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Ma L, Jia W, Duan Q, Du W, Li X, Cui G, Wang X, Wang J. Heterologous Expression of Platycodon grandiflorus PgF3'5'H Modifies Flower Color Pigmentation in Tobacco. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1920. [PMID: 37895269 PMCID: PMC10606865 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoid-3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) is the key enzyme for the biosynthesis of delphinidin-based anthocyanins, which are generally required for purple or blue flowers. Previously, we isolated a full-length cDNA of PgF3'5'H from Platycodon grandiflorus, which shared the highest homology with Campanula medium F3'5'H. In this study, PgF3'5'H was subcloned into a plant over-expression vector and transformed into tobacco via Agrobacterium tumefaciens to investigate its catalytic function. Positive transgenic tobacco T0 plants were obtained by hygromycin resistance screening and PCR detection. PgF3'5'H showed a higher expression level in all PgF3'5'H transgenic tobacco plants than in control plants. Under the drive of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, the over-expressed PgF3'5'H produced dihydromyricetin (DHM) and some new anthocyanin pigments (including delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin derivatives), and increased dihydrokaempferol (DHK), taxifolin, tridactyl, cyanidin derivatives, and pelargonidin derivatives in PgF3'5'H transgenic tobacco plants by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis, resulting in a dramatic color alteration from light pink to magenta. These results indicate that PgF3'5'H products have F3'5'H enzyme activity. In addition, PgF3'5'H transfer alters flavonoid pigment synthesis and accumulation in tobacco. Thus, PgF3'5'H may be considered a candidate gene for gene engineering to enhance anthocyanin accumulation and the molecular breeding project for blue flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jihua Wang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Yunnan Flower Breeding, National Engineering Research Center For Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China; (L.M.); (X.L.)
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Du Y, Lin Y, Zhang K, Rothenberg DO, Zhang H, Zhou H, Su H, Zhang L. The Chemical Composition and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal the Mechanism of Color Formation in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Pericarp. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13198. [PMID: 37686006 PMCID: PMC10487661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential metabolism of albino (white), green, and purple pericarp coloration, biochemical profiling and transcriptome sequencing analyses were performed on three different tea pericarps, Zhongbaiyihao (Camellia sinensis L. var. Zhongbai), Jinxuan (Camellia sinensis L. var. Jinxuan), and Baitangziya (Camellia sinensis L. var. Baitang). Results of biochemical analysis revealed that low chlorophyll content and low chlorophyll/carotene ratio may be the biochemical basis for albino characteristics in the 'Zhongbaiyihao' pericarp. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, including DFR, F3'5'H, CCoAOMT, and 4-coumaroyl-CoA, were highly expressed in the purple 'Baitangziya' pericarp. In the chlorophyll synthesis of white pericarp, GUN5 (Genome Uncoupled 5) and 8-vinyl-reductase both showed high expression levels compared to the green one, which indicated that albino 'Zhongbaiyihao' pericarp had a higher chlorophyll synthesis capacity than 'Jinxuan'. Meanwhile, chlorophyllase (CLH, CSS0004684) was lower in 'Baitang' than in 'Jinxuan' and 'Zhongbaiyihao' pericarp. Among the differentially expressed transcription factors, MYB59, WRKY41-like2 (CS ng17509), bHLH62 like1 (CS ng6804), and bHLH62-like3 (CSS0039948) were downregulated in Jinxuan pericarp, suggesting that transcription factors played a role in regulating tea pericarp coloration. These findings provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and theoretical basis for utilizing functional components of tea pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lingyun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.D.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (D.O.R.); (H.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.S.)
