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Gao C, Wang Z, Wu W, Zhou Z, Deng X, Chen Z, Sun W. Transcriptome and metabolome reveal the effects of ABA promotion and inhibition on flavonoid and amino acid metabolism in tea plant. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae065. [PMID: 38857368 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids (especially anthocyanins and catechins) and amino acids represent a high abundance of health-promoting metabolites. Although we observed abscisic acid accumulation in purple leaves and low levels in albino tea leaves, the specific mechanism behind its impact on flavor compounds remains unclear. In this study, we treated tea leaves with exogenous abscisic acid and abscisic acid biosynthesis inhibitors (Flu), measured physiological indicators and conducted comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying color change. Our results demonstrate that abscisic acid treatment induces purple coloration, while Flu treatment causes discoloration in tea leaves. Metabolomic analysis revealed higher levels of four anthocyanins and six catechins in the group treated with abscisic acid in comparison with the control group. Additionally, there was a notable increase in 15 amino acids in the Flu-treated group. Notably, the levels of flavonoids and amino acids showed an inverse relationship between the two treatments. Transcriptomic comparison between the treatments and the control group revealed upregulation of differentially expressed genes encoding dihydroflavonol reductase and uridine diphosphate-glycose flavonoid glycosyltransferase in the abscisic acid-treated group, leading to the accumulation of identified anthocyanins and catechins. In contrast, differentially expressed genes encoding nitrate reductase and nitrate transporter exhibited elevated expression in the group treated with Flu, consequently facilitating the accumulation of amino acids, specifically L-theanine and L-glutamine. Furthermore, our co-expression network analysis suggests that MYB and bHLH transcription factors may play crucial roles in regulating the expression of differentially expressed genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and amino acids. This study provides insights for targeted genetic engineering to enhance the nutritional and market value of tea, together with the potential application of purple and albino tea leaves as functional beverages. It also offers guidance for future breeding programs and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Gao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Engineering Technology and Research Center of Fujian Tea Industry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Engineering Technology and Research Center of Fujian Tea Industry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Engineering Technology and Research Center of Fujian Tea Industry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Engineering Technology and Research Center of Fujian Tea Industry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Engineering Technology and Research Center of Fujian Tea Industry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhidan Chen
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Engineering Technology and Research Center of Fujian Tea Industry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, East Second Ring Road, Anxi County, Quanzhou, Fujian 362400, China
| | - Weijiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Engineering Technology and Research Center of Fujian Tea Industry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Fan YG, Zhao TT, Xiang QZ, Han XY, Yang SS, Zhang LX, Ren LJ. Multi-Omics Research Accelerates the Clarification of the Formation Mechanism and the Influence of Leaf Color Variation in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:426. [PMID: 38337959 PMCID: PMC10857240 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Tea is a popular beverage with characteristic functional and flavor qualities, known to be rich in bioactive metabolites such as tea polyphenols and theanine. Recently, tea varieties with variations in leaf color have been widely used in agriculture production due to their potential advantages in terms of tea quality. Numerous studies have used genome, transcriptome, metabolome, proteome, and lipidome methods to uncover the causes of leaf color variations and investigate their impacts on the accumulation of crucial bioactive metabolites in tea plants. Through a comprehensive review of various omics investigations, we note that decreased expression levels of critical genes in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoids, activated chlorophyll degradation, and an impaired photosynthetic chain function are related to the chlorina phenotype in tea plants. For purple-leaf tea, increased expression levels of late biosynthetic genes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway and anthocyanin transport genes are the major and common causes of purple coloration. We have also summarized the influence of leaf color variation on amino acid, polyphenol, and lipid contents and put forward possible causes of these metabolic changes. Finally, this review further proposes the research demands in this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gen Fan
