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Liu C, Ding Q, Xu Y, Bai Q, Jiang Y, Shi Y, Ma M, Sun Y, Lu Q, Chen X, Liu J, Yi G, Yang Y, Wang T, Zhang S, Wang P, Kim JS. Activatable Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizer with Large Stokes Shift and a NIR-II Emission Harnessing Rhodamine Ring-Opening Strategy. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39172624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Activatable photosensitizers (PSs) generating 1O2 only under specific conditions can minimize concomitant injury to normal tissues. Heavy-atom-free PSs hold the merits of low dark toxicity, long triplet-state lifetimes, good photostability, and relatively low cost. PSs with emission in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window are highly valuable for deep-tissue, high-contrast imaging. Herein, we have designed and synthesized a series of heavy-atom-free PSs by a one-step reaction between an easily accessible rhodamine derivative and commercially available thiophene aldehydes. One of the as-prepared PSs, 2b-3T, exhibits emission maxima at 810 nm and tails to the NIR-II region at 1140 nm, together with large Stokes shift (178 nm). Importantly, the newly developed PSs, featuring functional carboxylic acid groups, present promising opportunities as versatile platforms for creating activatable PSs. To validate our concept, we developed Cu2+/pH-activatable PSs using the spirocyclization mechanism of rhodamine. Ultimately, we showcased the effectiveness of these innovative PSs in photodynamic therapy through in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangjun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine, Affiliated Zhumadian Central Hospital of Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Qihang Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yinling Xu
- Digital Medicine Center, Pingyu People's Hospital, Zhumadian 463400, China
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150040, China
| | - Yingchun Jiang
- College of Medicine, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Yihang Shi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Mengru Ma
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Junhang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Gaoyu Yi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine, Affiliated Zhumadian Central Hospital of Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Tiezhen Wang
- Digital Medicine Center, Pingyu People's Hospital, Zhumadian 463400, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150040, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Digital Medicine Center, Pingyu People's Hospital, Zhumadian 463400, China
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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2
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Dutta A, Ghosh SK, Mandal S, Srinivasan V, Ramamurthy V, Sen P. Ultrafast Processes in Upper Excited Singlet States of Free and Caged 7-Diethylaminothiocoumarin. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6853-6863. [PMID: 39137332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The photochemistry and photophysics of thiocarbonyl compounds, analogues of carbonyl compounds with sulfur, have long been overshadowed by their counterparts. However, recent interest in visible light reactions has reignited attention toward these compounds due to their unique excited-state properties. This study delves into the ultrafast dynamics of 7-diethylaminothiocoumarin (TC1), a close analogue of the well-known probe molecule coumarin 1 (C1), to estimate intersystem crossing rates, understand the mechanisms of fluorescence and phosphorescence, and evaluate TC1's potential as a solvation dynamics probe. Enclosing TC1 within an organic capsule indicates its potential applications, even in aqueous environments. Ultrafast studies reveal a dominant subpicosecond intersystem crossing process, indicating the importance of upper excited singlet and triplet states in the molecule's photochemistry. The distinct fluorescence and phosphorescence origins, along with the presence of closely spaced singlet excited states, support the observed efficient intersystem crossing. The sulfur atom alters the excited-state behavior, shedding light on reactive triplet states and paving the way for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Satyajit Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Varadharajan Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | | | - Pratik Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016 Uttar Pradesh, India
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Jena S, Mohanty P, Rout Rout S, Kumar Pati S, Biswal HS. Thio and Seleno-Psoralens as Efficient Triplet Harvesting Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400733. [PMID: 38758636 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The Psoralen (Pso) molecule finds extensive applications in photo-chemotherapy, courtesy of its triplet state forming ability. Sulfur and selenium replacement of exocyclic carbonyl oxygen of organic chromophores foster efficient triplet harvesting with near unity triplet quantum yield. These triplet-forming photosensitizers are useful in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) applications for selective apoptosis of cancer cells. In this work, we have critically assessed the effect of the sulfur and selenium substitution at the exocyclic carbonyl (TPso and SePso, respectively) and endocyclic oxygen positions of Psoralen. It resulted in a significant redshifted absorption spectrum to access the PDT therapeutic window with increased oscillator strength. The reduction in singlet-triplet energy gap and enhancement in the spin-orbit coupling values increase the number of intersystem crossing (ISC) pathways to the triplet manifold, which shortens the ISC lifetime from 10-5 s for Pso to 10-8 s for TPso and 10-9 s for SePso. The intramolecular photo-induced electron transfer process, a competitive pathway to ISC, is also considerably curbed by exocyclic functionalizations. In addition, a maximum of 115 GM of two-photon absorption (2PA) with IR absorption (660-1050 nm) confirms that the Psoralen skeleton can be effectively tweaked via single chalcogen atom replacement to design a suitable PDT photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrakant Jena
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Pranay Mohanty
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Saiprakash Rout Rout
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Saswat Kumar Pati
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Himansu S Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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4
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Lizondo-Aranda P, Gustavsson T, Martínez-Fernández L, Improta R, Lhiaubet-Vallet V. The Excited State Dynamics of a Mutagenic Guanosine Etheno Adduct Investigated by Femtosecond Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Quantum Mechanical Calculations. Chemistry 2024:e202401835. [PMID: 38869969 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Femtosecond fluorescence upconversion experiments were combined with CASPT2 and time dependent DFT calculations to characterize the excited state dynamics of the mutagenic etheno adduct 1,N2-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine (ϵdG). This endogenously formed lesion is attracting great interest because of its ubiquity in human tissues and its highly mutagenic properties. The ϵdG fluorescence is strongly modified with respect to that of the canonical nucleoside dG, notably by an about 6-fold increase in fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield at neutral pH. In addition, femtosecond fluorescence upconversion experiments reveal the presence of two emission bands with maxima at 335 nm for the shorter-lived and 425 nm for the longer-lived. Quantum mechanical calculations rationalize these findings and provide absorption and fluorescence spectral shapes similar to the experimental ones. Two different bright minima are located on the potential energy surface of the lowest energy singlet excited state. One planar minimum, slightly more stable, is associated with the emission at 335 nm, whereas the other one, with a bent etheno ring, is associated with the red-shifted emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Lizondo-Aranda
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | | | - Lara Martínez-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Física de Materiales, Instituto de Química Física Blas Cabrera, IQF-CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Improta
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via De Amicis 95, I-80145, Napoli, Italy
| | - Virginie Lhiaubet-Vallet
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
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5
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Chen M, Chen Y, Su Z, Li Y, Fei H, Zhang H, Wu Y. Achievement of efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials based on 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives exhibiting piezochromic and thermochromic luminescence. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17434-17439. [PMID: 38813129 PMCID: PMC11134524 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02981j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a D-A type imide derivative based on 1,8-naphthalimide, NI-mPCz, which exhibited outstanding thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties. Additionally, it demonstrates characteristics of piezochromic and thermochromic luminescence. The thermochromic luminescence observed is attributed to crystalline transformations occurring during the heating process, as evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microscopic examinations. Moreover, the good compatibility of NI-mPCz with HeLa cells and its excellent imaging performance indicate its potential for application in the field of biological imaging. These results provide valuable insights for the design and development of new organic electronic and bioimaging materials with high-efficiency TADF characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Yuzhuo Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
| | - Zhongzhen Su
- Department of Ultrasound, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
| | - Yuchun Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Hanxiao Fei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Yunan Wu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 P. R. China
- Hengyang Aijie Technology Co, Ltd Hengyang 421006 China
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6
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Saintomé C, Monfret O, Doisneau G, Guianvarc'h D. Oligonucleotide-Based Photoaffinity Probes: Chemical Tools and Applications for Protein Labeling. Chembiochem 2024:e202400097. [PMID: 38703401 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
A variety of proteins interact with DNA and RNA, including polymerases, histones, ribosomes, transcription factors, and repair enzymes. However, the transient non-covalent nature of these interactions poses challenges for analysis. Introducing a covalent bond between proteins and DNA via photochemical activation of a photosensitive functional group introduced onto nucleic acids offers a means to stabilize these often weak interactions without significantly altering the binding interface. Consequently, photoactivatable oligonucleotides are powerful tools for investigating nucleic acid-protein interactions involved in numerous biological and pathological processes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical tools developed so far and the different strategies used for incorporating the most commonly used photoreactive reagents into oligonucleotide probes or nucleic acids. Furthermore, we illustrate their application with several examples including protein binding site mapping, identification of protein binding partners, and in cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Saintomé