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang D, Su D, Li W, Wang X, Chen Q, Cai W, Xu L, Cao F, Zhang D, Yu X, Li Y. Comprehensive analysis of metabolome and transcriptome reveals the mechanism of color formation in different leave of Loropetalum Chinense var. Rubrum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:133. [PMID: 36882694 PMCID: PMC9993627 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum (L. chinense var. rubrum) is a precious, coloured-leaf native ornamental plant in the Hunan Province. We found an L. chinense var. rubrum tree with three different leaf colours: GL (green leaf), ML (mosaic leaf), and PL (purple leaf). The mechanism of leaf coloration in this plant is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the metabolites and genes involved in determining the colour composition of L. chinense var. rubrum leaves, using phenotypic/anatomic observations, pigment content detection, and comparative metabolomics and transcriptomics. RESULTS We observed that the mesophyll cells in PL were purple, while those in GL were green and those in ML were a mix of purple-green. The contents of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll in PL and ML were significantly lower than those in GL. While the anthocyanin content in PL and ML was significantly higher than that in GL. The metabolomics results showed the differences in the content of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, pelargonidin, and petunidin 3,5-diglucoside in ML, GL, and PL were significant. Considering that the change trend of anthocyanin content change was consistent with the leaf colour difference, we speculated that these compounds might influence the colour of L. chinense var. rubrum leaves. Using transcriptomics, we finally identified nine differentially expressed structural genes (one ANR (ANR1217); four CYP75As (CYP75A1815, CYP75A2846, CYP75A2909, and CYP75A1716); four UFGTs (UFGT1876, UFGT1649, UFGT1839, and UFGT3273) and nine transcription factors (two MYBs (MYB1057 and MYB1211), one MADS-box (MADS1235), two AP2-likes (AP2-like1779 and AP2-like2234), one bZIP (bZIP3720), two WD40s (WD2173 and WD1867) and one bHLH (bHLH1631) that might be related to flavonoid biosynthesis and then impacted the appearance of colour in L. chinense var. rubrum leaves. CONCLUSION This study revealed potential molecular mechanisms associated with leaf coloration in L. chinense var. rubrum by analyzing differential metabolites and genes related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. It also provided a reference for research on leaf colour variation in other ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, 410128, Changsha, China
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- Hunan Horticulture Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 410125, Changsha, China
| | - Damao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, 410128, Changsha, China
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Dingding Su
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, 262041, Weifang, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Hunan Horticulture Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 410125, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Comprehensive Utilization, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangfei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, 410128, Changsha, China
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Qianru Chen
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, 410128, Changsha, China
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqi Cai
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, 410128, Changsha, China
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Xu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, 410128, Changsha, China
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Fuxiang Cao
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, 410128, Changsha, China
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Dongling Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 30602, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, 410128, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, 410128, Changsha, China.
| | - Yanlin Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China.
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Horticultural Crop Germplasm Creation and New Variety Breeding, Ministry of Education, 410128, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, 410128, Changsha, China.
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A Comparison of the Flavonoid Biosynthesis Mechanisms of Dendrobium Species by Analyzing the Transcriptome and Metabolome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911980. [PMID: 36233278 PMCID: PMC9569625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium huoshanense, Dendrobium officinale, and Dendrobium moniliforme, as precious Chinese medicinal materials, have a variety of medicinal properties. Flavonoids are important medicinal components of Dendrobium, but their accumulation rules and biosynthesis mechanisms remain unclear. To explore the similarities and differences of flavonoid accumulation and biosynthesis in these three Dendrobium species, we performed flavonoid content determination, widely-targeted metabolomics and transcriptome sequencing on 1-4 years old Dendrobium species. The results showed that in different growth years, D. huoshanense stems had the highest flavonoid content in the second year of growth, while D. officinale and D. moniliforme stems had the highest flavonoid content in the third year of growth. A total of 644 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and 10,426 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. It was found that DAMs and DEGs were not only enriched in the general pathway of "flavonoid biosynthesis", but also in multiple sub-pathways such as "Flavone biosynthesis", and "Flavonol biosynthesis" and "Isoflavonoid biosynthesis". According to a combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis, the expression levels of the F3'H gene (LOC110096779) and two F3'5'H genes (LOC110101765 and LOC110103762) may be the main genes responsible for the differences in flavonoid accumulation. As a result of this study, we have not only determined the optimal harvesting period for three Dendrobium plants, but also identified the key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and provided a basis for further study of the molecular mechanism of flavonoid synthesis.
