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Jacobson TKB, Gerber D, Azevedo JC. Invasiveness, Monitoring and Control of Hakea sericea: A Systematic Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:751. [PMID: 36840097 PMCID: PMC9963047 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Solutions for ecological and economic problems posed by Hakea sericea invasions rely on scientific knowledge. We conducted a systematic review to analyze and synthesize the past and current scientific knowledge concerning H. sericea invasion processes and mechanisms, as well as monitoring and control techniques. We used ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and CAPES Periodicals to look for publications on the ecological and environmental factors involved in H. sericea establishment (question 1); responses of H. sericea to fire in native and invaded ecosystems (question 2); and H. sericea monitoring and control methods (question 3). We identified 207 publications, 47.4% of which related to question 1, mainly from Australia and South Africa, with an increasing trend in the number of publications on monitoring and modeling. The traits identified in our systematic review, such as adaptations to dystrophic environments, drought resistance, sclerophylly, low transpiration rates, high nutrient use efficiency, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates, strong serotiny, proteoid roots and high post-fire seed survival and seedling recruitment, highlighted that H. sericea is a successful invader species due to its long adaptive history mediated by an arsenal of ecophysiological mechanisms that place it at a superior competitive level, especially in fire-prone ecosystems. Integrated cost-effective control methods in selected areas and the incorporation of information on the temporal invasion dynamics can significantly improve invasion control and mitigate H. sericea impacts while maintaining the supply of ecosystem services in invaded areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiel Khan Baiocchi Jacobson
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Faculdade UnB Planaltina, UnB/FUP—Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 73345-010, Brazil
| | - Dionatan Gerber
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Centro de Ecologia Funcional (CFE), Departamento de Ciência da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, 300-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais e Arquitetura Paisagista, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação Interdisciplinar, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Azevedo
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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2
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Lu-Irving P, Bragg JG, Rossetto M, King K, O’Brien M, van der Merwe MM. Capturing Genetic Diversity in Seed Collections: An Empirical Study of Two Congeners with Contrasting Mating Systems. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:522. [PMID: 36771606 PMCID: PMC9921034 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant mating systems shape patterns of genetic diversity and impact the long-term success of populations. As such, they are relevant to the design of seed collections aiming to maximise genetic diversity (e.g., germplasm conservation, ecological restoration). However, for most species, little is known empirically about how variation in mating systems and genetic diversity is distributed. We investigated the relationship between genetic diversity and mating systems in two functionally similar, co-occurring species of Hakea (Proteaceae), and evaluated the extent to which genetic diversity was captured in seeds. We genotyped hundreds of seedlings and mother plants via DArTseq, and developed novel implementations of two approaches to inferring the mating system from SNP data. A striking contrast in patterns of genetic diversity between H. sericea and H. teretifolia was revealed, consistent with a contrast in their mating systems. While both species had mixed mating systems, H. sericea was found to be habitually selfing, while H. teretifolia more evenly employed both selfing and outcrossing. In both species, seed collection schemes maximised genetic diversity by increasing the number of maternal lines and sites sampled, but twice as many sites were needed for the selfing species to capture equivalent levels of genetic variation at a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lu-Irving
- Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd., Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Jason G. Bragg
- Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd., Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Maurizio Rossetto
- Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd., Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Kit King
- Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd., Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Mitchell O’Brien
- Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd., Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Innovation Quarter Westmead, Level 3, East Tower, 158-164 Hawkesbury Rd., Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Marlien M. van der Merwe
- Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd., Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
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3
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Wansell SNL, Geerts S, Coetzee JA. Where are the seeds? Lack of floral morphs prevent seed production by the tristylous
Pontederia cordata
in South Africa. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9366. [PMID: 36203638 PMCID: PMC9526117 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sage N. L. Wansell
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Botany Rhodes University Makhanda South Africa
| | - Sjirk Geerts
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology Cape Town South Africa
| | - Julie A. Coetzee
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology Cape Town South Africa
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4
