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Manjunath V, Badhe RV, McCoy M, Rynne J, Bhatti A, Segu A, Oral E, Jacobs JJ, Chastain P, Bijukumar D, Mathew MT. The role of Vitamin E in hip implant-related corrosion and toxicity: Initial outcome. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 123:104769. [PMID: 34412025 PMCID: PMC10559727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In orthopedic healthcare, Total Hip Replacement (THR) is a common and effective solution to hip-related bone and joint diseases/fracture; however, corrosion of the hip implant and the release of degradation metal ions/particles can lead to early implant failure and pose potential toxicity risk for the surrounding tissues. The main objective of this work was to investigate the potential role of Vitamin E to minimize corrosion-related concerns from CoCrMo hip implants. The study focused on two questions (i) Can Vitamin E inhibit CoCrMo corrosion? and (ii) Does Vitamin E moderate the toxicity associated with the CoCrMo implant particles? In the study (i) the electrochemical experiments (ASTM G61) with different concentrations of Vitamin E (1, 2, 3 mg/ml against the control) were performed using normal saline and simulated synovial fluid (Bovine calf serum-BCS, 30 g/L protein, pH 7.4) as electrolytes. The polished CoCrMo disc (Ra 50 nm) was the working electrode. The findings suggested that both Vitamin E-Saline (45 ± 0.9%) and Vitamin E-BCS (91 ± 3%) solutions protected against implant corrosion at a Vitamin E concentration of 3 mg/ml, but Vitamin E-BCS showed protection at all Vitamin E (1-3 mg/ml) concentration levels. These results suggested that the Vitamin E and the protein present in the BCS imparted additive effects towards the electrochemical inhibition. In the study (ii) the role of Vitamin E in cytotoxicity inhibition was studied using a mouse neuroblastoma cell line (N2a) for CoCrMo particles and Cr ions separately. The CoCrMo particles were generated from a custom-built hip simulator. The alamarBlue assay results suggested that Vitamin E provides significant protection (85% and 75% proliferation) to N2a cells against CoCrMo particles and Cr ions, respectively at 1 μg/ml concentration, as compared to the control group. However, the results obtained from ROS expression and DNA fiber staining suggest that Vitamin E is only effective against CoCrMo degradation particles and not against Cr ions. In summary, the findings show that Vitamin E can minimize the corrosion processes and play a role in minimizing the potential toxicity associated with implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Manjunath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Ravindra V Badhe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Maureen McCoy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Josiah Rynne
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Aisha Bhatti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Abhijith Segu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Ebru Oral
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua J Jacobs
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul Chastain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Divya Bijukumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Mathew T Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, USA.
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Jia C, Wang Q, Yao X, Yang J. The Role of DNA Damage Induced by Low/High Dose Ionizing Radiation in Cell Carcinogenesis. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2021; 000:000-000. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2021.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Targeting CX3CR1 Suppresses the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway and Synergizes with Platinum. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061442. [PMID: 33810010 PMCID: PMC8004634 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1, fractalkine receptor) is associated with neoplastic transformation, inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases and aging, and the small molecule inhibitor KAND567 targeting CX3CR1 (CX3CR1i) is evaluated in clinical trials for acute systemic inflammation upon SARS-CoV-2 infections. Here we identify a hitherto unknown role of CX3CR1 in Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway mediated repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) in replicating cells. FA pathway activation triggers CX3CR1 nuclear localization which facilitates assembly of the key FA protein FANCD2 into foci. Interfering with CX3CR1 function upon ICL-induction results in inability of replicating cells to progress from S phase, replication fork stalling and impaired chromatin recruitment of key FA pathway factors. Consistent with defective FA repair, CX3CR1i results in increased levels of residual cisplatin-DNA adducts and decreased cell survival. Importantly, CX3CR1i synergizes with platinum agents in a nonreversible manner in proliferation assays including platinum resistant models. Taken together, our results reveal an unanticipated interplay between CX3CR1 and the FA pathway and show for the first time that a clinical-phase small molecule inhibitor targeting CX3CR1 might show benefit in improving responses to DNA crosslinking chemotherapeutics.
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JMJD2 promotes acquired cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2019; 38:5643-5657. [PMID: 30967636 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-based drugs such as cisplatin (CP) are the first-line chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Unfortunately, NSCLC has a low response rate to CP and acquired resistance always occurs. Histone methylation regulates chromatin structure and is implicated in DNA repair. We hypothesize histone methylation regulators are involved in CP resistance. We therefore screened gene expression of known histone methyltransferases and demethylases in three NSCLC cell lines with or without acquired resistance to CP. JMJD2s are a family of histone demethylases that remove tri-methyl groups from H3K9 and H3K36. We found expression of several JMJD2 family genes upregulated in CP-resistant cells, with JMJD2B expression being upregulated in all three CP-resistant NSCLC cell lines. Further analysis showed increased JMJD2 protein expression coincided with decreased H3K9me3 and H3K36me3. Chemical inhibitors of JMJD2-family proteins increased H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 levels and sensitized resistant cells to CP. Mechanistic studies showed that JMJD2 inhibition decreased chromatin association of ATR and Chk1 and inhibited the ATR-Chk1 replication checkpoint. Our results reveal that JMJD2 demethylases are potential therapeutic targets to overcome CP resistance in NSCLC.