- Sorbonne Université, UFR 927, MNHN CNRS UMR 7196, INSERM U1154, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Océane Monfret
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, UMR CNRS 8182, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Gilles Doisneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, UMR CNRS 8182, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Dominique Guianvarc'h
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, UMR CNRS 8182, 91405, Orsay, France
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Pal AK, Datta A. First-principles design of heavy-atom-free singlet oxygen photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:164720. [PMID: 38682739 DOI: 10.1063/5.0196557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment, heavy-atom-free photosensitizers (PSs) are a great source of singlet oxygen photosensitizer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by an energy transfer from the lowest energy triplet excited state to the molecular oxygen of cancer cells. To clarify the photophysical characteristics in the excited states of a few experimentally identified thionated (>C=S) molecules and their oxygenated congeners (>C=O), a quantum chemical study is conducted. This study illustrates the properties of the excited states in oxygen congeners that render them unsuitable for PDT treatment. Concurrently, a hierarchy is presented based on the utility of the lowest-energy triplet excitons of thionated compounds. Their non-radiative decay rates are calculated for reverse-ISC and inter-system crossover (ISC) processes. In addition, the vibronic importance of C=O and C=S bonds is clarified by the computation of the Huang-Rhys factor, effective vibrational mode, and reorganization energy inside the Marcus-Levich-Jörtner system. ROS generation in thionated PSs exceeds their oxygen congeners as kf ≪ kISC, where radiative decay rate is designated as kf. As a result, the current work offers a calculated strategy for analyzing the effectiveness of thionated photosensitizers in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal, India
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8
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Nieuwland C, Fonseca Guerra C. Chalcogen Atom Size: A Key Parameter in Modulating Carbonyl Compound Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304361. [PMID: 38284777 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Exchanging oxygen in the functional group C=O (i. e., carbonyl) for the less electronegative Group 16 elements, sulfur or selenium, unexpectedly enhances the electronegativity of the C=X group in π-conjugated molecules and reduces the molecular π HOMO-LUMO energy gap. Quantum-chemical analyses revealed that the steric size of the chalcogen atom X is at the origin of this seemingly counterintuitive behavior. This tuning of the chemical properties of carbonyl compounds by varying the chalcogen atom size in the C=X bond can be applied in many fields of chemistry. This concept article delineates several useful applications in the fields of organocatalysis, supramolecular chemistry, and photo(electro)chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Nieuwland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The, Netherlands
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The, Netherlands
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9
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Navarrete-Miguel M, Giussani A, Rubio M, Boggio-Pasqua M, Borin AC, Roca-Sanjuán D. Quantum-Chemistry Study of the Photophysical Properties of 4-Thiouracil and Comparisons with 2-Thiouracil. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2273-2285. [PMID: 38504122 PMCID: PMC10982997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
DNA in living beings is constantly damaged by exogenous and endogenous agents. However, in some cases, DNA photodamage can have interesting applications, as it happens in photodynamic therapy. In this work, the current knowledge on the photophysics of 4-thiouracil has been extended by further quantum-chemistry studies to improve the agreement between theory and experiments, to better understand the differences with 2-thiouracil, and, last but not least, to verify its usefulness as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. This study has been carried out by determining the most favorable deactivation paths of UV-vis photoexcited 4-thiouracil by means of the photochemical reaction path approach and an efficient combination of the complete-active-space second-order perturbation theory//complete-active-space self-consistent field (CASPT2//CASSCF), (CASPT2//CASPT2), time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), and spin-flip TDDFT (SF-TDDFT) methodologies. By comparing the data computed herein for both 4-thiouracil and 2-thiouracil, a rationale is provided on the relatively higher yields of intersystem crossing, triplet lifetime and singlet oxygen production of 4-thiouracil, and the relatively higher yield of phosphorescence of 2-thiouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Navarrete-Miguel
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, ES-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Angelo Giussani
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, ES-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rubio
- Departament
de Química Física, Universitat
de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Martial Boggio-Pasqua
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, IRSAMC,
CNRS et Université Toulouse 3, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Antonio Carlos Borin
- Department
of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry,
University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, ES-46071 Valencia, Spain
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Chang XP, Wang JL, Peng LY, Cen XJ, Yin BW, Xie BB. Mechanistic photophysics of tellurium-substituted cytosine: Electronic structure calculations and nonadiabatic dynamics simulations. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:339-354. [PMID: 37435854 DOI: 10.1111/php.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Previously, the MS-CASPT2 method was performed to study the static and qualitative photophysics of tellurium-substituted cytosine (TeC). To get quantitative information, we used our recently developed QTMF-FSSH dynamics method to simulate the excited-state decay of TeC. The CASSCF method was adopted to reduce the calculation costs, which was confirmed to provide reliable structures and energies as those of MS-CASPT2. A detailed structural analysis showed that only 5% trajectories will hop to the lower triplet or singlet state via the twisted (S2 /S1 /T2 )T intersection, while 67% trajectories will choose the planar intersections of (S2 /S1 /T3 /T2 /T1 )P and (S2 /S1 /T2 /T1 )P but subsequently become twisted in other electronic states. By contrast, ~28% trajectories will maintain in a plane throughout dynamics. Electronic population revealed that the S2 population will ultrafast transfer to the lower triplet or singlet state. Later, the TeC system will populate in the spin-mixed electronic states composed of S1 , T1 and T2 . At the end of 300 fs, most trajectories (~74%) will decay to the ground state and only 17.4% will survive in the triplet states. Our dynamics simulation verified that tellurium substitution will enhance the intersystem crossings, but the very short triplet lifetime (ca. 125 fs) will make TeC a less effective photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ping Chang
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jie-Lei Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Jiang Cen
- Ningbo Zhongtian Engineering Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China
| | - Bo-Wen Yin
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin-Bin Xie
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Sato R, Yamada Y, Kashihara W, Nishihara T, Tanabe K, Xu YZ, Suzuki T. Excited state properties of 5-fluoro-4-thiouridine derivative †. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:434-442. [PMID: 38312100 DOI: 10.1111/php.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The excited state properties of thionated 5-fluorouridine (2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-5-fluoro-4-thiouridine; ta5F4TUrd), synthesized with Lawesson's reagent, have been intensively investigated with nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved thermal lensing, near-infrared emission, and quantum chemical calculation. The intrinsic triplet lifetime of ta5F4TUrd was determined to be4.2 ± 0.7 μs in acetonitrile, and the formation quantum yield of the excited triplet state was as large as0.79 ± 0.01 . The quenching rate constants of the triplet ta5F4TUrd by the dissolved oxygen molecule and by the self-quenching process were found to be nearly equal to the diffusion-controlled rate of acetonitrile. The quantum yield of the singlet molecular oxygen produced through energy transfer between the triplet ta5F4TUrd and the dissolved oxygen,Φ Δ , was successfully determined to be0.61 ± 0.02 under the oxygen-saturated condition. From the oxygen concentration dependence of theΦ Δ value, the fraction of triplet ta5F4TUrd quenched by dissolved oxygen which gives rise to the 1 O2 * formation,S Δ , was successfully obtained to be0.78 ± 0.01 , which was the largest among the thionucleobases and the thionucleosides reported so far. This could be due to the lower energy and/or the ππ* character of the triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rin Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshino Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Kashihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yao-Zhong Xu
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Keynes, UK
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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12
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Mayer D, Lever F, Gühr M. Time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy of nucleobases and their thionated analogs. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:275-290. [PMID: 38174615 DOI: 10.1111/php.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The photoinduced relaxation dynamics of nucleobases and their thionated analogs have been investigated extensively over the past decades motivated by their crucial role in organisms and their application in medical and biochemical research and treatment. Most of these studies focused on the spectroscopy of valence electrons and fragmentation. The advent of ultrashort x-ray laser sources such as free-electron lasers, however, opens new opportunities for studying the ultrafast molecular relaxation dynamics utilizing the site- and element-selectivity of x-rays. In this review, we want to summarize ultrafast experiments on thymine and 2-thiouracil performed at free-electron lasers. We performed time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge after UV excitation of thymine. In addition, we investigated the excited state dynamics of 2-tUra via x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at sulfur. For these methods, we show a strong sensitivity to the electronic state or charge distribution, respectively. We also performed time-resolved Auger-Meitner spectroscopy, which shows spectral shifts associated with internuclear distances close to the probed site. We discuss the complementary aspects of time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy techniques compared to optical and UV spectroscopy for the investigation of ultrafast relaxation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabiano Lever
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Gühr
