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Llop A, Labella JI, Borisova M, Forchhammer K, Selim KA, Contreras A. Pleiotropic effects of PipX, PipY, or RelQ overexpression on growth, cell size, photosynthesis, and polyphosphate accumulation in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1141775. [PMID: 37007489 PMCID: PMC10060972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1141775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterial protein PipY belongs to the Pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP)-binding proteins (PLPBP/COG0325) family of pyridoxal-phosphate-binding proteins, which are represented in all three domains of life. These proteins share a high degree of sequence conservation, appear to have purely regulatory functions, and are involved in the homeostasis of vitamin B6 vitamers and amino/keto acids. Intriguingly, the genomic context of the pipY gene in cyanobacteria connects PipY with PipX, a protein involved in signaling the intracellular energy status and carbon-to-nitrogen balance. PipX regulates its cellular targets via protein–protein interactions. These targets include the PII signaling protein, the ribosome assembly GTPase EngA, and the transcriptional regulators NtcA and PlmA. PipX is thus involved in the transmission of multiple signals that are relevant for metabolic homeostasis and stress responses in cyanobacteria, but the exact function of PipY is still elusive. Preliminary data indicated that PipY might also be involved in signaling pathways related to the stringent stress response, a pathway that can be induced in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 by overexpression of the (p)ppGpp synthase, RelQ. To get insights into the cellular functions of PipY, we performed a comparative study of PipX, PipY, or RelQ overexpression in S. elongatus PCC7942. Overexpression of PipY or RelQ caused similar phenotypic responses, such as growth arrest, loss of photosynthetic activity and viability, increased cell size, and accumulation of large polyphosphate granules. In contrast, PipX overexpression decreased cell length, indicating that PipX and PipY play antagonistic roles on cell elongation or cell division. Since ppGpp levels were not induced by overexpression of PipY or PipX, it is apparent that the production of polyphosphate in cyanobacteria does not require induction of the stringent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Llop
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Organismic Interactions Department, Cluster of Excellence 'Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jose I. Labella
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Marina Borisova
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Organismic Interactions Department, Cluster of Excellence 'Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl Forchhammer
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Organismic Interactions Department, Cluster of Excellence 'Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Khaled A. Selim
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Organismic Interactions Department, Cluster of Excellence 'Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Asunción Contreras
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- *Correspondence: Asunción Contreras,
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Xiao J, Chen Y, Xue M, Ding R, Kang Y, Tremblay PL, Zhang T. Fast-growing cyanobacteria bio-embedded into bacterial cellulose for toxic metal bioremediation. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Morales-de la Cruz X, Mandujano-Chávez A, Browne DR, Devarenne TP, Sánchez-Segura L, López MG, Lozoya-Gloria E. In Silico and Cellular Differences Related to the Cell Division Process between the A and B Races of the Colonial Microalga Botryococcus braunii. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101463. [PMID: 34680096 PMCID: PMC8533097 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii produce liquid hydrocarbons able to be processed into combustion engine fuels. Depending on the growing conditions, the cell doubling time can be up to 6 days or more, which is a slow growth rate in comparison with other microalgae. Few studies have analyzed the cell cycle of B. braunii. We did a bioinformatic comparison between the protein sequences for retinoblastoma and cyclin-dependent kinases from the A (Yamanaka) and B (Showa) races, with those sequences from other algae and Arabidopsis thaliana. Differences in the number of cyclin-dependent kinases and potential retinoblastoma phosphorylation sites between the A and B races were found. Some cyclin-dependent kinases from both races seemed to be phylogenetically more similar to A. thaliana than to other microalgae. Microscopic observations were done using several staining procedures. Race A colonies, but not race B, showed some multinucleated cells without chlorophyll. An active mitochondrial net was detected in those multinucleated cells, as well as being defined in polyphosphate bodies. These observations suggest differences in the cell division processes between the A and B races of B. braunii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xochitl Morales-de la Cruz
- Genetic Engineering Department, CINVESTAV-IPN Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (X.M.-d.l.C.); (L.S.-S.)
| | | | - Daniel R. Browne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.R.B.); (T.P.D.)
