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Zehtab S, Moayedfar S, Ghasisin L. Common and proper nouns in mild Alzheimer's disease. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024:1-6. [PMID: 39101836 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2385452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disturbance in naming accuracy and reaction time (RT) is one of the early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Naming performance can be considered a diagnostic key in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has remained diagnostically challenging. Although most of the studies in this field have been conducted on the naming accuracy of common nouns, others have shown that proper nouns are more sensitive for detecting the onset of AD. This study aims to compare the naming of common and proper nouns. METHOD Eighty pictures of common and proper nouns (40 items each) were presented to 18 healthy older adults and 18 people with mild Alzheimer's disease using DMDX software on a laptop computer. The patients' responses were transcribed into a pre-designed form, and their reaction times were captured by DMDX. RESULTS Study results indicated a significant difference in the number of errors and RTs between proper and common nouns in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (p-value=), implying that proper nouns may be more sensitive to mild AD. Moreover, patients with mild Alzheimer's had more problems in common and proper nouns than healthy older adults. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that individuals with mild AD experienced greater difficulty recalling proper nouns, which were found to be more susceptible to the effects of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zehtab
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeideh Moayedfar
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Ghasisin
- Department of Speech Therapy , Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Scaramozza M, Chiesa PA, Zajac L, Sun Z, Tang M, Juraver A, Bartholomé E, Charré-Morin J, Saubusse A, Johnson SC, Brochet B, Carment L, Ruiz M, Campbell N, Ruet A. Konectom™ cognitive processing speed test enables reliable remote, unsupervised cognitive assessment in people with multiple sclerosis: Exploring the use of substitution time as a novel digital outcome measure. Mult Scler 2024; 30:1193-1204. [PMID: 38912764 DOI: 10.1177/13524585241259650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Konectom™ smartphone-based cognitive processing speed (CPS) test is designed to assess processing speed and account for impact of visuomotor function on performance. OBJECTIVE Evaluate reliability and validity of Konectom CPS Test, performed in clinic and remotely. METHODS Data were collected from people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) aged 18-64 years and healthy control participants (HC) matched for age, sex, and education. Remote test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients, ICC); correlation with established clinical measures (Spearman correlation coefficients); group analyses between cognitively impaired/unimpaired PwMS; and influence of age, sex, education, and upper limb motor function on CPS Test measures were assessed. RESULTS Eighty PwMS and 66 HC participated. CPS Test measures from remote tests had good test-retest reliability (ICC of 0.67-0.87) and correlated with symbol digit modalities test (highest |ρ| = 0.80, p < 0.0001). Remote measures were stable (change from baseline < 5%) and correlated with MS disability (highest |ρ| = 0.39, p = 0.0004) measured by Expanded Disability Status Scale. CPS Test measures displayed sensitivity to cognitive impairment (highest d = 1.47). Demographics and motor function had the lowest impact on CPS Test substitution time, a measure accounting for visuomotor function. CONCLUSION Konectom CPS Test measures provide valid, reliable remote measurements of cognitive processing speed in PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sterling C Johnson
- Department of Medicine-Geriatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bruno Brochet
- U1215 INSERM, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | - Aurélie Ruet
- Neurology Department, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; U1215 INSERM, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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de Souza Souto JJ, Edite Casé de Oliveira M, Silva GM, Nascimento de Sousa JM, Fernandes Franco CI, Dos Santos NA. Transcranial direct current stimulation and cognitive changes in Parkinson's disease, a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38967481 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2367108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, but therapeutic options such as neuromodulation continue to show variable effects, making clinical management of the disease difficult. This systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression aimed to analyze the isolated effect of cortical modulation with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) compared to sham stimulation on cognitive changes in people with Parkinson's disease. The databases used were: Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Cochrane. The results showed that tDCS can influence the improvement of cognition in PD (Inverse Variance:0.24 [95% Confidence Interval: 0.09 to -0.40], p < 0.00). The meta-analysis showed that active tDCS can influence cognitive function by improving aspects related to memory (Inverse Variance:0.34 [95% Confidence Interval: 0.07 to 0.61], p < 0.01) and reducing reaction time in cognitive tasks (Inverse Variance:0.42 [95% Confidence Interval: 0.07 to 0.76], p < 0.02). Innovative meta-regression analyses showed that variables such as age (Q = 2.54, df = 1, p < 0.11), education level (Q = 2.62, df = 1, p < 0.10), disease duration (Q = 0.01, df = 1, p < 0.92), and Unified PD Rating Scale stage (Q = 0.01, df = 1, p < 0.92) did not influence the results. Thus, tDCS may be a therapeutic option for cognitive changes in people with PD, and we suggest further studies to identify protocols that can be replicated.