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Abdelgawwad AMA, Roca-Sanjuán D, Francés-Monerris A. Electronic spectroscopy of gemcitabine and derivatives for possible dual-action photodynamic therapy applications. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:224106. [PMID: 38078522 DOI: 10.1063/5.0170949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we explore the molecular basis of combining photodynamic therapy (PDT), a light-triggered targeted anticancer therapy, with the traditional chemotherapeutic properties of the well-known cytotoxic agent gemcitabine. A photosensitizer prerequisite is significant absorption of biocompatible light in the visible/near IR range, ideally between 600 and 1000 nm. We use highly accurate multiconfigurational CASSCF/MS-CASPT2/MM and TD-DFT methodologies to determine the absorption properties of a series of gemcitabine derivatives with the goal of red-shifting the UV absorption band toward the visible region and facilitating triplet state population. The choice of the substitutions and, thus, the rational design is based on important biochemical criteria and on derivatives whose synthesis is reported in the literature. The modifications tackled in this paper consist of: (i) substitution of the oxygen atom at O2 position with heavier atoms (O → S and O → Se) to red shift the absorption band and increase the spin-orbit coupling, (ii) addition of a lipophilic chain at the N7 position to enhance transport into cancer cells and slow down gemcitabine metabolism, and (iii) attachment of aromatic systems at C5 position to enhance red shift further. Results indicate that the combination of these three chemical modifications markedly shifts the absorption spectrum toward the 500 nm region and beyond and drastically increases spin-orbit coupling values, two key PDT requirements. The obtained theoretical predictions encourage biological studies to further develop this anticancer approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, 46071 València, Spain
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14
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Xie M, Ren SX, Hu D, Zhong JM, Luo J, Tan Y, Li YP, Si LP, Cao J. The impact of the chalcogen-substitution element and initial spectroscopic state on excited-state relaxation pathways in nucleobase photosensitizers: a combination of static and dynamic studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27756-27765. [PMID: 37814579 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03730d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The substitution of oxygen with chalcogen in carbonyl group(s) of canonical nucleobases gives an impressive triplet generation, enabling their promising applications in medicine and other emerging techniques. The excited-state relaxation S2(ππ*) → S1(nπ*) → T1(ππ*) has been considered the preferred path for triplet generation in these nucleobase derivatives. Here, we demonstrate enhanced quantum efficiency of direct intersystem crossing from S2 to triplet manifold upon substitution with heavier chalcogen elements. The excited-state relaxation dynamics of sulfur/selenium substituted guanines in a vacuum is investigated using a combination of static quantum chemical calculations and on-the-fly excited-state molecular dynamics simulations. We find that in sulfur-substitution the S2 state predominantly decays to the S1 state, while upon selenium-substitution the S2 state deactivation leads to simultaneous population of the S1 and T2,3 states in the same time scale and multi-state quasi-degeneracy region S2/S1/T2,3. Interestingly, the ultrafast deactivation of the spectroscopic S3 state of both studied molecules to the S1 state occurs through a successive S3 → S2 → S1 path involving a multi-state quasi-degeneracy S3/S2/S1. The populated S1 and T2 states will cross the lowest triplet state, and the S1 → T intersystem crossing happens in a multi-state quasi-degeneracy region S1/T2,3/T1 and is accelerated by selenium-substitution. The present study reveals the influence of both the chalcogen substitution element and initial spectroscopic state on the excited-state relaxation mechanism of nucleobase photosensitizers and also highlights the important role of multi-state quasi-degeneracy in mediating the complex relaxation process. These theoretical results provide additional insights into the intrinsic photophysics of nucleobase-based photosensitizers and are helpful for designing novel photo-sensitizers for real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Xiao Ren
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Die Hu
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Meng Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Yin Tan
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Li
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Si
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550018, P. R. China.
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15
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Ortiz-Rodríguez LA, Fang YG, Niogret G, Hadidi K, Hoehn SJ, Folkwein HJ, Jockusch S, Tor Y, Cui G, Levi L, Crespo-Hernández CE. Thieno[3,4- d]pyrimidin-4(3 H)-thione: an effective, oxygenation independent, heavy-atom-free photosensitizer for cancer cells. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8831-8841. [PMID: 37621444 PMCID: PMC10445467 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02592f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
All-organic, heavy-atom-free photosensitizers based on thionation of nucleobases are receiving increased attention because they are easy to make, noncytotoxic, work both in the presence and absence of molecular oxygen, and can be readily incorporated into DNA and RNA. In this contribution, the DNA and RNA fluorescent probe, thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one, has been thionated to develop thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-thione, which is nonfluorescent and absorbs near-visible radiation with about 60% higher efficiency. Steady-state absorption and emission spectra are combined with transient absorption spectroscopy and CASPT2 calculations to delineate the electronic relaxation mechanisms of both pyrimidine derivatives in aqueous and acetonitrile solutions. It is demonstrated that thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-thione efficiently populates the long-lived and reactive triplet state generating singlet oxygen with a quantum yield of about 80% independent of solvent. It is further shown that thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-thione exhibits high photodynamic efficacy against monolayer melanoma cells and cervical cancer cells both under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Our combined spectroscopic, computational, and in vitro data demonstrate the excellent potential of thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-thione as a heavy-atom-free PDT agent and paves the way for further development of photosensitizers based on the thionation of thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives. Collectively, the experimental and computational results demonstrate that thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4(3H)-thione stands out as the most promising thiobase photosensitizer developed to this date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ye-Guang Fang
- Key Lab of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Germain Niogret
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Kaivin Hadidi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Sean J Hoehn
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Heather J Folkwein
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio 43403 USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Lab of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Liraz Levi
- Celloram Inc Cleveland OH 44106 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
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16
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Toulson BW, Hait D, Faccialà D, Neumark DM, Leone SR, Head-Gordon M, Gessner O. Probing C-I bond fission in the UV photochemistry of 2-iodothiophene with core-to-valence transient absorption spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:034304. [PMID: 37466229 DOI: 10.1063/5.0151629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The UV photochemistry of small heteroaromatic molecules serves as a testbed for understanding fundamental photo-induced chemical transformations in moderately complex compounds, including isomerization, ring-opening, and molecular dissociation. Here, a combined experimental-theoretical study of 268 nm UV light-induced dynamics in 2-iodothiophene (C4H3IS) is performed. The dynamics are experimentally monitored with a femtosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) probe that measures iodine N-edge 4d core-to-valence transitions. Experiments are complemented by density functional theory calculations of both the pump-pulse induced valence excitations and the XUV probe-induced core-to-valence transitions. Possible intramolecular relaxation dynamics are investigated by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Gradual absorption changes up to ∼0.5 to 1 ps after excitation are observed for both the parent molecular species and emerging iodine fragments, with the latter appearing with a characteristic rise time of 160 ± 30 fs. Comparison of spectral intensities and energies with the calculations identifies an iodine dissociation pathway initiated by a predominant π → π* excitation. In contrast, initial excitation to a nearby n⟂ → σ* state appears unlikely based on a significantly smaller oscillator strength and the absence of any corresponding XUV absorption signatures. Excitation to the π → π* state is followed by contraction of the C-I bond, enabling a nonadiabatic transition to a dissociative π→σC-I* state. For the subsequent fragmentation, a relatively narrow bond-length region along the C-I stretch coordinate between 230 and 280 pm is identified, where the transition between the parent molecule and the thienyl radical + iodine atom products becomes prominent in the XUV spectrum due to rapid localization of two singly occupied molecular orbitals on the two fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Toulson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Diptarka Hait
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Davide Faccialà
- CNR-Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (CNR-IFN), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Oliver Gessner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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17
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Banerjee T, Dan K, Pal AK, Bej R, Datta A, Ghosh S. Redox-Triggered Activation of Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizer and Implications in Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. ACS Macro Lett 2023:928-934. [PMID: 37378476 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for a redox-activatable heavy-atom-free photosensitizer (PS) based on thiolated naphthalimide has been demonstrated. The PS exhibits excellent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the monomeric state. However, when encapsulated in a disulfide containing bioreducible amphiphilic triblock copolymer aggregate (polymersome), the PS exhibits aggregation in the confined hydrophobic environment, which results in a smaller exciton exchange rate between the singlet and triplet excited states (TDDFT studies), and consequently, the ROS generation ability of the PS was almost fully diminished. Such a PS (in the dormant state)-loaded redox-responsive polymersome showed excellent cellular uptake and intracellular release of the PS in its active form, which enabled cell killing upon light irradiation due to ROS generation. In a control experiment involving aggregates of a similar block copolymer, but lacking the bioreducible disulfide linkage, no intracellular reactivation of the PS was noticed, highlighting the importance of stimuli-responsive polymer assemblies in the area of targeted photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushri Banerjee