- Pacific Biosciences, Chicago, IL 60606, USA
| | - Timothy P. Devarenne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.R.B.); (T.P.D.)
| | - Lino Sánchez-Segura
- Genetic Engineering Department, CINVESTAV-IPN Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (X.M.-d.l.C.); (L.S.-S.)
| | - Mercedes G. López
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, CINVESTAV-IPN Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36824, Mexico;
| | - Edmundo Lozoya-Gloria
- Genetic Engineering Department, CINVESTAV-IPN Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (X.M.-d.l.C.); (L.S.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-462-6239659
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Sun Y, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhang W, Xu Z, Dai M, Zhao G. Combination of the endophytic manganese-oxidizing bacterium Pantoea eucrina SS01 and biogenic Mn oxides: An efficient and sustainable complex in degradation and detoxification of malachite green. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130785. [PMID: 33971420 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Mn oxides (MnOxs) have been attracting considerable interest in the oxidation of organic pollutants. However, the reduction of MnOx in these reactions leads to the deactivation of the catalyst, which must be frequently regenerated. We evaluated the application of a manganese-oxidizing bacterium (MOB) and MnOx in removing toxic dyes. We studied the co-function of a plant-endophytic MOB, Pantoea eucrina SS01, with its bio-generated MnOx and evaluated the detoxification activity and chemical transformation mechanisms of the complex in malachite green (MG) degradation. We found a synergistic effect between MnOx and the strain. Particularly, strain SS01 could adsorb MG but could not degrade it, whereas the addition of Mn(II) promoted MG degradation by the formation of a complex containing the bacterium and MnOx aggregates (SS01-bio-MnOx), with distinct morphology characteristics. The complex showed a marked sustainability in the degradation of MG into less toxic or non-toxic metabolites. In this process, strain SS01 might have enhanced the regeneration of MnOx, accelerating MG degradation. Our data not only contribute to understanding the mechanism of MG removal by the SS01-bio-MnOx complex, but also provide a scientific basis for the future application of MOB and MnOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankai Sun
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Wenchang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Zhenlu Xu
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Meixue Dai
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China.
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Ghosh I, Atsuzawa K, Arai A, Ohmukai R, Kaneko Y. TEM observation of compacted DNA of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 using DRAQ5 labeling with DAB photooxidation and osmium black. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 70:316-320. [PMID: 32986072 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To visualize the fine structure of compacted DNA of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, which appears at a specific time in the regular light/dark cycle prior to cell division, ChromEM with some modifications was applied. After staining DNA with DRAQ5, the cells were fixed and irradiated by red laser in the presence of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and subsequently fixed with OsO4. A system with He-Ne laser (633 nm) was set up for efficient irradiation of the bacterial cells in aqueous solution. The compacted DNA was visualized by transmission electron microscopy, in ultrathin sections as electron dense staining by osmium black.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilika Ghosh
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kimie Atsuzawa
- Comprehensive Analysis Center for Science, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Aoi Arai
- Department of Natural Science, Graduate School of Education, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Ohmukai
- Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Education, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kaneko
- Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Education; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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Dynamic Polyphosphate Metabolism Coordinating with Manganese Ions Defends against Oxidative Stress in the Extreme Bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02785-20. [PMID: 33452031 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02785-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deinococcus radiodurans is an extreme bacterium with unparalleled resistance to oxidative stresses. Accumulation of intracellular Mn2+ complexing with small metabolites is the key contributor to the tolerance of D. radiodurans against oxidative stress. However, the intracellular reservoir of Mn ions and homeostatic regulation of the Mn complex in D. radiodurans remain unclear. We identified an evolutionarily ancient and negatively charged phosphate polymer (polyphosphate [PolyP]) in D. radiodurans We investigated PolyP metabolism in the response of D. radiodurans to oxidative stress. The genes dr1939, encoding polyphosphatase kinase (PPKDr; the subscript "Dr" refers to D. radiodurans), and dra0185, encoding exopolyphosphatase (PPXDr), were identified. PPXDr is a novel exopolyphosphatase with a cofactor preference to Mn2+, which enhances the dimerization and activity of PPXDr to allow the effective cleavage of PolyP-Mn. PPKDr and PPXDr exhibited different dynamic expression profiles under oxidative stress. First, ppkDr was upregulated leading to the accumulation of PolyP, which chelated large amounts of intracellular Mn ions. Subsequently, the expression level of ppkDr decreased while ppxDr was substantially upregulated and effectively hydrolyzed inactive PolyP-Mn to release phosphate (Pi) and Mn2+, which could form into Mn-Pi complexes to scavenge O2 - and protect proteins from oxidative damage. Hence, dynamic cellular PolyP metabolites complexed with free Mn ions highlight a defense strategy of D. radiodurans in response to oxidative stress.IMPORTANCE The Mn-phosphate complex (Mn-Pi) plays a key role in the cellular resistance of radioresistant bacteria. The evolutionarily ancient polyphosphate polymers (polyphosphate [PolyP]) could effectively chelate Mn2+ and donate phosphates. However, the intracellular reservoir of Mn ions and homeostatic regulation of the Mn-Pi complex remain unclear. Here, we investigated the relationship of PolyP metabolites and Mn2+ homeostasis and how they function to defend against oxidative stress in the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans We found that PPXDr (the subscript "Dr" refers to D. radiodurans) is a novel exopolyphosphatase with a cofactor preference for Mn2+, mediating PolyP-Mn degradation into Pi and Mn ions. The formed Mn-Pi complexes effectively protect proteins. The dynamic PolyP metabolism coordinating with Mn ions is a defense strategy of D. radiodurans in response to oxidative stress. The findings not only provide new insights into the resistance mechanism of the extreme bacterium D. radiodurans but also broaden our understanding of the functions of PolyP metabolism in organisms.