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Mychajliw C, Holz H, Minuth N, Dawidowsky K, Eschweiler GW, Metzger FG, Wortha F. Performance Differences of a Touch-Based Serial Reaction Time Task in Healthy Older Participants and Older Participants With Cognitive Impairment on a Tablet: Experimental Study. JMIR Aging 2024; 7:e48265. [PMID: 38512340 PMCID: PMC10995790 DOI: 10.2196/48265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital neuropsychological tools for diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases in the older population are becoming more relevant and widely adopted because of their diagnostic capabilities. In this context, explicit memory is mainly examined. The assessment of implicit memory occurs to a lesser extent. A common measure for this assessment is the serial reaction time task (SRTT). OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop and empirically test a digital tablet-based SRTT in older participants with cognitive impairment (CoI) and healthy control (HC) participants. On the basis of the parameters of response accuracy, reaction time, and learning curve, we measure implicit learning and compare the HC and CoI groups. METHODS A total of 45 individuals (n=27, 60% HCs and n=18, 40% participants with CoI-diagnosed by an interdisciplinary team) completed a tablet-based SRTT. They were presented with 4 blocks of stimuli in sequence and a fifth block that consisted of stimuli appearing in random order. Statistical and machine learning modeling approaches were used to investigate how healthy individuals and individuals with CoI differed in their task performance and implicit learning. RESULTS Linear mixed-effects models showed that individuals with CoI had significantly higher error rates (b=-3.64, SE 0.86; z=-4.25; P<.001); higher reaction times (F1,41=22.32; P<.001); and lower implicit learning, measured via the response increase between sequence blocks and the random block (β=-0.34; SE 0.12; t=-2.81; P=.007). Furthermore, machine learning models based on these findings were able to reliably and accurately predict whether an individual was in the HC or CoI group, with an average prediction accuracy of 77.13% (95% CI 74.67%-81.33%). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the HC and CoI groups differed substantially in their performance in the SRTT. This highlights the promising potential of implicit learning paradigms in the detection of CoI. The short testing paradigm based on these results is easy to use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mychajliw
- Geriatric Center, University Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- TuCAN, Tübingen Cognitive Assessment for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Holz
- TuCAN, Tübingen Cognitive Assessment for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Ludwigsburg University of Education, Ludwigsburg, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Minuth
- Geriatric Center, University Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- TuCAN, Tübingen Cognitive Assessment for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kristina Dawidowsky
- Geriatric Center, University Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- TuCAN, Tübingen Cognitive Assessment for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wilhelm Eschweiler
- Geriatric Center, University Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Gerhard Metzger
- Geriatric Center, University Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Vitos Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Haina, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Vitos Haina gGmbH, Haina, Germany
| | - Franz Wortha
- TuCAN, Tübingen Cognitive Assessment for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Tübingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Early Mathematics Learning, School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Flavia M, Lucia D, Antonia L, Luigi P, Marco T, Manuela G. The Simultaneous Assessment of Time and Motion Response during Dual Tasks. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115309. [PMID: 37300036 DOI: 10.3390/s23115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of reaction time in clinical settings is generally employed to assess cognitive abilities by having a subject perform standard simple tests. In this study, a new method of measuring response time (RT) was developed using a system composed of LEDs that emit light stimuli and are equipped with proximity sensors. The RT is measured as the time taken by the subject to turn off the LED target by moving the hand towards the sensor. Through an optoelectronic passive marker system, the associated motion response is assessed. Two tasks of 10 stimuli each were defined: simple reaction time and recognition reaction time tasks. To validate the method implemented to measure RTs, the reproducibility and repeatability of the measurements were estimated, and, to test the method's applicability, a pilot study was conducted on 10 healthy subjects (6 females and 4 males, age = 25 ± 2 years), reporting, as expected, that the response time was affected by the task's difficulty. Unlike commonly used tests, the developed method has proven to be adequate for the simultaneous evaluation of the response in terms of time and motion. Furthermore, thanks to the playful nature of the tests, this method could also be used for clinical and pediatric applications to measure the impact of motor and cognitive impairments on RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marrone Flavia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, via Privata Giuseppe La Masa 1, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Donno Lucia
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lopreside Antonia
- School of Industrial and Information Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Piccinini Luigi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy
| | - Tarabini Marco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, via Privata Giuseppe La Masa 1, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Galli Manuela