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India-700032
| | - Krishna Dan
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India-700032
| | - Arun K Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India-700032
| | - Raju Bej
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India-700032
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India-700032
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India-700032
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18
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Krancewicz K, Nowicka-Bauer K, Fiedorowicz K, Marciniak B, Taras-Goslinska K. Thiopurines Analogues with Additional Ring: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Properties, and Anticancer Potency. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108990. [PMID: 37240336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine scaffolds constitute a starting point for the synthesis of numerous chemotherapeutics used in treating cancer, viruses, parasites, as well as bacterial and fungal infections. In this work, we synthesized a group of guanosine analogues containing an additional five-membered ring and a sulfur atom at the C-9 position. The spectral, photophysical, and biological properties of the synthesized compounds were investigated. The spectroscopic studies revealed that a combination of the thiocarbonyl chromophore and the tricyclic structure of guanine analogues shifts the absorption region above 350 nm, allowing for selective excitation when present in biological systems. Unfortunately, due to the low fluorescence quantum yield, this process cannot be used to monitor the presence of these compounds in cells. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their effect on the viability of human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and mouse fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cells. It was found that all of them display anticancer activity. In vitro studies were preceded by in silico ADME and PASS analyses, which confirmed that the designed compounds are promising candidates for anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krancewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Nowicka-Bauer
- Centre for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Fiedorowicz
- Nanobiomedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bronislaw Marciniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Taras-Goslinska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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19
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Wang X, Wei R, Cai L, Hu HY. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters: a thionation approach toward next-generation photosensitizers. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:576-580. [PMID: 36541089 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02144g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Achieving highly efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) remains a key focus in the design of heavy atom-free photosensitizers (PSs) for various photophysical and photochemical applications. Herein, we report a general and robust molecular design strategy for obtaining photoactivatable heavy atom-free PSs by performing a simple sulfur substitution of carbonyl oxygen atoms of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter. This thionation led to a significant fluorescence loss, resulting in an increased ISC transformation. Upon white-light irradiation, the sulfur-substituted TADF compound (S-AIOH-Cz) exhibited a long-lived fluorescence turn-on response, a long-lasting triplet state lifetime and a superior reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation ability, which is desirable for time-resolved fluorescence imaging and photodynamic disinfection against antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Rao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Lianjun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Hai-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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20
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Krancewicz K, Koput J, Hug GL, Marciniak B, Taras-Goslinska KM. Unusual photophysical properties of a new tricyclic derivative of thiopurines in terms of potential applications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 281:121620. [PMID: 35853257 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The thio analogues of purine bases have been found to possess notable biological and pharmacological capabilities and have an important role to play as anticancer and immunosuppressive drugs. In this work a new tricyclic analogue of guanosine containing sulfur was synthesized, in particular, DTEG (2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-6,9-dithioethanoguanosine). Although there is promise for thiopurine derivatives for biomedical applications, there are some liabilities in regard to their exposure to light. As a preliminary survey for such difficulties with DTEG, this work looks into spectral and photophysical processes of DTEG using time-resolved and steady-state optical excitation. In contrast to other thiopurines, which have long-lived triplets, DTEG is shown to have a short-lived triplet making it less dangerous for singlet-oxygen sensitization. Even in anaerobic solutions, its photoreactivity is negligible. These various unusual photochemical properties of DTEG are consistent with DTEG being very promising as an alternative drug to the currently used 6-thiopurines. DTEG also has some interesting photophysical behavior that is distinct from other thioketones. Although thioketones have an unusual fluorescence violating Kasha's Rule and emitting from the second excited singlet state, DTEG does this also, but, in addition, it shows dual fluorescence by emitting from its first excited singlet as well. The assignments of the nature of these excited states are supported by DFT results. This theory and associated kinetic analysis show quantitatively that the dual fluorescence is, in part, tied to the relatively fast S2 to S1 internal conversion compared to other S2 decays and, in part, tied to the relatively slow nonradiative decay of S1 itself.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Koput
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Gordon L Hug
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame 46556, USA
| | - Bronisław Marciniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; Centre for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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21
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Ullrich S, Qu Y, Mohamadzade A, Shrestha S. The Effect of Methylation on the Triplet-State Dynamics of 2-Thiouracil: Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy of 2-Thiothymine. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8211-8217. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ullrich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yingqi Qu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Abed Mohamadzade
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sarita Shrestha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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22
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Huo B, Zhang X, Wang C, Wang H, Zhu G, Zhu W, Zhu A, Mei H, Li L. Mechanistic Insight into the Photoinduced Damage of an Unnatural Base Pair. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201730. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianbian Huo
- Department Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Regulation and Target Drug Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Xiguang Zhang
- Department Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Department Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Regulation and Target Drug Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Gongming Zhu
- Department Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Wuyuan Zhu
- Department Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Anlian Zhu
- Department Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Hui Mei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Regulation and Target Drug Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
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23
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Bertram L, Roberts SJ, Powner MW, Szabla R. Photochemistry of 2-thiooxazole: a plausible prebiotic precursor to RNA nucleotides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21406-21416. [PMID: 36047336 PMCID: PMC7613695 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Potentially prebiotic chemical reactions leading to RNA nucleotides involve periods of UV irradiation, which are necessary to promote selectivity and destroy biologially irrelevant side products. Nevertheless, UV light has only been applied to promote specific stages of prebiotic reactions and its effect on complete prebiotic reaction sequences has not been extensively studied. Here, we report on an experimental and computational investigation of the photostability of 2-thiooxazole (2-TO), a potential precursor of pyrimidine and 8-oxopurine nucleotides on early Earth. Our UV-irradiation experiments resulted in rapid decomposition of 2-TO into unidentified small molecule photoproducts. We further clarify the underlying photochemistry by means of accurate ab initio calculations and surface hopping molecular dynamics simulations. Overall, the computational results show efficient rupture of the aromatic ring upon the photoexcitation of 2-TO via breaking of the C-O bond. Consequently, the initial stage of the divergent prebiotic synthesis of pyrimidine and 8-oxopurine nucleotides would require periodic shielding from UV light either with sun screening chromophores or through a planetary scenario that would protect 2-TO until it is transformed into a more stable intermediate compound, e.g. oxazolidinone thione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bertram
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Samuel J Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew W Powner
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Rafał Szabla
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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24
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Krul SE, Costa GJ, Hoehn SJ, Valverde D, Oliveira LMF, Borin AC, Crespo-Hernández CE. Resolving Ultrafast Photoinitiated Dynamics of the Hachimoji 5-Aza-7-Deazaguanine Nucleobase: Impact of Synthetically Expanding the Genetic Alphabet. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:693-705. [PMID: 35938218 DOI: 10.1111/php.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The guanine derivative, 5-aza-7-deazaguanine (5N7C G) has recently been proposed as one of four unnatural bases, termed Hachimoji (8-letter) to expand the genetic code. We apply steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy to investigate its electronic relaxation mechanism and probe the effect of atom substitution on the relaxation mechanism in polar protic and polar aprotic solvents. Mapping of the excited state potential energy surfaces is performed, from which the critical points are optimized by using the state-of-art Extended Multi-State Complete Active Space Second-Order Perturbation Theory. It is demonstrated that excitation to the lowest energy 1 ππ* state of 5N7C G results in complex dynamics leading to ca. 10 to 30-fold slower relaxation (depending on solvent) compared to guanine. A significant conformational change occurs at the S1 minimum, resulting in a 10-fold greater fluorescence quantum yield compared to guanine. The fluorescence quantum yield and S1 decay lifetime increase going from water to acetonitrile to propanol. The solvent-dependent results are supported by the quantum chemical calculations showing an increase in the energy barrier between the S1 minimum and the S1 /S0 conical intersection going from water to propanol. The longer lifetimes might make 5N7C G more photochemical active to adjacent nucleobases than guanine or other nucleobases within DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Krul