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Rangaswamy C, Englert H, Deppermann C, Renné T. Polyanions in Coagulation and Thrombosis: Focus on Polyphosphate and Neutrophils Extracellular Traps. Thromb Haemost 2020; 121:1021-1030. [PMID: 33307564 DOI: 10.1055/a-1336-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and polyphosphates (polyP) have been recognized as procoagulant polyanions. This review summarizes the activities and regulation of the two procoagulant mediators and compares their functions. NETs are composed of DNA which like polyP is built of phosphate units linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. Both NETs and polyP form insoluble particulate surfaces composed of a DNA/histone meshwork or Ca2+-rich nanoparticles, respectively. These polyanionic molecules modulate coagulation involving an array of mechanisms and trigger thrombosis via activation of the factor XII-driven procoagulant and proinflammatory contact pathway. Here, we outline the current knowledge on NETs and polyP with respect to their procoagulant and prothrombotic nature, strategies for interference of their activities in circulation, as well as the crosstalk between these two molecules. A better understanding of the underlying, cellular mechanisms will shed light on the therapeutic potential of targeting NETs and polyP in coagulation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandini Rangaswamy
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Englert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Deppermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Sanz-Luque E, Bhaya D, Grossman AR. Polyphosphate: A Multifunctional Metabolite in Cyanobacteria and Algae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:938. [PMID: 32670331 PMCID: PMC7332688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP), a polymer of orthophosphate (PO4 3-) of varying lengths, has been identified in all kingdoms of life. It can serve as a source of chemical bond energy (phosphoanhydride bond) that may have been used by biological systems prior to the evolution of ATP. Intracellular polyP is mainly stored as granules in specific vacuoles called acidocalcisomes, and its synthesis and accumulation appear to impact a myriad of cellular functions. It serves as a reservoir for inorganic PO4 3- and an energy source for fueling cellular metabolism, participates in maintaining adenylate and metal cation homeostasis, functions as a scaffold for sequestering cations, exhibits chaperone function, covalently binds to proteins to modify their activity, and enables normal acclimation of cells to stress conditions. PolyP also appears to have a role in symbiotic and parasitic associations, and in higher eukaryotes, low polyP levels seem to impact cancerous proliferation, apoptosis, procoagulant and proinflammatory responses and cause defects in TOR signaling. In this review, we discuss the metabolism, storage, and function of polyP in photosynthetic microbes, which mostly includes research on green algae and cyanobacteria. We focus on factors that impact polyP synthesis, specific enzymes required for its synthesis and degradation, sequestration of polyP in acidocalcisomes, its role in cellular energetics, acclimation processes, and metal homeostasis, and then transition to its potential applications for bioremediation and medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Devaki Bhaya
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
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Ou H, Li M, Wu S, Jia L, Hill RT, Zhao J. Characteristic Microbiomes Correlate with Polyphosphate Accumulation of Marine Sponges in South China Sea Areas. Microorganisms 2019; 8:microorganisms8010063. [PMID: 31905988 PMCID: PMC7022310 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Some sponges have been shown to accumulate abundant phosphorus in the form of polyphosphate (polyP) granules even in waters where phosphorus is present at low concentrations. But the polyP accumulation occurring in sponges and their symbiotic bacteria have been little studied. The amounts of polyP exhibited significant differences in twelve sponges from marine environments with high or low dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations which were quantified by spectral analysis, even though in the same sponge genus, e.g., Mycale sp. or Callyspongia sp. PolyP enrichment rates of sponges in oligotrophic environments were far higher than those in eutrophic environments. Massive polyP granules were observed under confocal microscopy in samples from very low DIP environments. The composition of sponge symbiotic microbes was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing and the corresponding polyphosphate kinase (ppk) genes were detected. Sequence analysis revealed that in the low DIP environment, those sponges with higher polyP content and enrichment rates had relatively higher abundances of cyanobacteria. Mantel tests and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) examined that the polyP enrichment rate was most strongly correlated with the structure of microbial communities, including genera Synechococcus, Rhodopirellula, Blastopirellula, and Rubripirellula. About 50% of ppk genes obtained from the total DNA of sponge holobionts, had above 80% amino acid sequence similarities to those sequences from Synechococcus. In general, it suggested that sponges employed differentiated strategies towards the use of phosphorus in different nutrient environments and the symbiotic Synechococcus could play a key role in accumulating polyP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Ou
- College of Ocean and Earth Science of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (H.O.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (L.J.)
| | - Mingyu Li
- College of Ocean and Earth Science of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (H.O.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (L.J.)
| | - Shufei Wu
- College of Ocean and Earth Science of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (H.O.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (L.J.)
| | - Linli Jia
- College of Ocean and Earth Science of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (H.O.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (L.J.)
| | - Russell T. Hill
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (R.T.H.); Tel.: +86-592-288-0811 (J.Z.); Tel.: +(410)-234-8802 (R.T.H.)
