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Yong LK, Keino I, Kanna Y, Noguchi M, Fujisawa M, Kodama Y. Functional comparison of phototropin from the liverworts Apopellia endiviifolia and Marchantia polymorpha. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:782-792. [PMID: 37882095 DOI: 10.1111/php.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Phototropin (phot) is a blue light (BL) receptor and thermosensor that mediates chloroplast movements in plants. Liverworts, as early-diverging plant species, have a single copy of PHOT gene, and the phot protein in each liverwort activates the signaling pathway adapted to its specific growing environment. In this study, we functionally compared phot from two different liverworts species: Apopellia endiviifolia (Aephot) and Marchantia polymorpha (Mpphot). The BL-dependent photochemical activity of Aephot was similar to that of Mpphot, whereas the thermochemical activity of Aephot was lower than that of Mpphot. Therefore, the phot-mediated signaling pathways of the two plant species may differ more in response to temperature than to BL. Furthermore, we analyzed the functional compatibility of Aephot and Mpphot in chloroplast movements by transiently expressing AePHOT or MpPHOT. The transient expression of AePHOT did not mediate chloroplast movement in M. polymorpha, showing the incompatibility of Aephot with the signaling pathway of M. polymorpha. By contrast, the transient expression of MpPHOT mediated chloroplast movement in A. endiviifolia, indicating the compatibility of Mpphot with the signaling pathway of A. endiviifolia. Our findings reveal both functional similarities and differences between Aephot and Mpphot proteins from the closely related liverworts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Kien Yong
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Issei Keino
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yui Kanna
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Minoru Noguchi
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mami Fujisawa
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
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Koenig AM, Liu B, Hu J. Visualizing the dynamics of plant energy organelles. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:2029-2040. [PMID: 37975429 PMCID: PMC10754284 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant organelles predominantly rely on the actin cytoskeleton and the myosin motors for long-distance trafficking, while using microtubules and the kinesin motors mostly for short-range movement. The distribution and motility of organelles in the plant cell are fundamentally important to robust plant growth and defense. Chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes are essential organelles in plants that function independently and coordinately during energy metabolism and other key metabolic processes. In response to developmental and environmental stimuli, these energy organelles modulate their metabolism, morphology, abundance, distribution and motility in the cell to meet the need of the plant. Consistent with their metabolic links in processes like photorespiration and fatty acid mobilization is the frequently observed inter-organellar physical interaction, sometimes through organelle membranous protrusions. The development of various organelle-specific fluorescent protein tags has allowed the simultaneous visualization of organelle movement in living plant cells by confocal microscopy. These energy organelles display an array of morphology and movement patterns and redistribute within the cell in response to changes such as varying light conditions, temperature fluctuations, ROS-inducible treatments, and during pollen tube development and immune response, independently or in association with one another. Although there are more reports on the mechanism of chloroplast movement than that of peroxisomes and mitochondria, our knowledge of how and why these three energy organelles move and distribute in the plant cell is still scarce at the functional and mechanistic level. It is critical to identify factors that control organelle motility coupled with plant growth, development, and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Koenig
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jianping Hu
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
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3
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Yong LK, Kodama Y. Dark-induced chloroplast relocation depends on actin filaments in the liverwort Apopellia endiviifolia along with the light- and cold-induced relocations. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1822-1832. [PMID: 36782387 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts move to the periclinal walls of cells under weak light to harness light energy for photosynthesis and to anticlinal walls to avoid strong light. These responses involve the cytoskeleton components microtubules and/or actin filaments. In the dark, chloroplasts move to the anticlinal cell walls bordering neighbouring cells (dark-positioning response), but this response in various plants normally requires a prolonged dark incubation period, which has hampered analysis. However, we recently demonstrated the dark-positioning response that can be induced after a short period of dark incubation in the liverwort Apopellia endiviifolia. Here, we investigated whether the cytoskeleton components function in the dark-positioning response of A. endiviifolia cells. Microtubules and actin filaments were fluorescently visualised in A. endiviifolia cells and were disrupted following treatment with the microtubule and actin filament polymerisation inhibitors. The dark-positioning response was unaffected in the cells with disrupted microtubules. By contrast, the dark-positioning response was inhibited by the disruption of actin filaments. The disruption of actin filaments also restricted chloroplast mobility during light- and cold-dependent chloroplast movements in A. endiviifolia. Therefore, the dark-positioning response of A. endiviifolia depends solely on an actin filament-associated motility mechanism, as do the light- and cold-dependent chloroplast responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Kien Yong
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Fukushima T, Kodama Y. Selection of a histidine auxotrophic Marchantia polymorpha strain with an auxotrophic selective marker. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:345-354. [PMID: 37283617 PMCID: PMC10240916 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0810a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marchantia polymorpha has emerged as a model liverwort species, with molecular tools increasingly available. In the present study, we developed an auxotrophic strain of M. polymorpha and an auxotrophic selective marker gene as new experimental tools for this valuable model system. Using CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats)/Cas9-mediated genome editing, we mutated the genomic region for IMIDAZOLEGLYCEROL-PHOSPHATE DEHYDRATASE (IGPD) in M. polymorpha to disrupt the biosynthesis of histidine (igpd). We modified an IGPD gene (IGPDm) with silent mutations, generating a histidine auxotrophic selective marker gene that was not a target of our CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. The M. polymorpha igpd mutant was a histidine auxotrophic strain, growing only on medium containing histidine. The igpd mutant could be complemented by transformation with the IGPDm gene, indicating that this gene could be used as an auxotrophic selective marker. Using the IGPDm marker in the igpd mutant background, we produced transgenic lines without the need for antibiotic selection. The histidine auxotrophic strain igpd and auxotrophic selective marker IGPDm represent new molecular tools for M. polymorpha research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Fukushima