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States
| | - Gustavo J Costa
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000. São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sean J Hoehn
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States
| | - Danillo Valverde
- Unité de Chimie Physique Theorique et Structurale, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Leonardo M F Oliveira
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000. São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Borin
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000. São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Crespo-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States
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25
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Jena S, Tulsiyan KD, Kumari A, Das R, Biswal HS. Thiolumazines as Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers for Applications in Daylight Photodynamic Therapy: Insights from Ultrafast Excited-State Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6083-6094. [PMID: 35938784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Finding appropriate photosensitizers (PSs) for daylight photodynamic therapy (dPDT) applications is extremely challenging, even though heavy-atom-free photosensitizers (HAFPSs) such as thiocarbonyl-modified nucleobases have shown a ray of hope. Few attempts have been made to find alternative natural products for dPDT applications. Pteridine heterocycles consisting of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring, such as lumazine, which exhibit many structural similarities to the alloxazine ring of the flavin molecule, could be an option for HAFPSs. The photophysical and quantum mechanical studies of the thio-modified lumazines revealed that sequential thiomodifications in lumazine result in a bathochromic shift. Additionally, higher tissue penetration depths were observed for thiolumazines. The fluorescence quenching in the case of thiomodified lumazines was explained using triplet state formation, whereas the contribution from the photoinduced electron transfer process cannot be ignored. It was also noticed that a strong one-photon absorption influenced the two-photon absorption (TPA) process, leading to a self-focusing effect in the visible spectral region. The higher tissue penetration and larger TPA cross section are the hallmark characteristics of the thiolumazines to be considered as potential HAFPSs for dPDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrakant Jena
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Kiran Devi Tulsiyan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Anupa Kumari
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India.,School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ritwick Das
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India.,School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Himansu S Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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26
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Valverde D, Mai S, Canuto S, Borin AC, González L. Ultrafast Intersystem Crossing Dynamics of 6-Selenoguanine in Water. JACS AU 2022; 2:1699-1711. [PMID: 35911449 PMCID: PMC9327080 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rationalizing the photochemistry of nucleobases where an oxygen is replaced by a heavier atom is essential for applications that exploit near-unity triplet quantum yields. Herein, we report on the ultrafast excited-state deactivation mechanism of 6-selenoguanine (6SeGua) in water by combining nonadiabatic trajectory surface-hopping dynamics with an electrostatic embedding quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) scheme. We find that the predominant relaxation mechanism after irradiation starts on the bright singlet S2 state that converts internally to the dark S1 state, from which the population is transferred to the triplet T2 state via intersystem crossing and finally to the lowest T1 state. This S2 → S1 → T2 → T1 deactivation pathway is similar to that observed for the lighter 6-thioguanine (6tGua) analogue, but counterintuitively, the T1 lifetime of the heavier 6SeGua is shorter than that of 6tGua. This fact is explained by the smaller activation barrier to reach the T1/S0 crossing point and the larger spin-orbit couplings of 6SeGua compared to 6tGua. From the dynamical simulations, we also calculate transient absorption spectra (TAS), which provide two time constants (τ1 = 131 fs and τ2 = 191 fs) that are in excellent agreement with the experimentally reported value (τexp = 130 ± 50 fs) (Farrel et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 11214). Intersystem crossing itself is calculated to occur with a time scale of 452 ± 38 fs, highlighting that the TAS is the result of a complex average of signals coming from different nonradiative processes and not intersystem crossing alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo Valverde
- Department
of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, Brazil
- Institute
of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sylvio Canuto
- Institute
of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Borin
- Department
of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
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27
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Caldero-Rodríguez NE, Arpa EM, Cárdenas DJ, Martínez-Fernández L, Jockusch S, Seth SK, Corral I, Crespo-Hernández CE. 2-Oxopurine Riboside: A Dual Fluorescent Analog and Photosensitizer for RNA/DNA Research. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4483-4490. [PMID: 35679327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is significant interest in developing suitable nucleoside analogs exhibiting high fluorescence and triplet yields to investigate the structure, dynamics, and binding properties of nucleic acids and promote selective photosensitized damage to DNA/RNA, respectively. In this study, steady-state, laser flash photolysis, time-resolved IR luminescence, and femtosecond broad-band transient absorption spectroscopies are combined with quantum chemical calculations to elucidate the excited-state dynamics of 2-oxopurine riboside in aqueous solution and to investigate its prospective use as a fluorescent or photosensitizer analog. The Franck-Condon population in the S1 (ππ*) state decays through a combination of solvent and conformational relaxation to its minimum in 1.9 ps. The population trapped in the 1ππ* minimum bifurcates to either fluoresce or intersystem cross to the triplet manifold within ca. 5 ns, while another fraction of the population decays nonradiatively to the ground state. It is demonstrated that 2-oxopurine riboside exhibits both high fluorescent (48%) and significant triplet (between 10% and 52%) yields, leading to a yield of singlet oxygen generation of 10%, making this nucleoside analog a dual fluorescent and photosensitizer analog for DNA and RNA research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique M Arpa
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego J Cárdenas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Martínez-Fernández
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Sourav Kanti Seth
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Mayer D, Picconi D, Robinson MS, Gühr M. Experimental and theoretical gas-phase absorption spectra of thionated uracils. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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29
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Teles-Ferreira DC, Manzoni C, Martínez-Fernández L, Cerullo G, de Paula AM, Borrego-Varillas R. Ultrafast Excited-State Decay Mechanisms of 6-Thioguanine Followed by Sub-20 fs UV Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041200. [PMID: 35208987 PMCID: PMC8878119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the primary steps following UV photoexcitation in sulphur-substituted DNA bases (thiobases) is fundamental for developing new phototherapeutic drugs. However, the investigation of the excited-state dynamics in sub-100 fs time scales has been elusive until now due to technical challenges. Here, we track the ultrafast decay mechanisms that lead to the electron trapping in the triplet manifold for 6-thioguanine in an aqueous solution, using broadband transient absorption spectroscopy with a sub-20 fs temporal resolution. We obtain experimental evidence of the fast internal conversion from the S2(ππ*) to the S1(nπ*) states, which takes place in about 80 fs and demonstrates that the S1(nπ*) state acts as a doorway to the triplet population in 522 fs. Our results are supported by MS-CASPT2 calculations, predicting a planar S2(ππ*) pseudo-minimum in agreement with the stimulated emission signal observed in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristian Manzoni
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (C.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Lara Martínez-Fernández
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IADCHEM), Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (C.M.); (G.C.)
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ana Maria de Paula
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | - Rocío Borrego-Varillas
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (C.M.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
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30
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Following excited-state chemical shifts in molecular ultrafast x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:198. [PMID: 35017539 PMCID: PMC8752854 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of photon energy into other energetic forms in molecules is accompanied by charge moving on ultrafast timescales. We directly observe the charge motion at a specific site in an electronically excited molecule using time-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (TR-XPS). We extend the concept of static chemical shift from conventional XPS by the excited-state chemical shift (ESCS), which is connected to the charge in the framework of a potential model. This allows us to invert TR-XPS spectra to the dynamic charge at a specific atom. We demonstrate the power of TR-XPS by using sulphur 2p-core-electron-emission probing to study the UV-excited dynamics of 2-thiouracil. The method allows us to discover that a major part of the population relaxes to the molecular ground state within 220–250 fs. In addition, a 250-fs oscillation, visible in the kinetic energy of the TR-XPS, reveals a coherent exchange of population among electronic states. Imaging the charge flow in photoexcited molecules would provide key information on photophysical and photochemical processes. Here the authors demonstrate tracking in real time after photoexcitation the change in charge density at a specific site of 2-thiouracil using time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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31
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Teles-Ferreira DC, van Stokkum IH, Conti I, Ganzer L, Manzoni C, Garavelli M, Cerullo G, Nenov A, Borrego Varillas R, de Paula AM. Coherent vibrational modes promote the ultrafast internal conversion and intersystem crossing in thiobases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21750-21758. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02073d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thionated nucleobases are obtained by replacing oxygen with sulphur atoms in the canonical nucleobases. They absorb light efficiently in the near-ultraviolet, populating singlet states which undergo intersystem crossing to the...