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Ocean and Earth Science of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (H.O.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (L.J.)
- Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration (USER), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (R.T.H.); Tel.: +86-592-288-0811 (J.Z.); Tel.: +(410)-234-8802 (R.T.H.)
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Peng Z, Feng L, Wang X, Miao X. Adaptation of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 to phosphate starvation by glycolipid accumulation and membrane lipid remodeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:158522. [PMID: 31487556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Organisms use various adaptive strategies against phosphate stress, including lipid remodeling. Here, the response of major membrane lipids to phosphate stress was analyzed in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Unlike plants and eukaryotic microalgae, no significant increases in neutral lipids were found, whereas glycolipids content increased to as high as 6.13% (of dry cell weight, DCW) and phospholipids decreased to 0.34% (of DCW) after 16 days of cultivation without phosphate. Glycolipids accumulation were mainly attributed to the significant increase of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) by 50% and sulfoquinovosyldiaclglycerol (SQDG) by 90%, both of which acted as complementary lipids for phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in the cyanobacterial membrane. Also, a notable increase in content (by 48%) of C18 fatty acids (especially C18:1) was observed in all glycolipids at the expense of C12 and C14 (72%). These changes may contribute to membrane fluidity and photosynthetic activity for basic cell metabolism and phosphate stress adaptation. Lipidomic analyses showed the reduction of PG 18:1/16: 0 (by 52%) with the increase of DGDG 18:1/16:0 (133%) and SQDG 18:1/16:0 (245%), strongly suggesting a direct conversion of PG to DGDG and SQDG. Moreover, the decreasing amount of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) 16:1/16:0 (22%) was consistent with the increase of free fatty acids (125%) on day 2 of phosphate absence, which suggested that MGDG is more likely to provide a pool of fatty acids for de novo synthesis of glycolipids. This study provides valuable insight into cyanobacteria adaptation strategies to phosphate stress by membrane lipid remodeling and unveils the underlying acyl chain fluxes into glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lei Feng
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaoling Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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11
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Li J, Dittrich M. Dynamic polyphosphate metabolism in cyanobacteria responding to phosphorus availability. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:572-583. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Maria Dittrich
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
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12
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Biogenic Polyphosphate Nanoparticles from a Marine Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002: Production, Characterization, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties In Vitro. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16090322. [PMID: 30201855 PMCID: PMC6163655 DOI: 10.3390/md16090322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic-derived polyphosphates have attracted interest as potential therapeutic agents to improve intestinal health. The current study discovered the intracellular accumulation of polyphosphates in a marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 as nano-sized granules. The maximum accumulation of polyphosphates in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was found at the late logarithmic growth phase when the medium contained 0.74 mM of KH2PO4, 11.76 mM of NaNO3, and 30.42 mM of Na2SO4. Biogenic polyphosphate nanoparticles (BPNPs) were obtained intact from the algae cells by hot water extraction, and were purified to remove the organic impurities by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. By using 100 kDa ultrafiltration, BPNPs were fractionated into the larger and smaller populations with diameters ranging between 30–70 nm and 10–30 nm, respectively. 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole fluorescence and orthophosphate production revealed that a minor portion of BPNPs (about 14–18%) were degraded during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. In vitro studies using lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells showed that BPNPs inhibited cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase expression, and the production of proinflammatory mediators, including NO, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β through suppressing the Toll-like receptor 4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Overall, there is promise in the use of the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 to produce BPNPs, an anti-inflammatory postbiotic.