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Ting-Ting Zhao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Qin-Zeng Xiang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Xiao-Yang Han
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Shu-Sen Yang
- Yipinming Tea Planting Farmers Specialized Cooperative, Longnan 746400, China;
| | - Li-Xia Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Li-Jun Ren
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
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Zou Y, Liu M, Lai Y, Liu X, Li X, Li Y, Tang Q, Xu W. The glycoside hydrolase gene family profile and microbial function of Debaryomyces hansenii Y4 during South-road dark tea fermentation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1229251. [PMID: 37502404 PMCID: PMC10369063 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1229251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes are crucial to the quality formation of Sichuan South-road Dark Tea (SSDT) during pile-fermentation, but their mechanism of action has not yet been elucidated. Here, the glycoside hydrolase (GH) gene family and microbial function of Debaryomyces hansenii Y4 during solid-state fermentation were analyzed, and the results showed that many GH genes being distributed in comparatively abundant GH17, GH18, GH76, GH31, GH47, and GH2 were discovered in D. hansenii. They encoded beta-galactosidase, alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, alpha-xylosidase, mannosidase, etc., and most of the GHs were located in the exocellular space and participated in the degradation of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. D. hansenii Y4 could develop the mellow mouthfeel and "reddish brown" factors of SSDT via increasing the levels of water extracts, soluble sugars and amino acids but decreasing the tea polyphenols and caffeine levels, combined with altering the levels of thearubiins and brown index. It may facilitate the isomerization between epicatechin gallate and catechin gallate. Moreover, the expression levels of DEHA2G24860g (Beta-galactosidase gene) and DEHA2G08602g (Mannan endo-1,6-alpha-mannosidase DFG5 gene) were sharply up-regulated in fermentative anaphase, and they were significantly and negatively correlated with epicatechin content, especially, the expression of DEHA2G08602g was significantly and negatively correlated with catechin gallate level. It was hypothesized that D. hansenii Y4 is likely to be an important functional microbe targeting carbohydrate destruction and catechin transformation during SSDT pile-fermentation, with DEHA2G08602g as a key thermotolerant functional gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zou
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Minqiang Liu
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Lai
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuyi Liu
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yimiao Li
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Li JW, Li H, Liu ZW, Wang YX, Chen Y, Yang N, Hu ZH, Li T, Zhuang J. Molecular markers in tea plant (Camellia sinensis): Applications to evolution, genetic identification, and molecular breeding. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107704. [PMID: 37086694 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tea plants have a long cultivation history in the world, and the beverage (tea) made from its leaves is well known in the world. Due to the characteristics of self-incompatibility, long-term natural and artificial hybridization, tea plants have a very complex genetic background, which make the classification of tea plants unclear. Molecular marker, one type of genetic markers, has the advantages of stable inheritance, large amount of information, and high reliability. The development of molecular marker has facilitated the understanding of complex tea germplasm resources. So far, molecular markers had played important roles in the study of the origin and evolution, the preservation and identification of tea germplasms, and the excellent cultivars breeding of tea plants. However, the information is scattered, making it difficult to understand the advance of molecular markers in tea plants. In this paper, we summarized the development process and types of molecular markers in tea plants. In addition, the application advance of these molecular markers in tea plants was reviewed. Perspectives of molecular markers in tea plants were also systematically provided and discussed. The elaboration of molecular markers in this paper should help us to renew understanding of its application in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Li
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Liu
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Xin Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ni Yang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Hang Hu