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32
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Dong J, Huang C, Guo S, Xia Y, Hou Y, Yang C, Zhang X, Jie J, Zhu BZ, Su H. Free-Radical-Mediated Photoinduced Electron Transfer between 6-Thioguanine and Tryptophan Leading to DNA-Protein-Like Cross-Link. J Phys Chem B 2021; 126:14-22. [PMID: 34951313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nucleobase analog 6-thioguanine (6-TG) has emerged as important immunosuppressant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer drug in the past few decades, but its unique photosensitivity of absorbing strongly ultraviolet UVA light elicits photochemical hazards in many ways. The particularly intriguing yet unresolved question is whether the direct photoreaction of 6-TG can promote DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) formation, which are large DNA adducts blocking DNA replication and physically impede DNA-related processes. Herein, by real-time observation of radical intermediates using time-resolved UV-vis absorption spectroscopy in conjunction with product analysis by HPLC-MS, we discover that UVA excitation of 6-TG triggers direct covalent cross-linking with tryptophan (TrpH) via an exquisite radical mechanism of electron transfer. The photoexcitation prepares the redox-active triplet 36-TG*, which initiates electron transfer with TrpH, creating TrpH•+ and 6-TG•- in the first step. The deprotonated Trp• undergoes radical-recombination with its geminate partner 6-TG•- and eliminates a H2S, leading to the cross-linking product 6-TG-Trp. The photoadduct structures (two chiral isomers and one constitutional isomer) are identified unambiguously, validating further the mechanism. These findings pinpoint the exact amino acid that is vulnerable to photo-cross-linking with 6-TG and establish a mechanistic framework for understanding mutagenic DPCs formation and developing photoprobes based on this new type of photo-cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Dong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Huang
- State Key Lab of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Shaoshi Guo
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ye Xia
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yue Hou
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Chunfan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xianwang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jialong Jie
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Lab of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Su
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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33
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Xie BB, Tang XF, Liu XY, Chang XP, Cui G. Mechanistic photophysics and photochemistry of unnatural bases and sunscreen molecules: insights from electronic structure calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:27124-27149. [PMID: 34849517 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03994f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photophysics and photochemistry are basic subjects in the study of light-matter interactions and are ubiquitous in diverse fields such as biology, energy, materials, and environment. A full understanding of mechanistic photophysics and photochemistry underpins many recent advances and applications. This contribution first provides a short discussion on the theoretical calculation methods we have used in relevant studies, then we introduce our latest progress on the mechanistic photophysics and photochemistry of two classes of molecular systems, namely unnatural bases and sunscreens. For unnatural bases, we disclose the intrinsic driving forces for the ultrafast population to reactive triplet states, impacts of the position and degree of chalcogen substitutions, and the effects of complex environments. For sunscreen molecules, we reveal the photoprotection mechanisms that dissipate excess photon energy to the surroundings by ultrafast internal conversion to the ground state. Finally, relevant theoretical challenges and outlooks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Xie
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Xiu-Fang Tang
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Xue-Ping Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
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34
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Ortiz-Rodríguez LA, Hoehn SJ, Acquah C, Abbass N, Waidmann L, Crespo-Hernández CE. Femtosecond intersystem crossing to the reactive triplet state of the 2,6-dithiopurine skin cancer photosensitizer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25048-25055. [PMID: 34730146 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04415j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Site-selected sulfur-substituted nucleobases are a class of all organic, heavy-atom-free photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy applications that exhibit excellent photophysical properties such as strong absorption in the ultraviolet-A region of the electromagnetic spectrum, near-unity triplet yields, and a high yield of singlet oxygen generation. Recent investigations on doubly thionated nucleobases, 2,4-dithiothymine, 2,4-dithiouracil, and 2,6-dithiopurine, demonstrated that these set of dithionated nucleobases outperform the photodynamic efficacy exhibit by 4-thiothymidine-the most widely studied singly substituted thiobase to date. Out of the three dithionated nucleobases, 2,6-dithiopurine was shown to be the most effective, exhibiting inhibition of cell proliferation of up to 63% when combined with a low UVA dose of 5 J cm-2. In this study, we elucidated the electronic relaxation pathways leading to the population of the reactive triplet state of 2,6-dithiopurine. 2,6-Dithiopurine populates the triplet manifold in less than 150 fs, reaching the nπ* triplet state minimum within a lifetime of 280 ± 50 fs. Subsequently, the population in the nπ* triplet state minimum internally converts to the long-lived ππ* triplet state within a lifetime of 3 ± 1 ps. The relatively slow internal conversion lifetime is associated with major conformational relaxation in going from the nπ* to ππ* triplet state minimum. A unity triplet yield of 1.0 ± 0.1 is measured.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean J Hoehn
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Chris Acquah
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Nadia Abbass
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Lidia Waidmann
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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35
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Core-Level Spectroscopy of 2-Thiouracil at the Sulfur L 1- and L 2,3-Edges Utilizing a SASE Free-Electron Laser. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216469. [PMID: 34770877 PMCID: PMC8586990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report X-ray absorption and core-level electron spectra of the nucleobase derivative 2-thiouracil at the sulfur L1- and L2,3-edges. We used soft X-rays from the free-electron laser FLASH2 for the excitation of isolated molecules and dispersed the outgoing electrons with a magnetic bottle spectrometer. We identified photoelectrons from the 2p core orbital, accompanied by an electron correlation satellite, as well as resonant and non-resonant Coster–Kronig and Auger–Meitner emission at the L1- and L2,3-edges, respectively. We used the electron yield to construct X-ray absorption spectra at the two edges. The experimental data obtained are put in the context of the literature currently available on sulfur core-level and 2-thiouracil spectroscopy.
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36
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Zhu YH, Tang XF, Chang XP, Zhang TS, Xie BB, Cui G. Mechanistic Photophysics of Tellurium-Substituted Uracils: Insights from Multistate Complete-Active-Space Second-Order Perturbation Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8816-8826. [PMID: 34606278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical mechanisms of tellurium-substituted uracils were studied at the multistate complete-active-space second-order perturbation level with a particular focus on how the position and number of tellurium substitutions affect their nonadiabatic relaxation processes. Electronic structure analysis reveals that the lowest several excited states are closely concerned with the n and π orbitals at the Te7-C2 [Te8-C4] moiety of 2-tellurouracil (2TeU) [4TeU and 24TeU]. Both planar and twisted minima were optimized for 2TeU, whereas only planar ones were obtained for 4TeU and 24TeU, except for a twisted T1 minimum of 4TeU. Based on intersection structures and linearly interpolated internal coordinate paths, we proposed several feasible excited-state deactivation paths. It is found that the relaxation channels for 2TeU are more complicated than those of 4TeU and 24TeU. The electronic population transfer to the T1 state for 2TeU is easier than that for 4TeU and 24TeU in consideration of the barrier heights from the S2 Franck-Condon point to the S2/S1 or S2/T2 intersections. In addition, the recovery of the ground state from the T1 state for 2TeU will be more efficient than that for the other two systems as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Fang Tang
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Ping Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Teng-Shuo Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, P R. China
| | - Bin-Bin Xie
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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37
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Ortiz-Rodríguez LA, Ortiz-Zayas G, Pollum M, Hoehn SJ, Jockusch S, Crespo-Hernández CE. Intramolecular Charge Transfer in the Azathioprine Prodrug Quenches Intersystem Crossing to the Reactive Triplet State in 6-Mercaptopurine †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:617-632. [PMID: 34480764 DOI: 10.1111/php.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The thiopurine prodrugs 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine are among the world's essential medications for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, immunosuppression and several autoimmune conditions. Thiopurine prodrugs are efficient UVA absorbers and singlet oxygen generators and the long-term treatment with these prodrugs correlates with a high incidence of sunlight-induced skin cancer in patients. In this contribution, we show that the electronic relaxation mechanisms and photochemical properties of azathioprine are remarkably different from those of 6-mercaptopurine upon absorption of UVA radiation. UVA excitation of 6-mercaptopurine results in nearly 100% triplet yield and up to 30% singlet oxygen generation, whereas excitation of azathioprine with UVA leads to triplet yields of 15-3% depending on pH of the aqueous solution and <1% singlet oxygen generation. While photoexcitation of 6-mercaptopurine and other thiopurine prodrugs can facilitate oxidatively generated cell damage, azathioprine's poor photosensitization ability reveals the use of interchromophoric charge-transfer interactions for the molecular design of photostable prodrugs exhibiting a remarkable reduction in photocytotoxic side effects before drug metabolization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marvin Pollum
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sean J Hoehn
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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38
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Janicki M, Kufner CL, Todd ZR, Kim SC, O’Flaherty DK, Szostak JW, Šponer J, Góra RW, Sasselov DD, Szabla R. Ribose Alters the Photochemical Properties of the Nucleobase in Thionated Nucleosides. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6707-6713. [PMID: 34260253 PMCID: PMC9634911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of exocyclic oxygen with sulfur was shown to substantially influence the properties of RNA/DNA bases, which are crucial for prebiotic chemistry and photodynamic therapies. Upon UV irradiation, thionucleobases were shown to efficiently populate triplet excited states and can be involved in characteristic photochemistry or generation of singlet oxygen. Here, we show that the photochemistry of a thionucleobase can be considerably modified in a nucleoside, that is, by the presence of ribose. Our transient absorption spectroscopy experiments demonstrate that thiocytosine exhibits 5 times longer excited-state lifetime and different excited-state absorption features than thiocytidine. On the basis of accurate quantum chemical simulations, we assign these differences to the dominant population of a shorter-lived triplet nπ* state in the nucleoside and longer-lived triplet ππ* states in the nucleobase. This explains the distinctive photoanomerziation of thiocytidine and indicates that the nucleoside will be a less efficient phototherapeutic agent with regard to singlet oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj
J. Janicki
- Department