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Richard’s MM, Zamora EV, Aydmune Y, Comesaña A, Krzemien D, Introzzi IM, Lopez-Ramón MF, Navarro-Pardo E. Age-related switching costs in adulthood: “All or None Hypothesis” corollaries. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Pumpho A, Kaewsanmung S, Keawduangdee P, Suwannarat P, Boonsinsukh R. Development of a mobile application for assessing reaction time in walking and TUG duration: Concurrent validity in female older adults. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1076963. [PMID: 36817771 PMCID: PMC9928965 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1076963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The TUG can be used to distinguish between people who fall and people who don't fall. To evaluate cognitive dual-task performance while walking for fall prediction, TUG-dual was frequently employed. A recent study has created a mobile application that enables simple interaction to provide greater convenience for monitoring the duration of TUG, TUG-subtraction, and reaction time. Objective The research aim was to ascertain the concurrent validity of the mobile application that was developed for the clinical assessment of TUG, TUG-subtraction, and reaction time. Methods Twenty-nine older persons participated in this study. The testing protocol involved the TUG, TUG-subtraction, and reaction time assessment. For TUG and TUG-subtraction, the duration to complete the task was recorded by the APDM Mobility Lab system and the mobile application. For the reaction time tests, the reaction times (msec) were recorded by the Multi Choice Reaction timer and the Mobile application. The TUG durations recorded by the APDM Mobility Lab system were correlated with those recorded by the mobile application to verify the concurrent validity using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient. Also, the reaction time by the Multi Choice Reaction timer was correlated with the mobile application. Bland-Altman plots were used to explore the existence of any systematic differences between the measurements. Results Our results showed very strong correlations between the TUG and TUG-subtraction duration derived from the APDM Mobility Lab system and the mobile application (r = 0.96 and 0.96, respectively). For the reaction time, the results showed a moderate correlation between the reaction time derived from the mobile application and the Multi Choice Reaction Timer (r = 0.67). Conclusion The mobile application, which allows measurement in TUG and TUG-subtraction, is a highly valid tool for TUG duration assessment. However, this application is capable for assess the reaction time with moderate validity for reaction time assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ampha Pumpho
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Supapon Kaewsanmung
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand,Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Mae Fah Luang University Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Petcharat Keawduangdee
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Patcharawan Suwannarat
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Rumpa Boonsinsukh
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand,*Correspondence: Rumpa Boonsinsukh,
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Arif SMU, Brizzi M, Carli M, Battisti F. Human reaction time in a mixed reality environment. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:897240. [PMID: 36061612 PMCID: PMC9437458 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.897240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years applications based on the use of immersive environments, where physical and digital objects coexist and interact, have gained widespread attention. Thanks to the development of new visualization devices, even at low cost, and increasingly effective rendering and processing techniques, these applications are reaching a growing number of users. While the adoption of digital information makes it possible to provide immersive experiences in a number of different applications, there are still many unexplored aspects. In this work, a preliminary step to understand the impact of the scene content on human perception of the virtual 3D elements in a mixed reality has been performed. To this aim, a subjective test was designed and implemented to collect the reaction time of a set of users in a mixed reality application. In this test each user was asked to wear an augmented reality headset and to catch a virtual objects randomly appearing in the subject's field of view. We first estimated the detection accuracy through omitted, anticipated, and completed responses; then we related stimulus location, scene content and estimated accuracy. For this purpose, the area of stimulus presentation was divided into upper, lower, right, left, inner, and outer, to understand in which area responses were omitted and anticipated with respect to the central point of view. Experimental results show that, in addition to the saliency of the real scene, natural body gesture technology and limited field of view influenced human reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Muhammad Umair Arif
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Brizzi
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michele Brizzi
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Battisti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Ding Z, Lee TL, Chan AS. Digital Cognitive Biomarker for Mild Cognitive Impairments and Dementia: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:4191. [PMID: 35887956 PMCID: PMC9320101 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The dementia population is increasing as the world's population is growing older. The current systematic review aims to identify digital cognitive biomarkers from computerized tests for detecting dementia and its risk state of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of digital cognitive biomarkers. A literature search was performed in three databases, and supplemented by a Google search for names of previously identified computerized tests. Computerized tests were categorized into five types, including memory tests, test batteries, other single/multiple cognitive tests, handwriting/drawing tests, and daily living tasks and serious games. Results showed that 78 studies were eligible. Around 90% of the included studies were rated as high quality based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Most of the digital cognitive biomarkers achieved comparable or even better diagnostic performance than traditional paper-and-pencil tests. Moderate to large group differences were consistently observed in cognitive outcomes related to memory and executive functions, as well as some novel outcomes measured by handwriting/drawing tests, daily living tasks, and serious games. These outcomes have the potential to be sensitive digital cognitive biomarkers for MCI and dementia. Therefore, digital cognitive biomarkers can be a sensitive and promising clinical tool for detecting MCI and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Ding
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Z.D.); (T.-l.L.)