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Park S, Lee H, Min MK, Ha J, Song J, Lim CJ, Oh J, Lee SB, Lee JY, Kim BG. Functional Characterization of BrF3'H, Which Determines the Typical Flavonoid Profile of Purple Chinese Cabbage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:793589. [PMID: 34956292 PMCID: PMC8693655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.793589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols and anthocyanins are the two major classes of flavonoids in Brassica rapa. To elucidate the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in Chinese cabbage (B. rapa L. subsp. pekinensis), we analyzed flavonoid contents in two varieties of Chinese cabbage with normal green (5546) and purple (8267) leaves. The 8267 variety accumulates significantly higher levels of quercetin, isorhamnetin, and cyanidin than the 5546 variety, indicating that 3'-dihydroxylated flavonoids are more prevalent in the purple than in the green variety. Gene expression analysis showed that the expression patterns of most phenylpropanoid pathway genes did not correspond to the flavonoid accumulation patterns in 5546 and 8267 varieties, except for BrPAL1.2 while most early and late flavonoid biosynthetic genes are highly expressed in 8267 variety. In particular, the flavanone 3'-hydroxylase BrF3'H (Bra009312) is expressed almost exclusively in 8267. We isolated the coding sequences of BrF3'H from the two varieties and found that both sequences encode identical amino acid sequences and are highly conserved with F3'H genes from other species. An in vitro enzymatic assay demonstrated that the recombinant BrF3'H protein catalyzes the 3'-hydroxylation of a wide range of 4'-hydroxylated flavonoid substrates. Kinetic analysis showed that kaempferol is the most preferred substrate and dihydrokaempferol (DHK) is the poorest substrate for recombinant BrF3'H among those tested. Transient expression of BrF3'H in Nicotiana benthamiana followed by infiltration of naringenin and DHK as substrates resulted in eriodictyol and quercetin production in the infiltrated leaves, demonstrating the functionality of BrF3'H in planta. As the first functional characterization of BrF3'H, our study provides insight into the molecular mechanism underlying purple coloration in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyu Park
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu, South Korea
| | - Hyo Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu, South Korea
| | - Myung Ki Min
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu, South Korea
| | - Jihee Ha
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu, South Korea
| | - Jaeeun Song
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu, South Korea
| | - Chan Ju Lim
- Institute of Biotechnology and Breeding, Asiaseed Inc., Icheon, South Korea
| | - Jinpyo Oh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Breeding, Asiaseed Inc., Icheon, South Korea
| | - Saet Buyl Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu, South Korea
| | - Beom-Gi Kim
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu, South Korea
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Li M, Cao Y, Debnath B, Yang H, Kui X, Qiu D. Cloning and Expression Analysis of Flavonoid 3', 5'-Hydroxylase Gene from Brunfelsia acuminata. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071086. [PMID: 34356102 PMCID: PMC8304711 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The full-length cDNA sequence of F3′5′H gene from the Brunfelsia acuminata was obtained by RT-PCR and RACE, whose GenBank accession number is JQ678765. The sequence contains a 1521 bp open reading frame, 120 bp 5′UTR and 61 bp 3′UTR, encoding a total of 506 amino acids. The molecular mass of the predicted protein is 56.47 kDa with an estimated pI of 8.78, respectively. Sequence alignment showed that the amino acid sequence of F3′5′H was 91%, 87% and 84% with that of Petunia × hybrida, Nierembergia sp., Solanum tuberosum, respectively. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of F3′5′H gene was different in petals of different days, which was the highest expression level on day 0 and significantly higher than other days. The results indicated that F3′5′H might play key role in flower color regulation and provide a theoretical reference for blue flower molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.L.); (Y.C.); (H.Y.); (X.K.)