of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego
27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Corinna L. Kufner
- Department
of Astronomy, Harvard-Smithsonian Center
for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zoe R. Todd
- Department
of Astronomy, Harvard-Smithsonian Center
for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Seohyun C. Kim
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Center
for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Derek K. O’Flaherty
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Center
for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jack W. Szostak
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Center
for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jiří Šponer
- Institute
of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech
Republic
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology
and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacky
University Olomouc, Slechtitelu
241/27, 783 71 Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic
| | - Robert W. Góra
- Department
of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego
27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dimitar D. Sasselov
- Department
of Astronomy, Harvard-Smithsonian Center
for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Rafał Szabla
- EaStCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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39
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Zhu YH, Zhang TS, Tang XF, Xie BB, Cui G. MS-CASPT2 studies on the mechanistic photophysics of tellurium-substituted guanine and cytosine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12421-12430. [PMID: 34028476 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01142a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-substituted nucleobases are highly promising photosensitizers that are widely used in photodynamic therapy, and there are numerous studies exploring their unique photophysical behaviors. However, relevant photophysical investigations on selenium and tellurium substitutions are still rare. Herein, the high-level multistate complete-active-space second-order perturbation (MS-CASPT2) method was performed for the first time to explore the excited-state relaxation processes of tellurium-substituted guanine (TeG) and cytosine (TeC). Based on the electronic state properties in the Franck-Condon (FC) region, we found that the lowest five (S0, S1, S2, T1, and T2) and six (S0, S1, S2, T1, T2 and T3) states will participate in the nonadiabatic transition processes of TeG and TeC systems, respectively. In these electronic states, two kinds of minimum and intersection structures (i.e., planar and twisted structures) were obtained for both TeG and TeC systems. The linearly interpolated internal coordinate (LIIC) paths and spin-orbit coupling (SOC) constants revealed several possible planar and twisted excited-state decay channels, which could lead the systems to the lowest reactive triplet state of T1. Small energy barriers in the T1 state will trap the TeG and TeC systems for a while before they finally populate to the ground state. Although tellurium substitution would further redshift the absorption wavelength and enhance the intersystem crossing (ISC) rate to the T1 state compared with sulfur and selenium substitutions, the rapid ISC process of T1 → S0 may make it a less effective photosensitizer to sensitize the molecular oxygen. We believe our present work will provide important mechanistic insights into the photophysics of tellurium-substituted nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Teng-Shuo Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Fang Tang
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Bin-Bin Xie
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
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40
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Nguyen VN, Park SJ, Qi S, Ha J, Heo S, Yim Y, Baek G, Lim CS, Lee DJ, Kim HM, Yoon J. Design and synthesis of efficient heavy-atom-free photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 56:11489-11492. [PMID: 32857074 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04644b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel thiocarbonyl derivatives (NIS and CRNS) with excellent ROS generation abilities are synthesized and studied as potential photosensitizers for one- and two-photon excited photodynamic therapy. In particular, NIS-Me and CRNS display outstanding phototoxicity toward HeLa cells under two-photon excitation (800 nm) with negligible dark toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
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41
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Valverde D, Mai S, Sanches de Araújo AV, Canuto S, González L, Borin AC. On the population of triplet states of 2-seleno-thymine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5447-5454. [PMID: 33650609 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The population and depopulation mechanisms leading to the lowest-lying triplet states of 2-Se-Thymine were studied at the MS-CASPT2/cc-pVDZ level of theory. Several critical points on different potential energy hypersurfaces were optimized, including minima, conical intersections, and singlet-triplet crossings. The accessibility of all relevant regions on the potential energy hypersurfaces was investigated by means of minimum energy paths and linear interpolation in internal coordinates techniques. Our analysis indicates that, after the population of the bright S2 state in the Franck-Condon region, the first photochemical event is a barrierless evolution towards one of its two minima. After that, three viable photophysical deactivation paths can take place. In one of them, the population in the S2 state is transferred to the T2 state via intersystem crossing and subsequently to the T1 state by internal conversion. Alternatively, the S1 state could be accessed by internal conversion through two distinct conical intersections with S2 state followed by singlet-triplet crossing with the T2 state. The absence of a second minimum on the T1 state and a small energy barrier on pathway along the potential energy surface towards the ground state from the lowest triplet state are attributed as potential reasons to explain why the lifetime of the triplet state of 2-Se-Thymine might be reduced in comparison with its thio-analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo Valverde
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371. 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Photonics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria and Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Sylvio Canuto
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371. 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Antonio Carlos Borin
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748. 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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42
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Euceda N, Jahnke J, Espinal A, Louis MF, Bashkin E, Roccanova P, Espaillat A, Fuentes GV, Nieto F, Gao R. Thioguanine restoration through type I photosensitization-superoxide oxidation-glutathione reduction cycles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5069-5073. [PMID: 33655288 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UVA-induced deleterious effect of thiopurine prodrugs including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine (6-TG) increases the risk of cancer development due to the incorporation of 6-TG in patients' DNA. The catalytic mechanism by which thiobases act as a sustained oxidant producer has yet to be explored, especially through the Type I electron transfer pathway that produces superoxide radicals (O2˙-). Under Fenton-like conditions O2˙- radicals convert to extremely reactive hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), thus carrying even higher risk of biological damage than that induced by the well-studied type II reaction. By monitoring 6-TG/UVA-induced photochemistry in mass spectra and superoxide radicals (O2˙-) via nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, this work provides two new findings: (1) in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH), the production of O2˙-via the type I reaction is enhanced 10-fold. 6-TG thiyl radicals are identified as the primary intermediate formed in the reaction of 6-TG with O2˙-. The restoration of 6-TG and concurrent generation of O2˙- occur via a 3-step-cycle: 6-TG type I photosensitization, O2˙- oxidation and GSH reduction. (2) In the absence of GSH, 6-TG thiyl radicals undergo oxygen addition and sulfur dioxide removal to form carbon radicals (C6) which further convert to thioether by reacting with 6-TG molecules. These findings help explain not only thiol-regulation in a biological system but chemoprevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Euceda
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Joyce Jahnke
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Aileen Espinal
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Monique F Louis
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Edan Bashkin
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Patricia Roccanova
- Biological Sciences Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Abraham Espaillat
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - German V Fuentes
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Fernando Nieto
- Biological Sciences Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Ruomei Gao
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
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43
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Carter JM, Ang DA, Sim N, Budiman A, Li Y. Approaches to Identify and Characterise the Post-Transcriptional Roles of lncRNAs in Cancer. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:19. [PMID: 33803328 PMCID: PMC8005986 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that the non-coding genome and transcriptome exert great influence over their coding counterparts through complex molecular interactions. Among non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in particular present increased potential to participate in dysregulation of post-transcriptional processes through both RNA and protein interactions. Since such processes can play key roles in contributing to cancer progression, it is desirable to continue expanding the search for lncRNAs impacting cancer through post-transcriptional mechanisms. The sheer diversity of mechanisms requires diverse resources and methods that have been developed and refined over the past decade. We provide an overview of computational resources as well as proven low-to-high throughput techniques to enable identification and characterisation of lncRNAs in their complex interactive contexts. As more cancer research strategies evolve to explore the non-coding genome and transcriptome, we anticipate this will provide a valuable primer and perspective of how these technologies have matured and will continue to evolve to assist researchers in elucidating post-transcriptional roles of lncRNAs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Carter
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (D.A.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Daniel Aron Ang
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (D.A.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Nicholas Sim
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (D.A.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Budiman
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (D.A.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Yinghui Li
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (D.A.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
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44
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Zhang K, Wang F, Jiang Y, Wang X, Pan H, Sun Z, Sun H, Xu J, Chen J. New Insights about the Photostability of DNA/RNA Bases: Triplet nπ* State Leads to Effective Intersystem Crossing in Pyrimidinones. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2042-2049. [PMID: 33600186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The high photostability of DNA/RNA nucleobases is attributed to the effective internal conversions of their bright 1ππ* states to the ground state through conical intersections. Intersystem crossing (ISC) from singlet to triplet excited states is a minor decay pathway in nucleobases and it is observed with ∼1-2% quantum yields (QYs) in pyrimidine bases. Presumably, ISC in pyrimidines takes place from the dark singlet 1nπ* state to the lowest triplet 3ππ* state. However, recent studies showed that ISC from the initial populated bright 1ππ* state to higher energy triplet 3nπ* states indeed occurs in the subpicosecond timescale. Such a mechanism is still poorly understood since direct observation of this pathway is challenging. Herein, excited state dynamics of three pyrimidinones, which share the same skeleton with pyrimidine bases, is investigated in different solvents. Compared to canonical pyrimidine bases, removing the oxygen atom at the C4 position revokes the low-lying dark 1nπ* state in pyrimidinones, resulting in direct ISC from the S1 (1ππ*) state to triplet T3 (3nπ*) state with much higher QYs. Meanwhile, hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl group in pyrimidinones and protic solvents can accelerate vibrational cooling of the hot S1 (1ππ*) state, leading to higher fluorescence QYs and smaller ISC rate constants. These results not only evidence the hypothesis of the direct 1ππ* → 3nπ* ISC mechanism, but also contribute to a better understanding of triplet formation in pyrimidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fufang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanrong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhenrong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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45