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Qongqo A, Nchu F, Geerts S. Relationship of alien species continues in a foreign land: The case of Phytophthora and Australian Banksia (Proteaceae) in South African Fynbos. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:ECE39100. [PMID: 35845384 PMCID: PMC9280440 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal invasions only recently started to receive more attention in invasion biology. This is largely attributed to little or non‐existent information about these inconspicuous organisms. Most invasion hypotheses focus on factors that increase invasion success; few try to explain why invasions fail. Here we hypothesize that a host–pathogen relationships can limit the invasiveness of an alien plant species in a novel range. To test this, we investigate whether the invasiveness of the Australian genus of Proteaceae, Banksia, in South Africa is determined by the alien and major invasive phytopathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi. The presence of P. cinnamomi in Banksia root and soil was evaluated using morphological and molecular techniques. Isolates were cultured onto selective media and polymerize chain reactions and internal transcribing spacers were used for identification. Acetone leaf extracts of 11 Banksia spp. were screened for antimicrobial activity against P. cinnamomi, using the minimum inhibitory concentration assay. A total of 3840 Banksia individuals from seven localities were surveyed. Phytophthora cinnamomi was consistently isolated from Banksia species root and soil samples. Out of the 12 Banksia species that were screened for antimicrobial activity, four introduced species, B. burdettii, B. coccinea, Banksia hookeriana, and B. prionotes and the invasive B. integrifolia and B. ericifolia exhibited relatively high antimicrobial activity against P. cinnamomi (strain 696/12). We show that the phytopathogen in the native range has similar impact in the novel range and in doing so may limit invasion success of Banksia species with low antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axola Qongqo
- Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology Cape Town South Africa.,South African National Biodiversity Institute Kirstenbosch Research Centre Cape Town South Africa
| | - Felix Nchu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology Bellville South Africa
| | - Sjirk Geerts
- Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology Cape Town South Africa
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5
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Adedoja O, Erckie L, Boatwright JS, van Wyk E, Geerts S. An invasive alien Proteaceae lures some, but not all nectar-feeding bird pollinators away from native Proteaceae in South African fynbos. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:915-922. [PMID: 34396663 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Invasive alien plants often influence pollinator visitation to native plants when sharing pollinator guilds. It is of conservation concern when the invasive alien plant is characterized by floral resources that attract pollinators, thereby reducing the reproductive success of native species. This is well studied for insects, but whether the same is true for bird pollinators is largely unknown. We address this by considering the impact of an invasive alien plant (Banksia speciosa) on visitation rates of nectar-feeding bird pollinators to native Protea compacta in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. We determined bird pollinator visitation rate to B. speciosa and P. compacta over 21 h of observation at three sites. We also quantified how visitation rate influenced reproductive success of both study species through different breeding experiments. Sugarbird visitation to P. compacta was significantly lower in the presence of B. speciosa, while there was no effect for sunbirds as they mostly avoided B. speciosa. Protea compacta had higher nectar volumes and sucrose per flower than B. speciosa. Sucrose per hectare was higher in all P. compacta plots compared to B. speciosa. Neither study species is pollen limited and they are self-compatible to some extent. But pollinator visitation enhanced seed production in both species. We show here that the invasive alien B. speciosa flowers attract sugarbirds - but not sunbirds - away from native P. compacta. The long-term effect of reduced pollinator visitation may reduce the fitness of P. compacta, but the long-term demographic impact is unknown and would require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Adedoja
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - L Erckie
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J S Boatwright
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - E van Wyk
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - S Geerts
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Center for Invasion Biology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
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6
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Pollination and reproduction enhance the invasive potential of an early invader: the case of Lythrum salicaria (purple loosetrife) in South Africa. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02549-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Mangachena J, Geerts S. The absence of keystone indigenous trees inhibits bird recovery up to a decade after invasive tree removal from riparian habitats. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2019.103483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Reproductive ecology of the bird-pollinated Nicotiana glauca across native and introduced ranges with contrasting pollination environments. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Corli A, Sheppard CS. Effects of Residence Time, Auto-Fertility and Pollinator Dependence on Reproductive Output and Spread of Alien and Native Asteraceae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E108. [PMID: 31018600 PMCID: PMC6524061 DOI: 10.3390/plants8040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alien plants benefit from auto-fertility to spread over areas where the lack of co-evolved mutualists would otherwise limit invasion success. However, the widespread generalists among mutualists and their large geographical ranges allow alien plants to be integrated into networks. The role of residence time also has to be accounted for, as it takes time for a species to spread and adapt to a new area. We investigated how residence time, auto-fertility and pollinator dependence affect reproductive output and invasion success of Asteraceae in Germany. We conducted a multi-species common-garden experiment along an alien-native continuum including 42 species of natives, archaeophytes and neophytes (casual and established), subjecting plant individuals either to free access or exclusion of pollinators. Pollinator dependence does not play a crucial role in invasion success, with most Asteraceae being able to self-fertilize. Surprisingly, both established neophytes and natives showed higher abilities to self-fertilize, while archaeophytes and casual neophytes were more attractive to pollinators. In contrast to casual neophytes, the established neophytes' strategy was associated with a large reproductive output. Yet, auto-fertility was not associated with range size, since archaeophytes reached the largest range sizes. Elucidating how breeding systems affect invasion success is crucial for predicting and managing invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Corli