| | - Yuting Cao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.L.); (Y.C.); (H.Y.); (X.K.)
| | - Biswojit Debnath
- Department of Horticulture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh;
| | - Hongjuan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.L.); (Y.C.); (H.Y.); (X.K.)
| | - Xiaohua Kui
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.L.); (Y.C.); (H.Y.); (X.K.)
| | - Dongliang Qiu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.L.); (Y.C.); (H.Y.); (X.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-0594-8966
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Wu Y, Wang T, Xin Y, Wang G, Xu LA. Overexpression of GbF3'5'H1 Provides a Potential to Improve the Content of Epicatechin and Gallocatechin. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204836. [PMID: 33092253 PMCID: PMC7594021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L. (ginkgo) have important medicinal uses due to their antioxidant, antitumor, and blood circulation-promoting effects. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying flavonoid biosynthesis in ginkgo remain elusive. Flavonoid 3′, 5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H) is an important enzyme in flavonoid synthesis. We detected a novel differentially expressed GbF3′5′H1 gene homologous to the F3′5′H enzyme involved in the flavonoid synthesis pathway through transcriptome sequencing. In this study, we characterized this gene, performed an expression analysis, and heterologously overexpressed GbF3′5′H1 in Populus. Our results showed that GbF3′5′H1 is abundant in the leaf and highly expressed during April. We also found four metabolites closely related to flavonoid biosynthesis. Importantly, the contents of 4′,5-dihydroxy-7-glucosyloxyflavanone, epicatechin, and gallocatechin were significantly higher in transgenic plants than in nontransgenic plants. Our findings revealed that the GbF3′5′H1 gene functions in the biosynthesis of flavonoid-related metabolites, suggesting that GbF3′5′H1 represents a prime candidate for future studies (e.g., gene-editing) aiming to optimize ginkgo flavonoid production, especially that of flavan-3-ols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.W.); (Y.X.); (G.W.)
- Research Center for Pomology, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qian Hu Hou Cun No.1, Nanjing 210014, China
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Tongli Wang
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Yue Xin
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.W.); (Y.X.); (G.W.)
| | - Guibin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.W.); (Y.X.); (G.W.)
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.W.); (Y.X.); (G.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8542-7882
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Guo L, Gao L, Ma X, Guo F, Ruan H, Bao Y, Xia T, Wang Y. Functional analysis of flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylases from tea plant (Camellia sinensis), involved in the B-ring hydroxylation of flavonoids. Gene 2019; 717:144046. [PMID: 31434006 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are major polyphenol compounds in plant secondary metabolism. The hydroxylation pattern of the B-ring of flavonoids is determined by the flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H). In this paper, one CsF3'H and two CsF3'5'Hs (CsF3'5'Ha and CsF3'5'Hb) were isolated. The phylogenetic tree results showed that F3'H and F3'5'Hs belong to the CYP75B and CYP75A, respectively. The Expression pattern analysis showed that the expression of CsF3'5'Ha and CsF3'5'Hb in the bud and 1st leaf were higher than other tissues. However, the CsF3'H had the highest expression in the 4th and mature leaf. The correlation analysis showed that the expression of CsF3'5'Hs is positively associated with the concentration of B-trihydroxylated catechins, and the expression of CsF3'H is positively associated with the Q contentration. Heterologous expression of these genes in yeast showed that CsF3'H and CsF3'5'Ha can catalyze flavanones, flavonols and flavanonols to the corresponding 3', 4' or 3', 4', 5'-hydroxylated compounds, for which the optimum substrate is naringenin. The enzyme of CsF3'5'Hb can only catalyze flavonols (including K and Q) and flavanonols (DHK and DHQ), of which the highest activities in catalyzing are DHK. Interestingly, The experiment of site-directed mutagenesis suggested that two novel sites near the C-terminal were discovered impacting on the activity of the CsF3'5'H. These results provide a significantly molecular basis on the accumulation B-ring hydroxylation of flavonoids in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Guo
- Life Science College, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036, China; State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Liping Gao
- Life Science College, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036, China; State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiubing Ma
- Life Science College, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036, China
| | - Furong Guo
- Life Science College, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036, China
| | - Haixiang Ruan