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Jena S, Tulsiyan KD, Kar RK, Kisan HK, Biswal HS. Doubling Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Efficiency in Proteins with Extrinsic Thioamide Probes: Implications for Thiomodified Nucleobases. Chemistry 2021; 27:4373-4383. [PMID: 33210381 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Designing a potential protein-ligand pair is pivotal, not only to track the protein structure dynamics, but also to assist in an atomistic understanding of drug delivery. Herein, the potential of a small model thioamide probe being used to study albumin proteins is reported. By monitoring the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) dynamics with the help of fluorescence spectroscopic techniques, a twofold enhancement in the FRET efficiency of 2-thiopyridone (2TPY), relative to that of its amide analogue, is observed. Molecular dynamics simulations depict the relative position of the free energy minimum to be quite stable in the case of 2TPY through noncovalent interactions with sulfur, which help to enhance the FRET efficiency. Finally, its application is shown by pairing thiouracils with protein. It is found that the site-selective sulfur atom substitution approach and noncovalent interactions with sulfur can substantially enhance the FRET efficiency, which could be a potential avenue to explore in the design of FRET probes to study the structure and dynamics of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrakant Jena
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kiran Devi Tulsiyan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Rajiv K Kar
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hemanta K Kisan
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Chemistry, Utkal University, 751004, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Himansu S Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
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46
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Fang YG, Valverde D, Mai S, Canuto S, Borin AC, Cui G, González L. Excited-State Properties and Relaxation Pathways of Selenium-Substituted Guanine Nucleobase in Aqueous Solution and DNA Duplex. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1778-1789. [PMID: 33570942 PMCID: PMC8023715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The excited-state properties and relaxation mechanisms after light irradiation of 6-selenoguanine (6SeG) in water and in DNA have been investigated using a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach with the multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2) method. In both environments, the S1 1(nSeπ5*) and S2 1(πSeπ5*) states are predicted to be the spectroscopically dark and bright states, respectively. Two triplet states, T1 3(πSeπ5*) and T2 3(nSeπ5*), are found energetically below the S2 state. Extending the QM region to include the 6SeG-Cyt base pair slightly stabilizes the S2 state and destabilizes the S1, due to hydrogen-bonding interactions, but it does not affect the order of the states. The optimized minima, conical intersections, and singlet-triplet crossings are very similar in water and in DNA, so that the same general mechanism is found. Additionally, for each excited state geometry optimization in DNA, three kind of structures ("up", "down", and "central") are optimized which differ from each other by the orientation of the C═Se group with respect to the surrounding guanine and thymine nucleobases. After irradiation to the S2 state, 6SeG evolves to the S2 minimum, near to a S2/S1 conical intersection that allows for internal conversion to the S1 state. Linear interpolation in internal coordinates indicate that the "central" orientation is less favorable since extra energy is needed to surmount the high barrier in order to reach the S2/S1 conical intersection. From the S1 state, 6SeG can further decay to the T1 3(πSeπ5*) state via intersystem crossing, where it will be trapped due to the existence of a sizable energy barrier between the T1 minimum and the T1/S0 crossing point. Although this general S2 → T1 mechanism takes place in both media, the presence of DNA induces a steeper S2 potential energy surface, that it is expected to accelerate the S2 → S1 internal conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Guang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Danillo Valverde
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Photonics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, Gußhausstraße 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvio Canuto
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Borin
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000. São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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47
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Ortiz-Rodríguez LA, Hoehn SJ, Loredo A, Wang L, Xiao H, Crespo-Hernández CE. Electronic Relaxation Pathways in Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers Absorbing Near-Infrared Radiation and Exhibiting High Yields of Singlet Oxygen Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2676-2681. [PMID: 33587618 PMCID: PMC7985834 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heavy-atom-free photosensitizers (HAF-PSs) based on thionation of carbonyl groups of readily accessible organic compounds are rapidly emerging as a versatile class of molecules. However, their photochemical properties and electronic relaxation mechanisms are currently unknown. Investigating the excited-state dynamics is essential to understand their benefits and limitations and to develop photosensitizers with improved photochemical properties. Herein, the photochemical and electronic-structure properties of two of the most promising HAF-PSs developed to date are revealed. It is shown that excitation of thio-4-(dimethylamino)naphthalamide and thionated Nile Red with near-infrared radiation leads to the efficient population of the triplet manifold through multiple relaxation pathways in hundreds of femtoseconds. The strong singlet-triplet couplings in this family of photosensitizers should enable a broad range of applications, including in photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis, photovoltaics, organic LEDs, and photon up-conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Ortiz-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sean J. Hoehn
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Axel Loredo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lushun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, and Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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48
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Nonoshita D, Kashihara W, Tanabe K, Isozaki T, Xu YZ, Suzuki T. Excited States of Thio-2'-deoxyuridine Bearing an Extended π-Conjugated System: 3',5'-Di- O-acetyl-5-phenylethynyl-4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:597-606. [PMID: 33307688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new thio-2'-deoxyuridine with an extended π-conjugated group was successfully synthesized: 3',5'-di-O-acetyl-5-phenylethynyl-4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine. The thio-2'-deoxyuridine derivative has a large red-shifted absorption band in the UVA region and also shows fluorescence, a rare photo-property among thionucleobases/thionucleosides. The triplet-triplet absorption spectrum and the rate constants (the intrinsic decay rate constant of the triplet state, the self-quenching rate constant, and the quenching rate constant of the triplet state by an oxygen molecule) of the thio-2'-deoxyuridine were obtained by transient absorption spectroscopy. The quantum yield of intersystem crossing and the quantum yield of singlet molecular oxygen formation (ϕΔ) under an oxygen atmosphere were also determined. The ϕΔ value of the new thio-2'-deoxyuridine was found to be substantially higher than all reported values of other thio-2'-deoxyribonucleosides in low oxygen concentrations similar to cancer cell environments. The fluorescence quantum yield depended on the excitation wavelength, revealing certain photochemical reactions in the higher excited singlet states. However, when excited into the higher excited state with non-resonant two-photon absorption, the ϕΔ of the thio-2'-deoxyuridine derivative was found to remain sufficiently large. These findings should be very useful for the development of thio-2'-deoxyribonucleoside-based pharmaceuticals as DNA-specific photosensitizers for photochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Nonoshita
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Kashihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tasuku Isozaki
- Division of Natural Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, J. F. Oberlin University, Tokiwa-machi, Machida 194-0294, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yao Zhong Xu
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Keynes MK7 6AA, U.K
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Kanagawa, Japan
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49
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Kitamura T, Shiroshita S, Takahashi D, Toshima K. 2-Naphthol Moiety of Neocarzinostatin Chromophore as a Novel Protein-Photodegrading Agent and Its Application as a H 2 O 2 -Activatable Photosensitizer. Chemistry 2020; 26:14351-14358. [PMID: 32533610 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A 2-naphthol derivative 2 corresponding to the aromatic ring moiety of neocarzinostatin chromophore was found to degrade proteins under photo-irradiation with long-wavelength UV light without any additives under neutral conditions. Structure-activity relationship studies of the derivative revealed that methylation of the hydroxyl group at the C2 position of 2 significantly suppressed its photodegradation ability. Furthermore, a purpose-designed synthetic tumor-related biomarker, a H2 O2 -activatable photosensitizer 8 possessing a H2 O2 -responsive arylboronic ester moiety conjugated to the hydroxyl group at the C2 position of 2, showed significantly lower photodegradation ability compared to 2. However, release of the 2 from 8 by reaction with H2 O2 regenerated the photodegradation ability. Compound 8 exhibited selective photo-cytotoxicity against high H2 O2 -expressing cancer cells upon irradiation with long-wavelength UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kitamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Saori Shiroshita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Toshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
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50
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Sun C, Limbach PA, Addepalli B. Characterization of UVA-Induced Alterations to Transfer RNA Sequences. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1527. [PMID: 33171700 PMCID: PMC7695249 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) adversely affects the integrity of DNA, RNA, and their nucleoside modifications. By employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based RNA modification mapping approaches, we identified the transfer RNA (tRNA) regions most vulnerable to photooxidation. Photooxidative damage to the anticodon and variable loop regions was consistently observed in both modified and unmodified sequences of tRNA upon UVA (λ 370 nm) exposure. The extent of oxidative damage measured in terms of oxidized guanosine, however, was higher in unmodified RNA compared to its modified version, suggesting an auxiliary role for nucleoside modifications. The type of oxidation product formed in the anticodon stem-loop region varied with the modification type, status, and whether the tRNA was inside or outside the cell during exposure. Oligonucleotide-based characterization of tRNA following UVA exposure also revealed the presence of novel photoproducts and stable intermediates not observed by nucleoside analysis alone. This approach provides sequence-specific information revealing potential hotspots for UVA-induced damage in tRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Balasubrahmanyam Addepalli
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA; (C.S.); (P.A.L.)
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