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann Str. 3, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Via S. Epifanio, 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Christine S Sheppard
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann Str. 3, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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10
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Exotic plant species receive adequate pollinator service despite variable integration into plant–pollinator networks. Oecologia 2018; 187:135-142. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Jiménez-Lobato V, Martínez-Borda E, Núñez-Farfán J, Valverde PL, Cruz LL, López-Velázquez A, Santos-Gally R, Arroyo J. Changes in floral biology and inbreeding depression in native and invaded regions of Datura stramonium. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:214-223. [PMID: 29106048 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant populations invading new environments might compromise their fitness contribution to the next generation, because of the lack of native specialist pollinators and/or potential mates. Thus, changes in plant mating system and traits linked to it are expected in populations colonising new environments where selection would favour selfing and floral traits that maximise reproductive output. To test this, we studied native (Mexico) and non-native (Spain) populations of the obligate sexual reproducing annual weed Datura stramonium. Flower size, herkogamy, total number of seeds per plant, number of visits by and type of pollinators, and inbreeding depression were assessed in native and non-native populations. Finally, we measured phenotypic selection on corolla size and herkogamy in each population. Flower size and herkogamy showed wide and similar variation in both ranges. However, the largest average flower size was found in one non-native population whereas the highest average positive herkogamy was detected in one native population. On average, flowers in the native range received more visits by pollinators. Hawkmoths were the main visitors in the native populations while only bees were observed visiting flowers in Spain's populations. Only in the native range was inbreeding depression detected. Selection to reduce herkogamy was found only in one native population. Absence of both inbreeding depression and selection on floral traits suggest a change in mating system of D. stramonium in a new range where generalist pollinators may be promoting high reproductive success. Selection against deleterious alleles might explain the reduction of inbreeding depression, promoting the evolution of selfing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jiménez-Lobato
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - E Martínez-Borda
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Núñez-Farfán
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - P L Valverde
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - L L Cruz
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - A López-Velázquez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - R Santos-Gally
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, CONACyT, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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12
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Mazzolari AC, Marrero HJ, Vázquez DP. Potential contribution to the invasion process of different reproductive strategies of two invasive roses. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Razanajatovo M, Maurel N, Dawson W, Essl F, Kreft H, Pergl J, Pyšek P, Weigelt P, Winter M, van Kleunen M. Plants capable of selfing are more likely to become naturalized. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13313. [PMID: 27796365 PMCID: PMC5095580 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant species have established self-sustaining populations outside their natural range because of human activities. Plants with selfing ability should be more likely to establish outside their historical range because they can reproduce from a single individual when mates or pollinators are not available. Here, we compile a global breeding-system database of 1,752 angiosperm species and use phylogenetic generalized linear models and path analyses to test relationships between selfing ability, life history, native range size and global naturalization status. Selfing ability is associated with annual or biennial life history and a large native range, which both positively correlate with the probability of naturalization. Path analysis suggests that a high selfing ability directly increases the number of regions where a species is naturalized. Our results provide robust evidence across flowering plants at the global scale that high selfing ability fosters alien plant naturalization both directly and indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mialy Razanajatovo
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Noëlie Maurel
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Wayne Dawson
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Franz Essl
- Division of Conservation, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Wien 1030, Austria
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Jan Pergl
- Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, CZ-12844, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
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14
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Stout JC, Tiedeken EJ. Direct interactions between invasive plants and native pollinators: evidence, impacts and approaches. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane C. Stout
- School of Natural Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Erin Jo Tiedeken
- School of Natural Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
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15
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Dafni A, Vereecken NJ. Pollination biology from micro-morphological adaptations to community ecology of plant-pollinator interactions. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:3-8. [PMID: 26768999 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Dafni
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel.
| | - N J Vereecken
- Agroecology & Pollination Group, Landscape Ecology & Plant Production Systems, Interfaculty School of Bioengineering, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP 264/2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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