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Sumbur B, Zhou M, Dorjee T, Bing J, Ha S, Xu X, Zhou Y, Gao F. Chemical and Transcriptomic Analyses of Leaf Cuticular Wax Metabolism in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus under Osmotic Stress. Biomolecules 2024; 14:227. [PMID: 38397464 PMCID: PMC10886927 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant cuticular wax forms a hydrophobic structure in the cuticle layer covering epidermis as the first barrier between plants and environments. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, a leguminous desert shrub, exhibits high tolerances to multiple abiotic stress. The physiological, chemical, and transcriptomic analyses of epidermal permeability, cuticular wax metabolism and related gene expression profiles under osmotic stress in A. mongolicus leaves were performed. Physiological analyses revealed decreased leaf epidermal permeability under osmotic stress. Chemical analyses revealed saturated straight-chain alkanes as major components of leaf cuticular wax, and under osmotic stress, the contents of total wax and multiple alkane components significantly increased. Transcriptome analyses revealed the up-regulation of genes involved in biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids and alkanes and wax transportation under osmotic stress. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified 17 modules and 6 hub genes related to wax accumulation, including 5 enzyme genes coding KCS, KCR, WAX2, FAR, and LACS, and an ABCG transporter gene. Our findings indicated that the leaf epidermal permeability of A. mongolicus decreased under osmotic stress to inhibit water loss via regulating the expression of wax-related enzyme and transporter genes, further promoting cuticular wax accumulation. This study provided new evidence for understanding the roles of cuticle lipids in abiotic stress tolerance of desert plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batu Sumbur
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; (B.S.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (S.H.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Minqi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; (B.S.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (S.H.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tashi Dorjee
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; (B.S.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (S.H.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Bing
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100080, China;
| | - Sijia Ha
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; (B.S.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (S.H.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaojing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; (B.S.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (S.H.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; (B.S.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (S.H.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; (B.S.); (M.Z.); (T.D.); (S.H.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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Zhang W, Xu Y, Jing L, Jiang B, Wang Q, Wang Y. Preliminary Study on the Formation Mechanism of Malformed Sweet Cherry ( Prunus avium L.) Fruits in Southern China Using Transcriptome and Metabolome Data. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:153. [PMID: 38203324 PMCID: PMC10779264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) is an important plant hormone that is involved in various physiological processes during plant development. Sweet cherries planted in southern China have always encountered difficulty in bearing fruit. In recent years, gibberellin has successfully solved this problem, but there has also been an increase in malformed fruits. This study mainly explores the mechanism of malformed fruit formation in sweet cherries. By analyzing the synthesis pathway of gibberellin using metabolomics and transcriptomics, the relationship between gibberellin and the formation mechanism of deformed fruit was preliminarily determined. The results showed that the content of GA3 in malformed fruits was significantly higher than in normal fruits. The differentially expressed genes in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway were mainly enriched in pathways such as "plant hormone signal transduction", "diterpenoid biosynthesis", and "carotenoid biosynthesis". Using Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, the gibberellin hydrolase gene GA2ox and gibberellin synthase genes GA20ox and GA3ox were found to be significantly up-regulated. Therefore, we speculate that the formation of malformed fruits in sweet cherries may be related to the accumulation of GA3. This lays the foundation for further research on the mechanism of malformed sweet cherry fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangshu Zhang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China; (Y.X.); (B.J.); (Q.W.); (Y.W.)
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China; (Y.X.); (B.J.); (Q.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Luyang Jing
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China; (Y.X.); (B.J.); (Q.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Baoxin Jiang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China; (Y.X.); (B.J.); (Q.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Qinghao Wang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China; (Y.X.); (B.J.); (Q.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China; (Y.X.); (B.J.); (Q.W.); (Y.W.)
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Deciphering the Novel Role of AtMIN7 in Cuticle Formation and Defense against the Bacterial Pathogen Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155547. [PMID: 32756392 PMCID: PMC7432873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticle is the outermost layer of plant aerial tissue that interacts with the environment and protects plants against water loss and various biotic and abiotic stresses. ADP ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide exchange factor proteins (ARF-GEFs) are key components of the vesicle trafficking system. Our study discovers that AtMIN7, an Arabidopsis ARF-GEF, is critical for cuticle formation and related leaf surface defense against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato (Pto). Our transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies indicate that the atmin7 mutant leaves have a thinner cuticular layer, defective stomata structure, and impaired cuticle ledge of stomata compared to the leaves of wild type plants. GC–MS analysis further revealed that the amount of cutin monomers was significantly reduced in atmin7 mutant plants. Furthermore, the exogenous application of either of three plant hormones—salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, or abscisic acid—enhanced the cuticle formation in atmin7 mutant leaves and the related defense responses to the bacterial Pto infection. Thus, transport of cutin-related components by AtMIN7 may contribute to its impact on cuticle formation and related defense function.
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Xu X, Xue K, Tang S, He J, Song B, Zhou M, Zou Y, Zhou Y, Jenks MA. The relationship between cuticular lipids and associated gene expression in above ground organs of Thellungiella salsugineum (Pall.) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 287:110200. [PMID: 31481227 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle plays a critical role as barrier between plant and environment. Here, cuticular wax morphology, cuticular wax and cutin monomer composition, and expression of associated genes in five above ground organs were examined in model extremophyte Thellungiella salsugineum. Alkanes, ketones, and 2-alcohols were the predominant wax constitutes in rosette leaves, inflorescence stem leaves, stems, and siliques, whereas alkanes and acids were the predominant cuticular lipids in whole flowers. Unsubstituted acids were the most abundant cutin monomers in vegetative organs, especially C18:2 dioic acids, which reached the highest levels in stems. Hydroxy fatty acids were the predominant cutin monomers in flowers, especially 16-OH C16:0 and diOH C16:0. High-throughput RNA-Seq analysis using the Hiseq4000 platform was performed on these five above organs of T. salsugineum, and the differentially expressed lipid-associated genes and their associated metabolic pathways were identified. Expression of genes associated in previous reports to cuticle production, including those having roles in cuticle lipid biosynthesis, transport, and regulation were examined. The association of cuticle lipid composition and gene expression within different organs of T. salsugineum, and potential relationships between T. salsugineum's extreme cuticle and its adaptation to extreme environments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Kun Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuai Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junqing He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Buerbatu Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Minqi Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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Chemical and Transcriptomic Analysis of Cuticle Lipids under Cold Stress in Thellungiella salsuginea. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184519. [PMID: 31547275 PMCID: PMC6770325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cuticle lipids form outer protective layers to resist environmental stresses; however, the relationship between cuticle properties and cold tolerance is unclear. Here, the extremophyte Thellungiella salsuginea was stressed under cold conditions (4 °C) and the cuticle of rosette leaves was examined in terms of epicuticular wax crystal morphology, chemical composition, and cuticle-associated gene expression. The results show that cold induced formation of distinct lamellas within the cuticle ultrastructure. Cold stress caused 14.58% and 12.04% increases in the amount of total waxes and cutin monomer per unit of leaf area, respectively, probably associated with the increase in total fatty acids. The transcriptomic analysis was performed on rosette leaves of Thellungiella exposed to cold for 24 h. We analyzed the expression of 72 genes putatively involved in cuticle lipid metabolism, some of which were validated by qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) after both 24 h and one week of cold exposure. Most cuticle-associated genes exhibited higher expression levels under cold conditions, and some key genes increased more dramatically over the one week than after just 24 h, which could be associated with increased amounts of some cuticle components. These results demonstrate that the cuticle provides some aspects of cold adaptation in T. salsuginea.
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