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Hui Z, Wang B, Liu Z, Wei J, Gan J, Landstrom M, Mu Y, Zang G. TGFβ-induced EN1 promotes tumor budding of adenoid cystic carcinoma in patient-derived organoid model. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:1814-1827. [PMID: 38282121 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and basal cell adenoma (BCA) share many histological characteristics and often need a differential diagnosis in clinical pathology. Recently, we found homeobox protein engrailed-1 (EN1) was a potential diagnostic marker for ACC in an organoids library of salivary gland tumors (SGTs). Here we aim to confirm EN1 as a differential diagnostic marker for ACC, and further investigate the regulatory mechanism and biological function of EN1 in tumor progression. The transcriptional analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining were performed and revealed that EN1 was specifically and highly expressed in ACC, and accurately differentiated ACC from BCA. Furthermore, TGFβ signaling pathway was found associated with ACC, and the regulation of EN1 through TGFβ was detected in the human ACC cell lines and patient-derived organoids (PDOs). TGFβ-induced EN1 was important in promoting tumor budding in the PDOs model. Interestingly, a high level of EN1 and TGFβ1 in the budding tips was observed in ACC clinical samples, and the expression of EN1 and TGFβ1 in ACC was significantly associated with the clinical stage. In summary, our study verified EN1 is a good diagnostic marker to differentiate ACC from BCA. TGFβ-induced EN1 facilitates the tumor budding of ACC, which might be an important mechanism related to the malignant phenotype of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Hui
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Zhengyan Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Jinhui Wei
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Jiaxing Gan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Marene Landstrom
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Building 6M, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yabing Mu
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Building 6M, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Guangxiang Zang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
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Cui Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Zhu L, Zhou CX. EN1 promotes lung metastasis of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma by regulating the PI3K-AKT pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:51. [PMID: 38291456 PMCID: PMC10829235 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engrailed homeobox 1 (EN1) is a candidate oncogene that is epigenetically modified in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). We investigated the expression of EN1 in SACC tissues and cells, EN1 promoter methylation, and the role of EN1 in tumour progression in SACC. METHODS Thirty-five SACC samples were screened for key transcription factors that affect tumour progression. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to determine the viability, tumorigenicity, and metastatic ability of SACC cells with modulated EN1 expression. Quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed on SACC samples. RESULTS EN1 was identified as a transcription factor that was highly overexpressed in SACC tissues, regardless of clinical stage and histology subtype, and its level of expression correlated with distant metastasis. EN1 promoted cell invasion and migration through epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro and enhanced SACC metastasis to the lung in vivo. RNA-seq combined with in vitro assays indicated that EN1 might play an oncogenic role in SACC through the PI3K-AKT pathway. EN1 mRNA levels were negatively correlated with promoter hypermethylation, and inhibition of DNA methylation by 5-aza-dC increased EN1 expression. CONCLUSIONS The transcription factor EN1 is overexpressed in SACC under methylation regulation and plays a pivotal role in SACC progression through the PI3K-AKT pathway. These results suggest that EN1 may be a diagnostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for SACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Cui
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medicine Devices, 22 South Avenue Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medicine Devices, 22 South Avenue Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yuping Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medicine Devices, 22 South Avenue Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medicine Devices, 22 South Avenue Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Lijing Zhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medicine Devices, 22 South Avenue Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Chuan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medicine Devices, 22 South Avenue Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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Manou M, Kanakoglou DS, Loupis T, Vrachnos DM, Theocharis S, Papavassiliou AG, Piperi C. Role of Histone Deacetylases in the Pathogenesis of Salivary Gland Tumors and Therapeutic Targeting Options. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10038. [PMID: 37373187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) comprise a rare and heterogenous category of benign/malignant neoplasms with progressively increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underpinning their pathogenesis, poor prognosis, and therapeutic treatment efficacy. Emerging data are pointing toward an interplay of genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to their heterogeneity and diverse clinical phenotypes. Post-translational histone modifications such as histone acetylation/deacetylation have been shown to actively participate in the pathobiology of SGTs, further suggesting that histone deacetylating factors (HDACs), selective or pan-HDAC inhibitors (HDACis), might present effective treatment options for these neoplasms. Herein, we describe the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the pathology of the different types of SGTs, focusing on histone acetylation/deacetylation effects on gene expression as well as the progress of HDACis in SGT therapy and the current status of relevant clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios S Kanakoglou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Loupis