- Life Science College, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yu Bao
- Life Science College, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Life Science College, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036, China; State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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9
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Yang M, Zhou P, Gui C, Da G, Gong L, Zhang X. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Ampelopsis megalophylla for Identifying Genes Involved in Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Accumulation during Different Seasons. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071267. [PMID: 30939828 PMCID: PMC6480179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ampelopsis megalophylla is an important species used in Chinese folk medicine. Flavonoids, the most important active components of plants, greatly determine the quality of A. megalophylla. However, biosynthesis of flavonoids at the molecular and genetic levels in A. megalophylla is not well understood. In this study, we performed chemical analysis and transcriptome analysis of A. megalophylla in different seasons (i.e., May, August, and October). Accumulation of flavonoids was higher in May than in the other two months. Genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, such as chalcone synthase, anthocyanidin synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, flavonoid-3′,5′-hydroxylase, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase, shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase, were identified based on transcriptome data. Fifty ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter, nine SNARE, forty-nine GST, and eighty-four glycosyltransferases unigenes related to flavonoid transport and biomodification were also found. Moreover, seventy-eight cytochrome P450s and multiple transcription factors (five MYB, two bHLH, and three WD40 family genes) may be associated with the regulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis process. These results provide insights into the molecular processes of flavonoid biosynthesis in A. megalophylla and offer a significant resource for the application of genetic engineering in developing varieties with improved quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Peina Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Chun Gui
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Guozheng Da
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Ling Gong
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Xiuqiao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
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Jin X, Huang H, Wang L, Sun Y, Dai S. Transcriptomics and Metabolite Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Branch Pathway in Different Senecio cruentus Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1307. [PMID: 27656188 PMCID: PMC5012328 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cyanidin (Cy), pelargonidin (Pg), and delphinidin (Dp) pathways are the three major branching anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways that regulate flavonoid metabolic flux and are responsible for red, orange, and blue flower colors, respectively. Different species have evolved to develop multiple regulation mechanisms that form the branched pathways. In the current study, five Senecio cruentus cultivars with different colors were investigated. We found that the white and yellow cultivars do not accumulate anthocyanin and that the blue, pink, and carmine cultivars mainly accumulate Dp, Pg, and Cy in differing densities. Subsequent transcriptome analysis determined that there were 43 unigenes encoding anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in the blue cultivar. We also combined chemical and transcriptomic analyses to investigate the major metabolic pathways that are related to the observed differences in flower pigmentation in the series of S. cruentus. The results showed that mutations of the ScbHLH17 and ScCHI1/2 coding regions abolish anthocyanin formation in the white and the yellow cultivars; the competition of the ScF3'H1, ScF3'5'H, and ScDFR1/2 genes for naringenin determines the differences in branching metabolic flux of the Cy, Dp, and Pg pathways. Our findings provide new insights into the regulation of anthocyanin branching and also supplement gene resources (including ScF3'5 'H, ScF3'H, and ScDFRs) for flower color modification of ornamentals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Jin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
- Faculty of Architecture and City Planning, Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming, China
| | - He Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yi Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Silan Dai
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
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11
