical and biophysical changes in lipid membranes. We aim to enable scientists to develop novel and more efficient photosensitizers in photomedicine, as well as better strategies for sun protection.
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Bacellar IOL, Oliveira MC, Dantas LS, Costa EB, Junqueira HC, Martins WK, Durantini AM, Cosa G, Di Mascio P, Wainwright M, Miotto R, Cordeiro RM, Miyamoto S, Baptista MS. Photosensitized Membrane Permeabilization Requires Contact-Dependent Reactions between Photosensitizer and Lipids. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9606-9615. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel O. L. Bacellar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures CSACS/CRMAA, McGill University, 801 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Maria Cecilia Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP, Brazil, 09210-580
| | - Lucas S. Dantas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
| | - Elierge B. Costa
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP, Brazil, 09210-580
| | - Helena C. Junqueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
| | - Waleska K. Martins
- Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo, Avenida Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3305, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05145-200
| | - Andrés M. Durantini
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures CSACS/CRMAA, McGill University, 801 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures CSACS/CRMAA, McGill University, 801 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L3 3AF
| | - Ronei Miotto
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP, Brazil, 09210-580
| | - Rodrigo M. Cordeiro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP, Brazil, 09210-580
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
| | - Mauricio S. Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
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Mohapatra PP, Chiemezie CO, Kligman A, Kim MM, Busch TM, Zhu TC, Greer A. 31 P NMR Evidence for Peroxide Intermediates in Lipid Emulsion Photooxidations: Phosphine Substituent Effects in Trapping. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1430-1438. [PMID: 28722754 DOI: 10.1111/php.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intralipid is a lipid emulsion used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for its light scattering and tissue-simulating properties. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not Intralipid undergoes photooxidation, and we have carried out an Intralipid peroxide trapping study using a series of phosphines [2'-dicyclohexylphosphino-2,6-dimethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl-3-sulfonate, 3-(diphenylphosphino)benzenesulfonate, triphenylphosphine-3,3',3''-trisulfonate and triphenylphosphine]. Our new findings are as follows: (1) An oxygen atom is transferred from Intralipid peroxide to the phosphine traps in the dark, after the photooxidation of Intralipid. 3-(Diphenylphosphino)benzenesulfonate is the most suitable trap in the series owing to a balance of nucleophilicity and water solubility. (2) Phosphine trapping and monitoring by 31 P NMR are effective in quantifying the peroxides in H2 O. An advantage of the technique is that peroxides are detected in H2 O; deuterated NMR solvents are not required. (3) The percent yield of the peroxides increased linearly with the increase in fluence from 45 to 180 J cm-2 based on our trapping experiments. (4) The photooxidation yields quantitated by the phosphines and 31 P NMR are supported by the direct 1 H NMR detection using deuterated NMR solvents. These data provide the first steps in the development of Intralipid peroxide quantitation after PDT using phosphine trapping and 31 P NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Callistus O Chiemezie
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Arina Kligman
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Michele M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Timothy C Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
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Bacellar IOL, Tsubone TM, Pavani C, Baptista MS. Photodynamic Efficiency: From Molecular Photochemistry to Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20523-59. [PMID: 26334268 PMCID: PMC4613217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical modality used to treat cancer and infectious diseases. The main agent is the photosensitizer (PS), which is excited by light and converted to a triplet excited state. This latter species leads to the formation of singlet oxygen and radicals that oxidize biomolecules. The main motivation for this review is to suggest alternatives for achieving high-efficiency PDT protocols, by taking advantage of knowledge on the chemical and biological processes taking place during and after photosensitization. We defend that in order to obtain specific mechanisms of cell death and maximize PDT efficiency, PSes should oxidize specific molecular targets. We consider the role of subcellular localization, how PS photochemistry and photophysics can change according to its nanoenvironment, and how can all these trigger specific cell death mechanisms. We propose that in order to develop PSes that will cause a breakthrough enhancement in the efficiency of PDT, researchers should first consider tissue and intracellular localization, instead of trying to maximize singlet oxygen quantum yields in in vitro tests. In addition to this, we also indicate many open questions and challenges remaining in this field, hoping to encourage future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel O L Bacellar
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Tayana M Tsubone
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Christiane Pavani
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Mauricio S Baptista
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
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