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
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5
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Ichikawa S, Kato S, Fujii Y, Ishikawa K, Numata K, Kodama Y. Organellar Glue: A Molecular Tool to Artificially Control Chloroplast-Chloroplast Interactions. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3190-3197. [PMID: 36178266 PMCID: PMC9594315 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Organelles can physically interact to facilitate various cellular processes such as metabolite exchange. Artificially regulating these interactions represents a promising approach for synthetic biology. Here, we artificially controlled chloroplast-chloroplast interactions in living plant cells with our organelle glue (ORGL) technique, which is based on reconstitution of a split fluorescent protein. We simultaneously targeted N-terminal and C-terminal fragments of a fluorescent protein to the chloroplast outer envelope membrane or cytosol, respectively, which induced chloroplast-chloroplast interactions. The cytosolic C-terminal fragment likely functions as a bridge between two N-terminal fragments, thereby bringing the chloroplasts in close proximity to interact. We modulated the frequency of chloroplast-chloroplast interactions by altering the ratio of N- and C-terminal fragments. We conclude that the ORGL technique can successfully control chloroplast-chloroplast interactions in plants, providing a proof of concept for the artificial regulation of organelle interactions in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Ichikawa
- Center
for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya
University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan,Graduate
School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Shota Kato
- Center
for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya
University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Yuta Fujii
- Center
for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya
University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Center
for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya
University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Department
of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan,Biomacromolecules
Research Team, Center for Sustainable Resource
Science, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center
for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya
University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan,Graduate
School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan,Biomacromolecules
Research Team, Center for Sustainable Resource
Science, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan,
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6
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Łabuz J, Sztatelman O, Hermanowicz P. Molecular insights into the phototropin control of chloroplast movements. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6034-6051. [PMID: 35781490 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast movements are controlled by ultraviolet/blue light through phototropins. In Arabidopsis thaliana, chloroplast accumulation at low light intensities and chloroplast avoidance at high light intensities are observed. These responses are controlled by two homologous photoreceptors, the phototropins phot1 and phot2. Whereas chloroplast accumulation is triggered by both phototropins in a partially redundant manner, sustained chloroplast avoidance is elicited only by phot2. Phot1 is able to trigger only a small, transient chloroplast avoidance, followed by the accumulation phase. The source of this functional difference is not fully understood at either the photoreceptor or the signalling pathway levels. In this article, we review current understanding of phototropin functioning and try to dissect the differences that result in signalling to elicit two distinct chloroplast responses. First, we focus on phototropin structure and photochemical and biochemical activity. Next, we analyse phototropin expression and localization patterns. We also summarize known photoreceptor systems controlling chloroplast movements. Finally, we focus on the role of environmental stimuli in controlling phototropin activity. All these aspects impact the signalling to trigger chloroplast movements and raise outstanding questions about the mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Łabuz
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Sztatelman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Paweł Hermanowicz
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
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Hirano S, Sasaki K, Osaki Y, Tahara K, Takahashi H, Takemiya A, Kodama Y. The localization of phototropin to the plasma membrane defines a cold-sensing compartment in Marchantia polymorpha. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac030. [PMID: 36713324 PMCID: PMC9802274 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells perceive cold temperatures and initiate cellular responses to protect themselves against cold stress, but which cellular compartment mediates cold sensing has been unknown. Chloroplasts change their position in response to cold to optimize photosynthesis in plants in a process triggered by the blue-light photoreceptor phototropin (phot), which thus acts as a cold-sensing molecule. However, phot in plant cells is present in multiple cellular compartments, including the plasma membrane (PM), cytosol, Golgi apparatus, and chloroplast periphery, making it unclear where phot perceives cold and activates this cold-avoidance response. Here, we produced genetically encoded and modified variants of phot that localize only to the cytosol or the PM and determined that only PM-associated phot-induced cold avoidance in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. These results indicate that the phot localized to the PM constitutes a cellular compartment for cold sensing in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kyoka Tahara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 753-8512 Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hitomi Takahashi
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takemiya
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 753-8512 Yamaguchi, Japan
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