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Murata K, Kaneko Y. Visualization of DNA Compaction in Cyanobacteria by High-voltage Cryo-electron Tomography. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30080205 PMCID: PMC6126509 DOI: 10.3791/57197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes how to visualize the transient DNA compaction in cyanobacteria. DNA compaction is a dramatic cytoplasmic event recently found to occur in some cyanobacteria before cell division. However, due to the large cell size and the transient character, it is difficult to investigate the structure in detail. To overcome the difficulties, first, DNA compaction is reproducibly produced in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 by synchronous culture using 12 h each light/dark cycle. Second, DNA compaction is monitored by fluorescence microscopy and captured by rapid freezing. Third, the detailed structure of DNA compacted cells is visualized in three dimensions (3D) by high voltage cryo-electron tomography. This set of methods is widely applicable to investigate transient structures in bacteria, e.g. cell division, chromosome segregation, phage infection etc., which are monitored by fluorescence microscopy and directly visualized by cryo-electron tomography at appropriate time points.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuko Kaneko
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
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14
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Dow A, Prisic S. Alternative ribosomal proteins are required for growth and morphogenesis of Mycobacterium smegmatis under zinc limiting conditions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196300. [PMID: 29684089 PMCID: PMC5912738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient required for proper structure and function of many proteins. Bacteria regularly encounter zinc depletion and have evolved diverse mechanisms to continue growth when zinc is limited, including the expression of zinc-independent paralogs of zinc-binding proteins. Mycobacteria have a conserved operon encoding four zinc-independent alternative ribosomal proteins (AltRPs) that are expressed when zinc is depleted. It is unknown if mycobacterial AltRPs replace their primary paralogs in the ribosome and maintain protein synthesis under zinc-limited conditions, and if such replacements contribute to their physiology. This study shows that AltRPs from Mycobacterium smegmatis are essential for growth when zinc ion is scarce. Specifically, the deletion mutant of this operon (ΔaltRP) is unable to grow in media containing a high-affinity zinc chelator, while growth of the wild type strain is unaffected under the same conditions. However, when zinc is gradually depleted during growth in zinc-limited medium, the ΔaltRP mutant maintains the same growth rate as seen for the wild type strain. In contrast to M. smegmatis grown with sufficient zinc supplementation that forms shorter cells when transitioning from logarithmic to stationary phase, M. smegmatis deficient for zinc elongates after the expression of AltRPs in late logarithmic phase. These zinc-depleted bacteria also exhibit a remarkable morphology characterized by a condensed chromosome, increased number of polyphosphate granules, and distinct appearance of lipid bodies and the cell wall compared to the zinc-replete cells. However, the ΔaltRP cells fail to elongate and transition into the zinc-limited morphotype, resembling the wild type zinc-replete bacteria instead. Therefore, the altRP operon in M. smegmatis has a vital role in continuation of growth when zinc is scarce and in triggering specific morphogenesis during the adaptation to zinc limitation, suggesting that AltRPs can functionally replace their zinc-dependent paralogs, but also contribute to mycobacterial physiology in a unique way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allexa Dow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawai‛i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‛i, United States of America
| | - Sladjana Prisic
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawai‛i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‛i, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Gao F, Wu H, Zeng M, Huang M, Feng G. Overproduction, purification, and characterization of nanosized polyphosphate bodies from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:27. [PMID: 29463242 PMCID: PMC5819187 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inorganic polyphosphate bodies (PPB) have recently been linked to a variety of functions in mammalian cells. To improve the yield of PPB from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and characterize its form, in this study, a recombinant plasmid containing a polyphosphate kinase (ppk) gene was generated and transformed into Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Results PPB separated by Sephadex G-100 was characterized and added to polarized human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells, and the absorption effect was assessed. The ppk gene was stably expressed by induction with 1 μM nickel, and the resulting PPB yield from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 cells increased by 89.66%. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analyses showed that PPB from these cells were nanosized, ranging from a few to approximately 100 nanometres in diameter. PPB can be taken up by Caco-2 cells and are mainly distributed around lipid droplets. Conclusions We determined that PPB can be overproduced in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and that the resulting PPB were well absorbed by Caco-2 cells. Microalgae provide a promising “cell factory” for PPB production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzheng Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Haohao Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Min Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Guangxin Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
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16
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Rohnke BA, Singh SP, Pattanaik B, Montgomery BL. RcaE-Dependent Regulation of Carboxysome Structural Proteins Has a Central Role in Environmental Determination of Carboxysome Morphology and Abundance in Fremyella diplosiphon. mSphere 2018; 3:e00617-17. [PMID: 29404416 PMCID: PMC5784247 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00617-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxysomes are central to the carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanism (CCM) and carbon fixation in cyanobacteria. Although the structure is well understood, roles of environmental cues in the synthesis, positioning, and functional tuning of carboxysomes have not been systematically studied. Fremyella diplosiphon is a model cyanobacterium for assessing impacts of environmental light cues on photosynthetic pigmentation and tuning of photosynthetic efficiency during complementary chromatic acclimation (CCA), which is controlled by the photoreceptor RcaE. Given the central role of carboxysomes in photosynthesis, we investigated roles of light-dependent RcaE signaling in carboxysome structure and function. A ΔrcaE mutant exhibits altered carboxysome size and number, ccm gene expression, and carboxysome protein accumulation relative to the wild-type (WT) strain. Several Ccm proteins, including carboxysome shell proteins and core-nucleating factors, overaccumulate in ΔrcaE cells relative to WT cells. Additionally, levels of carboxysome cargo RuBisCO in the ΔrcaE