| | - Tsz-lok Lee
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Z.D.); (T.-l.L.)
| | - Agnes S. Chan
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Z.D.); (T.-l.L.)
- Research Centre for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Hartle L, Martorelli M, Balboni G, Souza R, Charchat-Fichman H. Diagnostic accuracy of CompCog: reaction time as a screening measure for mild cognitive impairment. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2022; 80:570-579. [PMID: 35946705 PMCID: PMC9387195 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2021-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reaction time is affected under different neurological conditions but has not been much investigated considering all types of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). OBJECTIVE This study investigated the diagnostic accuracy of CompCog, a computerized cognitive screening battery focusing on reaction time measurements. METHODS A sample of 52 older adults underwent neuropsychological assessments, including CompCog, and medical appointments, to be classified as a control group or be diagnosed with MCI. The accuracy of CompCog for distinguishing between the two groups was calculated. RESULTS The results from diagnostic accuracy analyses showed that the AUCs of ROC curves were as high as 0.915 (CI 0.837-0.993). The subtest with the highest sensitivity and specificity (choice reaction time subtest) had 91.7% sensitivity and 89.3% specificity. The logistic regression final model correctly classified 92.3% of individuals, with 92.9% specificity and 91.7% sensitivity, and included only four variables from different subtests. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the study showed that reaction time assessed through CompCog is a good screening measure to differentiate between normal aging and MCI. Reaction time measurements in milliseconds were more accurate than correct answers. This test can form part of routine clinical tests to achieve the objectives of screening for MCI, indicating further procedures for investigation and diagnosis and planning interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Hartle
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Psicologia, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
- Università degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di Filosofia, scienze sociali, umane e della formazione, Perugia, Italia
| | - Marina Martorelli
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Psicologia, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Giulia Balboni
- Università degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di Filosofia, scienze sociali, umane e della formazione, Perugia, Italia
| | - Raquel Souza
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Psicologia, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Helenice Charchat-Fichman
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Psicologia, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
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Multitask Versus Multicomponent Training on Cognitive and Motor Functions in Persons With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Trial. J Aging Phys Act 2022; 30:1024-1037. [PMID: 35453122 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2021-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to compare the effects of multitask (MTT; multiple tasks performed simultaneously) and multicomponent training (MCT; various types of exercise performed sequentially) on processing speed, cognitive functions, gait speed, and balance functions in persons with mild cognitive impairment. Forty-two persons with mild cognitive impairment were randomly allocated to MTT (n = 21) or MCT (n = 21). Outcome measures included processing speed, cognitive functions (attention and executive functions), single-task gait speed, dual-task gait speed (DTGS-Arithmetic and DTGS-Verbal), and balance functions. Processing speed (except inhibition), cognitive functions, gait speed, and balance functions improved in the MTT and MCT groups following training, with no significant differences between the groups in processing speed or cognitive functions. The MCT group improved more on single-task gait speed (F = 15.097; p = .000; r = .270) and DTGS (DTGS-Arithmetic; F = 10.594; p = .002; r = .214), while the MTT group improved more on balance functions (F = 4.366; p = .043; r = .101). MTT and MCT strategies can be used to improve cognitive and physical outcomes in persons with mild cognitive impairment.
