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Alpalhão M, Botequim D, Ferreira J, Santus R, Filipe P. Photosensitization of human skin fibroblasts by vemurafenib promotes pleiotropic effects on membrane-enclosed organelles and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 238:112600. [PMID: 36434899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vemurafenib (VB), a BRAF inhibitor and a first-line treatment for unresectable or metastatic melanoma, is strongly phototoxic towards normal skin cells. Herein, we show that in cultured HS 68 human diploid dermal fibroblasts, low concentrations of VB suffice to promote photosensitization to low doses of UVA (∼ 5 J/cm2), as evidenced by a significant decrease in cell viability. In contrast to data obtained in chemico our results support a role for ROS (reactive oxygen species). Indeed, peroxidation of cellular lipids was observed which could be alleviated by the lipophilic antioxidant BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol). Using in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy and vital fluorescent probes it was shown at the single cell level that the plasma membrane and lipid-rich organelles, namely mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes, as well as actin filaments, were severely damaged by the UVA-induced VB-photosensitization. Finally, we showed that mitochondrial impairment was concurrent with caspase 3/7 activation and cell death by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alpalhão
- Dermatology and Venereology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte EPE, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Botequim
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - René Santus
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Paulo Filipe
- Dermatology and Venereology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte EPE, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
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Claussen CS, Mathes S, Li L, Evers B, Keshmiri M, Biedermann T, Posch C, Eberlein B. Phototesting in a case of encorafenib-related photosensitivity. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:e934-e935. [PMID: 35771082 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C S Claussen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - S Mathes
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | | | - B Evers
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - M Keshmiri
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - T Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - C Posch
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany.,Vienna Health Association Hietzing Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Vienna, Austria.,Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, Faculty of Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Eberlein
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Rolfes KM, Sondermann NC, Vogeley C, Dairou J, Gilardino V, Wirth R, Meller S, Homey B, Krutmann J, Lang D, Nakamura M, Haarmann-Stemmann T. Inhibition of 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole metabolism sensitizes keratinocytes to UVA-induced apoptosis: Implications for vemurafenib-induced phototoxicity. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102110. [PMID: 34418602 PMCID: PMC8379514 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation of keratinocytes results in the formation of the tryptophan photoproduct 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) which is a high-affinity ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The resulting activation of AHR signaling induces the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 which subsequently metabolizes FICZ. Importantly, FICZ is also a nanomolar photosensitizer for UVA radiation. Here, we assess whether a manipulation of the AHR-CYP1A1 axis in human epidermal keratinocytes affects FICZ/UVA-induced phototoxic effects and whether this interaction might be mechanistically relevant for the phototoxicity of the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib. Treatment of keratinocytes with an AHR agonist enhanced the CYP1A1-catalyzed metabolism of FICZ and thus prevented UVA photosensitization, whereas an inhibition of either AHR signaling or CYP1A1 enzyme activity resulted in an accumulation of FICZ and a sensitization to UVA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Exposure of keratinocytes to vemurafenib resulted in the same outcome. Specifically, CYP phenotyping revealed that vemurafenib is primarily metabolized by CYP1A1 and to a lesser degree by CYP2J2 and CYP3A4. Hence, vemurafenib sensitized keratinocytes to UVA-induced apoptosis by interfering with the CYP1A1-mediated oxidative metabolism of FICZ. In contrast to this pro-apoptotic effect, a treatment of UVB-damaged keratinocytes with vemurafenib suppressed apoptosis, a process which might contribute to the skin carcinogenicity of the drug. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for the photosensitizing properties of vemurafenib and deliver novel information about its metabolism which might be relevant regarding potential drug-drug interactions. The data emphasize that the AHR-CYP1A1 axis contributes to the pathogenesis of cutaneous adverse drug reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Rolfes
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Natalie C Sondermann
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Vogeley
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julien Dairou
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS, UMR 8601, Université de Paris, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Viola Gilardino
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ragnhild Wirth
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Meller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Lang
- Bayer AG, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research Center, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Motoki Nakamura
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Environmental and Geriatric Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
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In vitro assessment of the photo(geno)toxicity associated with Lapatinib, a Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:169-178. [PMID: 32815004 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptors EGFR and HER2 are the main targets for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The quinazoline derivative lapatinib (LAP) is used since 2007 as dual TKI in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and currently, it is used as an oral anticancer drug for the treatment of solid tumors such as breast and lung cancer. Although hepatotoxicity is its main side effect, it makes sense to investigate the ability of LAP to induce photosensitivity reactions bearing in mind that BRAF (serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf) inhibitors display a considerable phototoxic potential and that afloqualone, a quinazoline-marketed drug, causes photodermatosis. Metabolic bioactivation of LAP by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 leads to chemically reactive N-dealkylated (N-LAP) and O-dealkylated (O-LAP) derivatives. In this context, the aim of the present work is to explore whether LAP and its N- and O-dealkylated metabolites can induce photosensitivity disorders by evaluating their photo(geno)toxicity through in vitro studies, including cell viability as well as photosensitized protein and DNA damage. As a matter of fact, our work has demonstrated that not only LAP, but also its metabolite N-LAP have a clear photosensitizing potential. They are both phototoxic and photogenotoxic to cells, as revealed by the 3T3 NRU assay and the comet assay, respectively. By contrast, the O-LAP does not display relevant photobiological properties. Remarkably, the parent drug LAP shows the highest activity in membrane phototoxicity and protein oxidation, whereas N-LAP is associated with the highest photogenotoxicity, through oxidation of purine bases, as revealed by detection of 8-Oxo-dG.
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Lembo S, Raimondo A, Conti V, Venturini M. Photosensitivity and cancer immune-targeted therapies. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2020; 36:172-178. [PMID: 31978248 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The novel group of immunological agents used for solid tumors has importantly improved the quality of life and the survival rate of oncologic patients. Compared to conventional chemotherapy agents, they are more effective and less toxic. However, adverse cutaneous effects are commonly observed, and in some cases, they may induce treatment discontinuation, with heavy impact on patient prognosis. Among these, photosensitive reactions, either phototoxic or photoallergic, are increasing. Much remains to be clarified on the understanding of their prevention, diagnosis, and management. We have reviewed the literature about photosensitive reactions occurring during oncologic immunotherapies. Early dermatological diagnosis and adequate management, with oncologist's cooperation, is fundamental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lembo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Annunziata Raimondo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Valeria Conti
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marina Venturini
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Spedali Civili University Hospital, Brescia, Italy
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