- Haematology Research Laboratory, Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios M Vrachnos
- Haematology Research Laboratory, Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Wang B, Gan J, Liu Z, Hui Z, Wei J, Gu X, Mu Y, Zang G. An organoid library of salivary gland tumors reveals subtype-specific characteristics and biomarkers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:350. [PMID: 36527158 PMCID: PMC9758872 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) include a large group of rare neoplasms in the head and neck region, and the heterogeneous and overlapping features among the subtypes frequently make diagnostic difficulties. There is an urgent need to understand the cellular mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity and overlap among the subtypes, and explore the subtype-specific diagnostic biomarkers. METHODS The tumor tissue and the adjacent normal tissue from the 6 most common types of SGTs were processed for organoid culture which only maintained tumor epithelial cells. Organoids were histologically evaluated based on phenotype markers, followed by transcriptional profiling using RNA-sequencing. The transcriptomic similarities and differences among the subtypes were analyzed by subtype consensus clustering and hierarchical clustering. Furthermore, by comparative transcriptional analysis for these 6 types of SGTs and the matched organoids, the potential diagnostic biomarkers from tumor epithelium were identified, in which two selected biomarkers were evaluated by qPCR and confirmed by immunohistochemistry staining using a tissue microarray. RESULTS We generated a biobank of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) with 6 subtypes of SGTs, including 21 benign and 24 malignant SGTs. The PDOs recapitulated the morphological and transcriptional characteristics of the parental tumors. The overlap in the cell types and the heterogenous growth patterns were observed in the different subtypes of organoids. Comparing the bulk tissues, the cluster analysis of the PDOs remarkably revealed the epithelial characteristics, and visualized the intrinsic relationship among these subtypes. Finally, the exclusive biomarkers for the 6 most common types of SGTs were uncovered by comparative analysis, and PTP4A1 was demonstrated as a useful diagnostic biomarker for mucoepidermoid carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS We established the first organoid biobank with multiple subtypes of SGTs. PDOs of SGTs recapitulate the morphological and transcriptional characteristics of the original tumors, which uncovers subtype-specific biomarkers and reveals the molecular distance among the subtype of SGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjingbeijie 117, Shenyang City, 110051 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing Gan
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjingbeijie 117, Shenyang City, 110051 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengyan Liu
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjingbeijie 117, Shenyang City, 110051 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixuan Hui
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjingbeijie 117, Shenyang City, 110051 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Wei
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjingbeijie 117, Shenyang City, 110051 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolian Gu
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Medical Bioscience, Building 6M, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, SE Sweden
| | - Yabing Mu
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjingbeijie 117, Shenyang City, 110051 People’s Republic of China ,grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Medical Bioscience, Building 6M, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, SE Sweden
| | - Guangxiang Zang
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjingbeijie 117, Shenyang City, 110051 People’s Republic of China
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Huang ML, Luo WL. Engrailed homeobox 1 transcriptional regulation of COL22A1 inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell senescence through the G1/S phase arrest. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5473-5485. [PMID: 36196630 PMCID: PMC9639036 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
EN1 is well known as a transcription factor in other tumours, but its role in NPC is unclear. In this study, we first used bioinformatics to analyse GEO data to obtain the differentially expressed gene EN1, and subsequently verified that EN1 was highly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by tissue microarrays as well as cell lines. Further, we down‐regulated the expression of EN1 in cells for RNA sequencing. The analysis of sequencing results using KEGG and GO revealed significant changes in cell proliferation and cycle function after downregulation of EN1. Meanwhile, we found that cells underwent senescence after inhibition of EN1 under electron microscopy and the SA‐β‐gal assays. Based on the sequencing results, we verified that EN1 can promote the proliferation and cycle of NPC cells in cell function experiments and animal experiments. To investigate how EN1 affects cell senescence, we found that EN1 transcriptional regulation of COL22A1 regulated cell proliferation and cycle via CDK4/6‐cyclin D1‐Rb signalling pathway by dual luciferase reporter, Immunoblotting and rescue experiment. Accordingly, we uncovered that EN1 could serve as a target for the regulation of senescence in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Ling Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Long Luo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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