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Jiang F, Chen XP, Hu WS, Zheng SQ. Identification of differentially expressed genes implicated in peel color (red and green) of Dimocarpus confinis. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1088. [PMID: 27468388 PMCID: PMC4947078 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there are few reports about regulatory genes implicated in peel color of longan. The basic genetic research of longan has been in stagnation for a long time as a lack of transcriptomic and genetic information. To predict candidate genes associated with peel color, Gene Functional Annotation and Coding Sequence prediction were used to perform functional annotation for our assembled unigenes and investigate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of fruitlet peels from Longli (Dimocarpus confinis). Finally, a total of 24,044 (44.19 %) unigenes were annotated at least in one database after BLAST search to NCBI non-redundant protein sequence, NCBI non-redundant nucleotide sequences, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Ortholog, manually annotated and reviewed protein sequence database (Swiss-Prot), Protein family, Gene Ontology, euKaryotic Ortholog Groups databases. After searching against the KEGG-GENE protein database, a result of 6228 (11.45 %) unigenes were assigned to 245 KEGG pathways. Via comparing the distributions of expression value of all corresponding unigenes from red peel and green peel fruit, it could be intuitively concluded that high similarity was existed in the two distributions; however, on the whole, between two distributions of log RPKM expression value, some differences indicated that expression level in green-peel fruit group is slightly higher than values in red-peel fruit group. Finally, a total of 1349 unigenes were identified as DEGs after blasting the DEGs to public sequence databases, and 32 peel-color-related genes were identified in longan. Our results suggest that a number of unigenes involved in longan metabolic process, including anthocyanin biosynthesis. In addition, DRF, F3H, ANS, CYP75A1 and C1 may be the key ones. The study on key genes related to peel color will be contributed to revealing the molecular mechanisms of regulating peel color in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- />Fujian Fruit Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center for Longan and Loquat, Fuzhou, 350013 Fujian China
- />Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, 350013 Fujian China
| | - Xiu-ping Chen
- />Fujian Fruit Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center for Longan and Loquat, Fuzhou, 350013 Fujian China
- />Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, 350013 Fujian China
| | - Wen-shun Hu
- />Fujian Fruit Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center for Longan and Loquat, Fuzhou, 350013 Fujian China
- />Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, 350013 Fujian China
| | - Shao-quan Zheng
- />Fujian Fruit Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center for Longan and Loquat, Fuzhou, 350013 Fujian China
- />Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, 350013 Fujian China
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12
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Huang W, Zeng S, Xiao G, Wei G, Liao S, Chen J, Sun W, Lv H, Wang Y. Elucidating the biosynthetic and regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid-derived bioactive components in Epimedium sagittatum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:689. [PMID: 26388888 PMCID: PMC4558469 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Herba epimedii (Epimedium), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used as a kidney tonic and antirheumatic medicine for thousands of years. In Epimedium, flavonoids have been demonstrated to be the main bioactive components (BCs). However, the molecular biosynthetic and regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid-derived BCs remain obscure. In this study, we isolated 12 structural genes and two putative transcription factors (TFs) in the flavonoid pathway. Phytochemical analysis showed that the total content of four representative BCs (epimedin A, B, C, and icariin) decreased slightly or dramatically in two lines of Epimedium sagittatum during leaf development. Transcriptional analysis revealed that two R2R3-MYB TFs (EsMYBA1 and EsMYBF1), together with a bHLH TF (EsGL3) and WD40 protein (EsTTG1), were supposed to coordinately regulate the anthocyanin and flavonol-derived BCs biosynthesis in leaves. Overexpression of EsFLS (flavonol synthase) in tobacco resulted in increased flavonols content and decreased anthocyanins content in flowers. Moreover, EsMYB12 negatively correlated with the accumulation of the four BCs, and might act as a transcriptional repressor in the flavonoid pathway. Therefore, the anthocyanin pathway may coordinate with the flavonol-derived BCs pathway in Epimedium leaves. A better understanding of the flavonoid biosynthetic and regulatory mechanisms in E. sagittatum will facilitate functional characterization, metabolic engineering, and molecular breeding studies of Epimedium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Shaohua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Gong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Guoyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Sihong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical ScienceBeijing, China