mutant are lower than or unchanged from those in the WT strain. This shift in the ratios of carboxysome shell and nucleating components to the carboxysome cargo appears to drive carboxysome morphology and abundance dynamics. Carboxysomes are also occasionally mislocalized spatially to the periphery of spherical mutants within thylakoid membranes, suggesting that carboxysome positioning is impacted by cell shape. The RcaE photoreceptor links perception of external light cues to regulating carboxysome structure and function and, thus, to the cellular capacity for carbon fixation. IMPORTANCE Carboxysomes are proteinaceous subcellular compartments, or bacterial organelles, found in cyanobacteria that consist of a protein shell surrounding a core primarily composed of the enzyme ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) that is central to the carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanism (CCM) and carbon fixation. Whereas significant insights have been gained regarding the structure and synthesis of carboxysomes, limited attention has been given to how their size, abundance, and protein composition are regulated to ensure optimal carbon fixation in dynamic environments. Given the centrality of carboxysomes in photosynthesis, we provide an analysis of the role of a photoreceptor, RcaE, which functions in matching photosynthetic pigmentation to the external environment during complementary chromatic acclimation and thereby optimizing photosynthetic efficiency, in regulating carboxysome dynamics. Our data highlight a role for RcaE in perceiving external light cues and regulating carboxysome structure and function and, thus, in the cellular capacity for carbon fixation and organismal fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A. Rohnke
- Department of Energy—Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, Plant Biology Laboratories, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Shailendra P. Singh
- Department of Energy—Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, Plant Biology Laboratories, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Bagmi Pattanaik
- Department of Energy—Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, Plant Biology Laboratories, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Beronda L. Montgomery
- Department of Energy—Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, Plant Biology Laboratories, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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17
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Bru S, Samper-Martín B, Quandt E, Hernández-Ortega S, Martínez-Laínez JM, Garí E, Rafel M, Torres-Torronteras J, Martí R, Ribeiro MPC, Jiménez J, Clotet J. Polyphosphate is a key factor for cell survival after DNA damage in eukaryotic cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 57:171-178. [PMID: 28822913 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells require extra amounts of dNTPs to repair DNA after damage. Polyphosphate (polyP) is an evolutionary conserved linear polymer of up to several hundred inorganic phosphate (Pi) residues that is involved in many functions, including Pi storage. In the present article, we report on findings demonstrating that polyP functions as a source of Pi when required to sustain the dNTP increment essential for DNA repair after damage. We show that mutant yeast cells without polyP produce less dNTPs upon DNA damage and that their survival is compromised. In contrast, when polyP levels are ectopically increased, yeast cells become more resistant to DNA damage. More importantly, we show that when polyP is reduced in HEK293 mammalian cell line cells and in human dermal primary fibroblasts (HDFa), these cells become more sensitive to DNA damage, suggesting that the protective role of polyP against DNA damage is evolutionary conserved. In conclusion, we present polyP as a molecule involved in resistance to DNA damage and suggest that polyP may be a putative target for new approaches in cancer treatment or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bru
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bàrbara Samper-Martín
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Quandt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Hernández-Ortega
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan M Martínez-Laínez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloi Garí
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Rafel
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Torronteras
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Martí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana P C Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Jiménez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Clotet
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Abeynayaka HDL, Asaeda T, Kaneko Y. Buoyancy Limitation of Filamentous Cyanobacteria under Prolonged Pressure due to the Gas Vesicles Collapse. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 60:293-303. [PMID: 28477239 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena galeata were cultured in chambers under artificially generated pressures, which correspond to the hydrostatic pressures at deep water. Variations occurred in gas vesicles volume, and buoyancy state of cells under those conditions were analyzed at different time intervals (5 min, 1 day, and 5 days). Variations in gas vesicles morphology of cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy images. Settling velocity (Vs) of cells which governs the buoyancy was observed with the aid of a modified optical microscope. Moreover, effects of the prolonged pressure on cell ballast composition (protein and polysaccharides) were examined. Elevated pressure conditions reduced the cell ballast and caused a complete disappearance of gas vesicles in Pseudanabaena galeata cells. Hence cyanobacteria cells were not able to float within the study period. Observations and findings of the study indicate the potential application of hydrostatic pressure, which naturally occurred in hypolimnion of lakes, to inhibit the re-suspension of cyanobacteria cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Asaeda
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Yasuko Kaneko
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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19
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Ultrastructure of compacted DNA in cyanobacteria by high-voltage cryo-electron tomography. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34934. [PMID: 27731339 PMCID: PMC5059737 DOI: 10.1038/srep34934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Some cyanobacteria exhibit compaction of DNA in synchrony with their circadian rhythms accompanying cell division. Since the structure is transient, it has not yet been described in detail. Here, we successfully visualize the ultrastructure of compacted DNA in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 under rigorous synchronized cultivation by means of high-voltage cryo-electron tomography. In 3D reconstructions of rapidly frozen cells, the compacted DNA appears as an undulating rod resembling a eukaryotic condensed chromosome. The compacted DNA also includes many small and paired polyphosphate bodies (PPBs), some of which seem to maintain contact with DNA that appears to twist away from them, indicating that they may act as interactive suppliers and regulators of phosphate for DNA synthesis. These observations throw light on the duplication and segregation mechanisms of cyanobacterial DNA and point to an important role for PPBs.
