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Mitrakas A, Stathopoulou MEK, Mikra C, Konstantinou C, Rizos S, Malichetoudi S, Koumbis AE, Koffa M, Fylaktakidou KC. Synthesis of 2-Amino- N'-aroyl(het)arylhydrazides, DNA Photocleavage, Molecular Docking and Cytotoxicity Studies against Melanoma CarB Cell Lines. Molecules 2024; 29:647. [PMID: 38338390 PMCID: PMC10856246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diacylhydrazine bridged anthranilic acids with aryl and heteroaryl domains have been synthesized as the open flexible scaffold of arylamide quinazolinones in order to investigate flexibility versus rigidity towards DNA photocleavage and sensitivity. Most of the compounds have been synthesized via the in situ formation of their anthraniloyl chloride and subsequent reaction with the desired hydrazide and were obtained as precipitates, in moderate yields. All compounds showed high UV-A light absorption and are eligible for DNA photocleavage studies under this "harmless" irradiation. Despite their reduced UV-B light absorption, a first screening indicated the necessity of a halogen at the p-position in relation to the amine group and the lack of an electron-withdrawing group on the aryl group. These characteristics, in general, remained under UV-A light, rendering these compounds as a novel class of UV-A-triggered DNA photocleavers. The best photocleaver, the compound 9, was active at concentrations as low as 2 μΜ. The 5-Nitro-anthranilic derivatives were inactive, giving the opposite results to their related rigid quinazolinones. Molecular docking studies with DNA showed possible interaction sites, whereas cytotoxicity experiments indicated the iodo derivative 17 as a potent cytotoxic agent and the compound 9 as a slight phototoxic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas Mitrakas
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (A.M.); (S.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Maria-Eleni K. Stathopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic, Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.-E.K.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Chrysoula Mikra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.M.); (A.E.K.)
| | - Chrystalla Konstantinou
- Laboratory of Organic, Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.-E.K.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Stergios Rizos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
| | - Stella Malichetoudi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (A.M.); (S.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Alexandros E. Koumbis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.M.); (A.E.K.)
| | - Maria Koffa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (A.M.); (S.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Konstantina C. Fylaktakidou
- Laboratory of Organic, Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.-E.K.S.); (C.K.)
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.M.); (A.E.K.)
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Mikra C, Mitrakas A, Ghizzani V, Katsani KR, Koffa M, Koukourakis M, Psomas G, Protti S, Fagnoni M, Fylaktakidou KC. Effect of Arylazo Sulfones on DNA: Binding, Cleavage, Photocleavage, Molecular Docking Studies and Interaction with A375 Melanoma and Non-Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031834. [PMID: 36768159 PMCID: PMC9915714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of arylazo sulfones, known to undergo N-S bond cleavage upon light exposure, has been synthesized, and their activity in the dark and upon irradiation towards DNA has been investigated. Their interaction with calf-thymus DNA has been examined, and the significant affinity observed (most probably due to DNA intercalation) was analyzed by means of molecular docking "in silico" calculations that pointed out polar contacts, mainly via the sulfonyl moiety. Incubation with plasmid pBluescript KS II revealed DNA cleavage that has been studied over time and concentration. UV-A irradiation considerably improved DNA damage for most of the compounds, whereas under visible light the effect was slightly lower. Moving to in vitro experiments, irradiation was found to slightly enhance the death of the cells in the majority of the compounds. Naphthylazosulfone 1 showed photo-disruptive effect under UV-A irradiation (IC50 ~13 μΜ) followed by derivatives 14 and 17 (IC50 ~100 μΜ). Those compounds were irradiated in the presence of two non-cancer cell lines and were found equally toxic only upon irradiation and not in the dark. The temporal and spatial control of light, therefore, might provide a chance for these novel scaffolds to be useful for the development of phototoxic pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Mikra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Achilleas Mitrakas
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Cell Cycle, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Virginia Ghizzani
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Katerina R. Katsani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Virology, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Koffa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Cell Cycle, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Michael Koukourakis
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Psomas
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (K.C.F.)
| | - Konstantina C. Fylaktakidou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (K.C.F.)
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Aires-Fernandes M, Botelho Costa R, Rochetti do Amaral S, Mussagy CU, Santos-Ebinuma VC, Primo FL. Development of Biotechnological Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy: Cancer Research and Treatment-From Benchtop to Clinical Practice. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206848. [PMID: 36296441 PMCID: PMC9609562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive therapeutic approach that has been applied in studies for the treatment of various diseases. In this context, PDT has been suggested as a new therapy or adjuvant therapy to traditional cancer therapy. The mode of action of PDT consists of the generation of singlet oxygen (¹O2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the administration of a compound called photosensitizer (PS), a light source, and molecular oxygen (3O2). This combination generates controlled photochemical reactions (photodynamic mechanisms) that produce ROS, such as singlet oxygen (¹O2), which can induce apoptosis and/or cell death induced by necrosis, degeneration of the tumor vasculature, stimulation of the antitumor immune response, and induction of inflammatory reactions in the illuminated region. However, the traditional compounds used in PDT limit its application. In this context, compounds of biotechnological origin with photosensitizing activity in association with nanotechnology are being used in PDT, aiming at its application in several types of cancer but with less toxicity toward neighboring tissues and better absorption of light for more aggressive types of cancer. In this review, we present studies involving innovatively developed PS that aimed to improve the efficiency of PDT in cancer treatment. Specifically, we focused on the clinical translation and application of PS of natural origin on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariza Aires-Fernandes
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramon Botelho Costa
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stéphanie Rochetti do Amaral
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassamo Ussemane Mussagy
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile
| | - Valéria C. Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lucas Primo
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3301-4661
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Green Process for the Synthesis of 3-Amino-2-methyl-quinazolin-4(3H)-one Synthones and Amides Thereof:DNA Photo-Disruptive and Molecular Docking Studies. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven 3-amino-2-methyl-quinazolin-4(3H)-ones have been synthesized, in good to excellent yields, via their corresponding benzoxazinones using an efficient tandem microwave-assisted green process. Representative acetamides have been thermally derived from their functional free 3-amino group, whereas for the synthesis of various arylamides, a novel green microwave-assisted protocol has been developed, which involved the attack of hydrazides on benzoxazinones. Eight out of the eleven 3-amino-2-methyl-quinazolin-4(3H)-ones were found photo-active towards plasmid DNA under UVB, and four under UVA irradiation. Amongst all acetamides, only the 6-nitro derivative retained activity both under UVB and UVA irradiation, whereas the 6-bromo-substituted one was active only under UVB. 3-arylamido-6-bromo derivatives exhibited dramatically decreased photo-activity; however, all 3-arylamido-6-nitro compounds developed extraordinary activity, even at concentrations as low as 1μM, which was enhanced compared to their parent 3-amino-2-methyl-6-nitro-quinazolinone. Molecular docking studies were indicative of satisfactory binding to DNA and correlated to the presented photo-activity. Since quinazolinones are known “privileged” pharmacophores for anticancer and antimicrobial activities, the present study gives information on turning “on” and “off” photosensitization on various derivatives which are often used as synthones for drug development, when chromophores and auxochromes are incorporated or being functionalized. Thus, certain compounds may lead to the development of novel photo-chemo or photodynamic therapeutics.
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