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Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of the Unexplored Plant Rhinanthus angustifolius subsp. grandiflorus. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a total of 12 extracts of Rhinanthus angustifolius subsp. grandiflorus, an understudied hemiparasitic species, were obtained using different extraction techniques, namely, homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), maceration (MAC), soxhlet (SOX), infusion, and solvents (ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, and water), and were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant and enzyme-inhibiting properties. Additionally, untargeted profiling based on high-resolution mass spectrometry targeted different phytochemical classes, namely, polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected using methanol as the extraction solvent. Multivariate statistics following the untargeted profiling revealed that the extraction solvent had a hierarchically higher impact than the extraction method when considering the recovery of bioactive compounds. The methanolic extracts displayed the highest radical-scavenging antioxidant capacity, as provided by CUPRAC and FRAP assays. On the other hand, the water extracts (MAC and HAE) and the infusion extract showed the highest activity as metal chelators (25.66–27.51 mg EDTAE/g). Similarly, the water extract obtained by HAE and the infusion extract revealed the highest phosphomolybdenum activity (3.92 ± 0.14 and 3.71 ± 0.01 mmol TE/g, respectively). The different extracts also exhibited different enzyme inhibition potentials. For instance, HAE and MAC ethanolic extracts inhibited only α-amylase (0.69 ± 0.01 and 0.70 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g), while all the other extracts showed a dual inhibition against both carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes tested (i.e., α-amylase: 0.07–0.69 mmol ACAE/g; α-glucosidase: 0.03–1.30 mmol ACAE/g). Nevertheless, the other extracts inhibited acetyl-, butyryl-cholinesterases, or both; MAC–water extract displayed no inhibition against the enzymes. Additionally, all the studied extracts were found to inhibit tyrosinase, ranging from 10.62 to 52.80 mg KAE/g. In general, the water extracts showed weaker inhibition towards the enzymes than the other extracts. This study demonstrated that R. angustifolius is an excellent source of natural antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors that could be further investigated and exploited for pharmaceutical purposes.
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Dubey H, Rawal HC, Rohilla M, Lama U, Kumar PM, Bandyopadhyay T, Gogoi M, Singh NK, Mondal TK. TeaMiD: a comprehensive database of simple sequence repeat markers of tea. Database (Oxford) 2020; 2020:baaa013. [PMID: 32159215 PMCID: PMC7065459 DOI: 10.1093/database/baaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Tea is a highly cross-pollinated, woody, perennial tree. High heterozygosity combined with a long gestational period makes conventional breeding a cumbersome process. Therefore, marker-assisted breeding is a better alternative approach when compared with conventional breeding. Considering the large genome size of tea (~3 Gb), information about simple sequence repeat (SSR) is scanty. Thus, we have taken advantage of the recently published tea genomes to identify large numbers of SSR markers in the tea. Besides the genomic sequences, we identified SSRs from the other publicly available sequences such as RNA-seq, GSS, ESTs and organelle genomes (chloroplasts and mitochondrial) and also searched published literature to catalog validated set of tea SSR markers. The complete exercise yielded a total of 935 547 SSRs. Out of the total, 82 SSRs were selected for validation among a diverse set of tea genotypes. Six primers (each with four to six alleles, an average of five alleles per locus) out of the total 27 polymorphic primers were used for a diversity analysis in 36 tea genotypes with mean polymorphic information content of 0.61-0.76. Finally, using all the information generated in this study, we have developed a user-friendly database (TeaMiD; http://indianteagenome.in:8080/teamid/) that hosts SSR from all the six resources including three nuclear genomes of tea and transcriptome sequences of 17 Camellia wild species. Database URL: http://indianteagenome.in:8080/teamid/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Dubey
- Indian Council Agricultural Research-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Sashtri Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Hukam C Rawal
- Indian Council Agricultural Research-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Sashtri Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Megha Rohilla
- Indian Council Agricultural Research-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Sashtri Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Urvashi Lama
- Darjeeling Tea Research and Development Centre, Tea Board, Ministry of Commerce, B.T.M. Sarani (Brabourne Road), Kolkata, West Bengal 700001, India
| | - P Mohan Kumar
- Darjeeling Tea Research and Development Centre, Tea Board, Ministry of Commerce, B.T.M. Sarani (Brabourne Road), Kolkata, West Bengal 700001, India
| | - Tanoy Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Tocklai Experimental Station, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Madhurjya Gogoi
- Department of Biotechnology, Tocklai Experimental Station, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Nagendra Kumar Singh
- Indian Council Agricultural Research-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Sashtri Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mondal
- Indian Council Agricultural Research-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Sashtri Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
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Schmidt L, Fischer M, Oja T. Two closely related species differ in their regional genetic differentiation despite admixing. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply007. [PMID: 29479408 PMCID: PMC5817946 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Regional genetic differentiation within species is often addressed in evolutionary ecology and conservation biology. Here, we address regional differentiation in two closely related hybridizing taxa, the perennial sedges Carex flava and C. viridula and their hybrid C. × subviridula in 37 populations in the north and centre of their distribution range in Europe (Estonia, Lowland (<1000 m a.s.l.) and Highland Switzerland) using 10 putative microsatellite loci. We ask whether regional differentiation was larger in the less common taxon C. viridula or whether, possibly due to hybridization, it was similar between taxa. Our results showed similar, low to moderate genetic diversity for the three studied taxa. In total, we found 12 regional species-specific alleles. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), STRUCTURE and multidimensional scaling analysis showed regional structure in genetic variation, where intraspecific differentiation between regions was lower for C. flava (AMOVA: 6.84 %) than for C. viridula (20.77 %) or C. × subviridula (18.27 %) populations. Hybrids differed from the parental taxa in the two regions where they occurred, i.e. in Estonia and Lowland Switzerland. We conclude that C. flava and C. viridula clearly differ from each other genetically, that there is pronounced regional differentiation and that, despite hybridization, this regional differentiation is more pronounced in the less common taxon, C. viridula. We encourage future studies on hybridizing taxa to work with plant populations from more than one region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanna Schmidt
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Botanical Garden, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Oja
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Trifonova AA, Kochieva EZ, Kudryavtsev AM. Analysis of microsatellite loci variability in rare and endemic species Allium regelianum A.K. Becker ex Iljin. RUSS J GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795417010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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