| | - Haiyan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Botanical Garden Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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13
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Wang YS, Xu YJ, Gao LP, Yu O, Wang XZ, He XJ, Jiang XL, Liu YJ, Xia T. Functional analysis of flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase from tea plant (Camellia sinensis): critical role in the accumulation of catechins. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:347. [PMID: 25490984 PMCID: PMC4275960 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), an important branch point enzyme in tea plant flavan-3-ol synthesis, belongs to the CYP75A subfamily and catalyzes the conversion of flavones, flavanones, dihydroflavonols and flavonols into 3',4',5'-hydroxylated derivatives. However, whether B-ring hydroxylation occurs at the level of flavanones and/or dihydroflavonols, in vivo remains unknown. RESULTS The Camellia sinensis F3'5'H (CsF3'5'H) gene was isolated from tea cDNA library. Expression pattern analysis revealed that CsF3'5'H expression was tissue specific, very high in the buds and extremely low in the roots. CsF3'5'H expression was enhanced by light and sucrose. Over-expression of CsF3'5'H produced new-delphinidin derivatives, and increased the cyanidin derivative content of corollas of transgenic tobacco plants, resulting in the deeper transgenic plant flower color. Heterologous expressions of CsF3'5'H in yeast were carried out to demonstrate the function of CsF3'5'H enzyme in vitro. Heterologous expression of the modified CsF3'5'H (CsF3'5'H gene fused with Vitis vinifera signal peptide, FSI) revealed that 4'-hydroxylated flavanone (naringenin, N) is the optimum substrate for CsF3'5'H, and was efficiently converted into both 3'4'- and 3'4'5'-forms. The ratio of 3'4'5'- to 3'4'-hydroxylated products in FSI transgenic cells was significantly higher than VvF3'5'H cells. CONCLUSIONS CsF3'5'H is a key controller of tri-hydroxyl flavan-3-ol synthesis in tea plants, which can effectively convert 4'-hydroxylated flavanone into 3'4'5'- and/or 3'4'-hydroxylated products. These findings provide animportant basis for further studies of flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plants. Such studies would help accelerate flavonoid metabolic engineering in order to increase B-ring tri-hydroxyl product yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sheng Wang
- />Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
- />School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Yu-Jiao Xu
- />School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- />School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Oliver Yu
- />Conagen Inc, 15 DeAngelo Dr, Bedford, MA 01730 USA
- />Wuxi NewWay, 401 Xing Yuan Bei Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu China
| | - Xin-Zhen Wang
- />School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Xiu-Juan He
- />Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Xiao-Lan Jiang
- />Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- />Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
- />School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Tao Xia
- />Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
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14
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He H, Ke H, Keting H, Qiaoyan X, Silan D. Flower colour modification of chrysanthemum by suppression of F3'H and overexpression of the exogenous Senecio cruentus F3'5'H gene. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74395. [PMID: 24250783 PMCID: PMC3826725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium) is one of the most important ornamental plants in the world. They are typically used as cut flowers or potted plants. Chrysanthemum can exhibit red, purple, pink, yellow and white flowers, but lack bright red and blue flowers. In this study, we identified two chrysanthemum cultivars, C × morifolium 'LPi' and C × morifolium 'LPu', that only accumulate flavonoids in their ligulate flowers. Next, we isolated seven anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, namely CmCHS, CmF3H, CmF3'H, CmDFR, CmANS, CmCHI and Cm3GT in these cultivars. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analyses showed that CmF3'H was the most important enzyme required for cyanidin biosynthsis. To rebuild the delphinidin pathway, we downregulated CmF3'H using RNAi and overexpressed the Senecio cruentus F3'5'H (PCFH) gene in chrysanthemum. The resultant chrysanthemum demonstrated a significantly increased content of cyanidin and brighter red flower petals but did not accumulate delphinidin. These results indicated that CmF3'H in chrysanthemum is important for anthocyanin accumulation, and Senecio cruentus F3'5'H only exhibited F3'H activity in chrysanthemum but did not rebuild the delphinidin pathway to form blue flower chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang He
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Ke
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Keting
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Qiaoyan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dai Silan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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