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Gao C, Sun Y, Li J, Zhou Z, Deng X, Wang Z, Wu S, Lin L, Huang Y, Zeng W, Lyu S, Chen J, Cao S, Yu S, Chen Z, Sun W, Xue Z. High Light Intensity Triggered Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis Mediates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Young Leaves of Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020392. [PMID: 36829950 PMCID: PMC9952078 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the production and consumption of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) processed from purple-leaved cultivar due to their high anthocyanin content and health benefits. However, how and why seasonal changes affect anthocyanin accumulation in young tea leaves still remains obscured. In this study, anthocyanin and abscisic acid (ABA) contents in young leaves of Zifuxing 1 (ZFX1), a cultivar with new shoots turning to purple in Wuyi Mountain, a key tea production region in China, were monitored over four seasons. Young leaves produced in September were highly purplish, which was accompanied with higher anthocyanin and ABA contents. Among the environmental factors, the light intensity in particular was closely correlated with anthocyanin and ABA contents. A shade experiment also indicated that anthocyanin content significantly decreased after 168 h growth under 75% shade, but ABA treatment under the shade conditions sustained anthocyanin content. To confirm the involvement of ABA in the modulation of anthocyanin accumulation, anthocyanin, carotenoids, chlorophyll, ABA, jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) in the young leaves of four cultivars, including ZFX1, Zijuan (ZJ), wherein leaves are completely purple, Rougui (RG) and Fudingdabaicha (FDDB) wherein leaves are green, were analyzed, and antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts were tested. Results showed that ABA, not other tested hormones, was significantly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in the purple-leaved cultivars. Cultivars with higher anthocyanin contents exhibited higher antioxidant activities. Subsequently, ZFX1 plants were grown under full sun and treated with ABA and fluridone (Flu), an ABA inhibitor. ABA treatment elevated anthocyanin level but decreased chlorophyll contents. The reverse was true to those treated with Flu. To pursue a better understanding of ABA involvement in anthocyanin accumulation, RNA-Seq was used to analyze transcript differences among ABA- or Flu-treated and untreated ZFX1 plants. Results indicated that the differentially expressed genes in ABA or Flu treatment were mainly ABA signal sensing and metabolism-related genes, anthocyanin accumulation-related genes, light-responsive genes, and key regulatory MYB transcription factors. Taking all the results into account, a model for anthocyanin accumulation in ZFX1 cultivar was proposed: high light intensity caused reactive oxygen stress, which triggered the biosynthesis of ABA; ABA interactions with transcription factors, such as MYB-enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis limited chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation; and transport of anthocyanin to vacuoles resulting in the young leaves of ZFX1 with purplish coloration. Further research is warranted to test this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Gao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shaoling Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362400, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362400, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shiheng Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
| | - Shixian Cao
- Wuyixing Tea Industry Co., Ltd., Nanping 353000, China
| | - Shuntian Yu
- Wuyixing Tea Industry Co., Ltd., Nanping 353000, China
| | - Zhidan Chen
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362400, China
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (W.S.); (Z.X.); Tel.: +86-158-0599-8677 (Z.C.); +86-137-0506-7139 (W.S.); +86-134-0591-6632 (Z.X.)
| | - Weijiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (W.S.); (Z.X.); Tel.: +86-158-0599-8677 (Z.C.); +86-137-0506-7139 (W.S.); +86-134-0591-6632 (Z.X.)
| | - Zhihui Xue
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362400, China
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (W.S.); (Z.X.); Tel.: +86-158-0599-8677 (Z.C.); +86-137-0506-7139 (W.S.); +86-134-0591-6632 (Z.X.)
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Genome Survey and SSR Analysis of Camellia nitidissima Chi (Theaceae). Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:5417970. [PMID: 36407084 PMCID: PMC9646326 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5417970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia nitidissima Chi (CNC), a species of golden Camellia, is well known as "the queen of camellias." It is an ornamental, medicinal, and edible plant grown in China. In this study, we conducted a genome survey sequencing analysis and simple sequence repeat (SSR) identification of CNC using the Illumina sequencing platform. The 21-mer analysis predicted its genome size to be 2,778.82 Mb, with heterozygosity and repetition rates of 1.42% and 65.27%, respectively. The CNC genome sequences were assembled into 9,399,197 scaffolds, covering ∼2,910 Mb and an N50 of 869 base pair. Its genomic characteristics were found to be similar to those of Camellia oleifera. In addition, 1,940,616 SSRs were identified from the genome data, including mono-(61.85%), di-(28.71%), tri-(6.51%), tetra-(1.85%), penta-(0.57%), and hexanucleotide motifs (0.51%). We believe these data will provide a useful foundation for the development of novel molecular markers for CNC as well as for further whole-genome sequencing of CNC.
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