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20
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The stringent response regulates adaptation to darkness in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4867-76. [PMID: 27486247 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524915113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus relies upon photosynthesis to drive metabolism and growth. During darkness, Synechococcus stops growing, derives energy from its glycogen stores, and greatly decreases rates of macromolecular synthesis via unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that the stringent response, a stress response pathway whose genes are conserved across bacteria and plant plastids, contributes to this dark adaptation. Levels of the stringent response alarmone guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) rise after a shift from light to dark, indicating that darkness triggers the same response in cyanobacteria as starvation in heterotrophic bacteria. High levels of ppGpp are sufficient to stop growth and dramatically alter many aspects of cellular physiology, including levels of photosynthetic pigments and polyphosphate, DNA content, and the rate of translation. Cells unable to synthesize ppGpp display pronounced growth defects after exposure to darkness. The stringent response regulates expression of a number of genes in Synechococcus, including ribosomal hibernation promoting factor (hpf), which causes ribosomes to dimerize in the dark and may contribute to decreased translation. Although the metabolism of Synechococcus differentiates it from other model bacterial systems, the logic of the stringent response remains remarkably conserved, while at the same time having adapted to the unique stresses of the photosynthetic lifestyle.
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21
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Jiménez J, Bru S, Ribeiro MPC, Clotet J. Polyphosphate: popping up from oblivion. Curr Genet 2016; 63:15-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Bru S, Martínez-Laínez JM, Hernández-Ortega S, Quandt E, Torres-Torronteras J, Martí R, Canadell D, Ariño J, Sharma S, Jiménez J, Clotet J. Polyphosphate is involved in cell cycle progression and genomic stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:367-80. [PMID: 27072996 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP) is a linear chain of up to hundreds of inorganic phosphate residues that is necessary for many physiological functions in all living organisms. In some bacteria, polyP supplies material to molecules such as DNA, thus playing an important role in biosynthetic processes in prokaryotes. In the present study, we set out to gain further insight into the role of polyP in eukaryotic cells. We observed that polyP amounts are cyclically regulated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and those mutants that cannot synthesise (vtc4Δ) or hydrolyse polyP (ppn1Δ, ppx1Δ) present impaired cell cycle progression. Further analysis revealed that polyP mutants show delayed nucleotide production and increased genomic instability. Based on these findings, we concluded that polyP not only maintains intracellular phosphate concentrations in response to fluctuations in extracellular phosphate levels, but also muffles internal cyclic phosphate fluctuations, such as those produced by the sudden demand of phosphate to synthetize deoxynucleotides just before and during DNA duplication. We propose that the presence of polyP in eukaryotic cells is required for the timely and accurate duplication of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bru
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sara Hernández-Ortega
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Quandt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Torronteras
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Martí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Canadell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Ariño
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sushma Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Javier Jiménez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Clotet
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Zerulla K, Ludt K, Soppa J. The ploidy level of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is highly variable and is influenced by growth phase and by chemical and physical external parameters. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:730-739. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Zerulla
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Biocentre, Goethe-University,Frankfurt,Germany
| | - Katharina Ludt
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Biocentre, Goethe-University,Frankfurt,Germany
| | - Jörg Soppa
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Biocentre, Goethe-University,Frankfurt,Germany
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24
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Yao M, Elling FJ, Jones C, Nomosatryo S, Long CP, Crowe SA, Antoniewicz MR, Hinrichs KU, Maresca JA. Heterotrophic bacteria from an extremely phosphate-poor lake have conditionally reduced phosphorus demand and utilize diverse sources of phosphorus. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:656-67. [PMID: 26415900 PMCID: PMC5872838 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrophic Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were isolated from Lake Matano, Indonesia, a stratified, ferruginous (iron-rich), ultra-oligotrophic lake with phosphate concentrations below 50 nM. Here, we describe the growth of eight strains of heterotrophic bacteria on a variety of soluble and insoluble sources of phosphorus. When transferred to medium without added phosphorus (P), the isolates grow slowly, their RNA content falls to as low as 1% of cellular dry weight, and 86-100% of the membrane lipids are replaced with amino- or glycolipids. Similar changes in lipid composition have been observed in marine photoautotrophs and soil heterotrophs, and similar flexibility in phosphorus sources has been demonstrated in marine and soil-dwelling heterotrophs. Our results demonstrate that heterotrophs isolated from this unusual environment alter their macromolecular composition, which allows the organisms to grow efficiently even in their extremely phosphorus-limited environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyin Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Felix J. Elling