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Dong S, Shi H, Zhang X, Chen X, Cao D, Mao C, Gao X, Wang L. Difunctional bacteriophage conjugated with photosensitizers for Candida albicans-targeting photodynamic inactivation. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:2199-2216. [PMID: 29692614 PMCID: PMC5903486 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s156815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal pathogen of the human microbiota, causing infections ranging from superficial infections of the skin to life-threatening systemic infections. Due to the increasing occurrence of antibiotic-resistant C. albicans strains, new approaches to control this pathogen are needed. Photodynamic inactivation is an emerging alternative to treat infections based on the interactions between visible light and photosensitisers, in which pheophorbide a (PPA) is a chlorophyll-based photosensitizer that could induce cell death after light irradiation. Due to PPA’s phototoxicity and low efficiency, the main challenge is to implement photosensitizer cell targeting and attacking. Methods In this study, PPA was conjugated with JM-phage by EDC/NHS crosslinking. UV-Vis spectra was used to determine the optimum conjugation percentages of PPA and JM-phage complex for photodynamic inactivation. After photodynamic inactivation, the efficacy of PPA-JM-phage was assessed by performing in vitro experiments, such as MTS assay, scanning electron microscopy, measurement of dysfunctional mitochondria, ROS accumulation, S cell arrest and apoptotic pathway. Results A single-chain variable-fragment phage (JM) with high affinity to MP65 was screened from human single-fold single-chain variable-fragment libraries and designed as a binding target for C. albicans cells. Subsequently, PPa was integrated into JM phage to generate a combined nanoscale material, which was called PPA-JM-phage. After photodynamic inactivation, the growth of C. albicans was inhibited by PPA-JM-phage and apoptosis was observed. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed shrinking and rupturing of C. albicans. We also found that depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels were elevated significantly in C. albicans inhibited by PPA-JM-phage. Additionally, PPA-JM-phage also lead to S-phase arrest, and metacaspase activation resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction was also found to be involved in C. albicans apoptosis. Conclusion PPa-JM-phage may induce C. albicans apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway and the results herein shed light on the potential application of phtototherapeutic nanostructures in fungal inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University.,First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Hongxi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University
| | - Xintong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University.,First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University
| | - Donghui Cao
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University
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Alternative Chk1-independent S/M checkpoint in somatic cells that prevents premature mitotic entry. Med Oncol 2017; 34:70. [PMID: 28349497 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability is the hallmark of cancer. Checkpoint kinase-1 (Chk1) is required for cell cycle delay after DNA damage or blocked DNA replication. Chk1-depleted tumor cells undergo premature mitosis and apoptosis. Here we analyzed the depletion of Chk1 in normal somatic cells in the absence of DNA damage in order to investigate alternative cell cycle checkpoint mechanism(s). By means of adenoviruses, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and Western blotting, Chk1-depleted mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were investigated. Chk1-/- MEFs arrested at the S/G2 boundary of the cell cycle with decreased protein levels of many cell cycle key players. Cyclin B1 was predominantly cytoplasmic. Interestingly, overexpression of nuclear dominant Cyclin B1 leads to nuclear translocation and premature mitosis. Chk1-/- MEFs exhibited the absence of double-strand breaks, yet cells showed delayed DNA damage recovery with pan-nuclear immunostaining pattern of Histone H2AX. Activation of this checkpoint would elicit a senescent-like phenotype. Taken together, our elaborated data revealed the existence of an additional S/M checkpoint functioning via γH2AX signaling and cytoplasmic retention of Cyclin B1 in somatic cells.
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Cellular responses to replication stress: Implications in cancer biology and therapy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 49:9-20. [PMID: 27908669 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication is essential for cell proliferation. Any obstacles during replication cause replication stress, which may lead to genomic instability and cancer formation. In this review, we summarize the physiological DNA replication process and the normal cellular response to replication stress. We also outline specialized therapies in clinical trials based on current knowledge and future perspectives in the field.
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Cordeiro-Stone M, McNulty JJ, Sproul CD, Chastain PD, Gibbs-Flournoy E, Zhou Y, Carson C, Rao S, Mitchell DL, Simpson DA, Thomas NE, Ibrahim JG, Kaufmann WK. Effective intra-S checkpoint responses to UVC in primary human melanocytes and melanoma cell lines. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 29:68-80. [PMID: 26437005 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess potential functional attenuation or inactivation of the intra-S checkpoint during melanoma development. Proliferating cultures of skin melanocytes, fibroblasts, and melanoma cell lines were exposed to increasing fluences of UVC and intra-S checkpoint responses were quantified. Melanocytes displayed stereotypic intra-S checkpoint responses to UVC qualitatively and quantitatively equivalent to those previously demonstrated in skin fibroblasts. In comparison with fibroblasts, primary melanocytes displayed reduced UVC-induced inhibition of DNA strand growth and enhanced degradation of p21Waf1 after UVC, suggestive of enhanced bypass of UVC-induced DNA photoproducts. All nine melanoma cell lines examined, including those with activating mutations in BRAF or NRAS oncogenes, also displayed proficiency in activation of the intra-S checkpoint in response to UVC irradiation. The results indicate that bypass of oncogene-induced senescence during melanoma development was not associated with inactivation of the intra-S checkpoint response to UVC-induced DNA replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marila Cordeiro-Stone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John J McNulty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Paul D Chastain
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eugene Gibbs-Flournoy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yingchun Zhou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Craig Carson
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shangbang Rao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David L Mitchell
- Science Park - Research Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Dennis A Simpson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph G Ibrahim
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William K Kaufmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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