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - CarriAyne Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Sulung Nomosatryo
- Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia 16911
| | - Christopher P. Long
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Sean A. Crowe
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Maciek R. Antoniewicz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Julia A. Maresca
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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25
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Perez R, Forchhammer K, Salerno G, Maldener I. Clear differences in metabolic and morphological adaptations of akinetes of two Nostocales living in different habitats. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 162:214-223. [PMID: 26679176 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Akinetes are resting spore-like cells formed by some heterocyst-forming filamentous cyanobacteria for surviving long periods of unfavourable conditions. We studied the development of akinetes in two model strains of cyanobacterial cell differentiation, the planktonic freshwater Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 and the terrestrial or symbiotic Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133, in response to low light and phosphate starvation. The best trigger of akinete differentiation of Anabaena variabilis was low light; that of N. punctiforme was phosphate starvation. Light and electron microscopy revealed that akinetes of both species differed from vegetative cells by their larger size, different cell morphology and large number of intracellular granules. Anabaena variabilis akinetes had a multilayer envelope; those of N. punctiforme had a simpler envelope. During akinete development of Anabaena variabilis, the amount of the storage compounds cyanophycin and glycogen increased transiently, whereas in N. punctiforme, cyanophycin and lipid droplets increased transiently. Photosynthesis and respiration decreased during akinete differentiation in both species, and remained at a low level in mature akinetes. The clear differences in the metabolic and morphological adaptations of akinetes of the two species could be related to their different lifestyles. The results pave the way for genetic and functional studies of akinete differentiation in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Perez
- Department of Microbiology/Organismic Interactions, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl Forchhammer
- Department of Microbiology/Organismic Interactions, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Graciela Salerno
- FIBA-INBIOTEC, Vieytes 3103, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iris Maldener
- Department of Microbiology/Organismic Interactions, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Atapaththu KSS, Miyagi A, Atsuzawa K, Kaneko Y, Kawai-Yamada M, Asaeda T. Effects of water turbulence on variations in cell ultrastructure and metabolism of amino acids in the submersed macrophyte, Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:997-1004. [PMID: 25959623 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between macrophytes and water movement are not yet fully understood, and the causes responsible for the metabolic and ultrastructural variations in plant cells as a consequence of turbulence are largely unknown. In the present study, growth, metabolism and ultrastructural changes were evaluated in the aquatic macrophyte Elodea nuttallii, after exposure to turbulence for 30 days. The turbulence was generated with a vertically oscillating horizontal grid. The turbulence reduced plant growth, plasmolysed leaf cells and strengthened cell walls, and plants exposed to turbulence accumulated starch granules in stem chloroplasts. The size of the starch granules increased with the magnitude of the turbulence. Using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), analysis of the metabolome found metabolite accumulation in response to the turbulence. Asparagine was the dominant amino acid that was concentrated in stressed plants, and organic acids such as citrate, ascorbate, oxalate and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) also accumulated in response to turbulence. These results indicate that turbulence caused severe stress that affected plant growth, cell ultrastructure and some metabolic functions of E. nuttallii. Our findings offer insights to explain the effects of water movement on the functions of aquatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S S Atapaththu
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - A Miyagi
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Atsuzawa
- Comprehensive Analysis Center for Science, Saitama University, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Kaneko
- Biology Section in the Faculty of Education, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - M Kawai-Yamada
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - T Asaeda
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, Japan
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Phosphorus sequestration in the form of polyphosphate by microbial symbionts in marine sponges. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4381-6. [PMID: 25713351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423768112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges are major habitat-forming organisms in coastal benthic communities and have an ancient origin in evolution history. Here, we report significant accumulation of polyphosphate (polyP) granules in three common sponge species of the Caribbean coral reef. The identity of the polyP granules was confirmed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and by the fluorescence properties of the granules. Microscopy images revealed that a large proportion of microbial cells associated with sponge hosts contained intracellular polyP granules. Cyanobacterial symbionts cultured from sponges were shown to accumulate polyP. We also amplified polyphosphate kinase (ppk) genes from sponge DNA and confirmed that the gene was expressed. Based on these findings, we propose here a potentially important phosphorus (P) sequestration pathway through symbiotic microorganisms of marine sponges. Considering the widespread sponge population and abundant microbial cells associated with them, this pathway is likely to have a significant impact on the P cycle in benthic ecosystems.
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