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Bonnechère B. Evaluation of Processing Speed of Different Cognitive Functions Across the Life Span Using Cognitive Mobile Games. Games Health J 2022; 11:132-140. [PMID: 35180366 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2021.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Processing speed (PS) is an important indicator of cognitive functioning and normal aging. However, the tools used to evaluate these are often rather simplistic and only assess one cognitive component. The aim of this study was to use cognitive mobile games (CMG) to evaluate the evolution of reaction times over the life span during different cognitive tasks. Methodology: We carried out a retrospective observational study in which we obtained anonymized results of 15,000 subjects. Scores of five CMG that train arithmetic, vocabulary, response control, visual attention and recognition, and working memory were analyzed. Results: Overall, we observed a highly statistically significant decrease (P < 0.001) in PS and a decrease of accuracy (P < 0.001) with increasing participant age, indicating that for each cognitive function tested, older participants performed cognitive tasks more slowly than younger participants. We also observed an interaction between the age of the participants and the number of errors. These results are consistent with physiological data with respect to aging and cognition. Conclusion: Owing to their wide availability and ease of use, CMG could be used as a simple tool to monitor cognitive function such as PS. Further studies are needed to study the influence of pathologies on those variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonnechère
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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13
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Zou T, Cao S, Liu W, Li L, Jiang J, Wu L. Is simple reaction time or choice reaction time an indicator of all-cause mortality or CVD mortality? Public Health 2021; 199:34-41. [PMID: 34534888 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Simple reaction time (SRT) and choice reaction time (CRT) have been shown to be good indicators for quantitatively assessing the level of human cognitive impairment, but these parameters have also been linked to the risk of human death. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the independent predictive value of SRT or CRT for all-cause mortality or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective studies. STUDY DESIGN The study design of this study is a prospective cohort study. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis by combining hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of SRT or CRT with all-cause mortality or CVD mortality in healthy community residents aged 18 and over. Heterogeneity was evaluated by using Q statistics and Cochrane's I2 statistics. RESULTS A total of seven prospective studies that examined all-cause mortality and CVD mortality were included. The pooled HR of all-cause mortality in SRT was 1.099 (1.065-1.134, I2 = 11.9%), and an increased risk of CVD mortality was associated with lower SRT (HR = 1.186, 95% CI = 1.137-1.236; I2 = 52.4%). Similarly, the pooled HR of all-cause mortality in CRT was 1.140 (95% CI = 1.085-1.197, I2 = 33.7%). However, lower CRT was not statistically associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality. CONCLUSION SRT may be a predictor of all-cause-mortality and CVD mortality, and CRT is significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zou
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, 461 BaYi St, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Department of Health, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, 318 BaYi St, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - S Cao
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730000, PR China
| | - W Liu
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, 461 BaYi St, Nanchang, 330006, PR China.
| | - L Li
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, 461 BaYi St, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - J Jiang
- New York University, 6 Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - L Wu
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, 461 BaYi St, Nanchang, 330006, PR China.
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14
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Lee JH, Lee TL, Kang N. Transcranial direct current stimulation decreased cognition-related reaction time in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101377. [PMID: 34089900 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the cognitive functions of healthy older adults by focusing on the changes in reaction time during cognitive tasks. METHOD A total of 31 studies qualified for this meta-analysis, and we acquired 36 comparisons from the included studies for data synthesis. The individual effect sizes were calculated by comparing the altered reaction time during the performance of a specific cognitive task between the active tDCS and sham groups. In two moderator variable analyses, we examined the potentially different effects of the tDCS protocols on the cognition-related reaction time based on the tDCS protocol used (i.e., online vs. offline tDCS) and the five cognitive domains: (a) perceptual-motor function, (b) learning and memory, (c) executive function / complex attention, (d) language, and (e) social cognition. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to estimate the relationship between demographic and tDCS parameter characteristics and the changes in reaction time. RESULTS The random-effects model meta-analysis revealed significant small effects of tDCS on cognition-related reaction time. Specifically, providing online tDCS significantly reduced the reaction time, and these patterns were observed during learning and memory and executive function / complex attention tasks. However, applying offline tDCS failed to find any significant reduction of reaction time across various cognitive tasks. The meta-regression analysis revealed that the effects of tDCS on the reaction time during the performance of cognitive tasks increased for the older people. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that providing online tDCS may effectively improve the ageing-induced reaction time related to specific cognitive functions of elderly people.
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15
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Dagliati A, Peek N, Brinton RD, Geifman N. Sex and APOE genotype differences related to statin use in the aging population. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12156. [PMID: 33969178 PMCID: PMC8088592 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant evidence suggests that the cholesterol-lowering statins can affect cognitive function and reduce the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia. These potential effects may be constrained by specific combinations of an individual's sex and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. METHODS Here we examine data from 252,327 UK Biobank participants, aged 55 or over, and compare the effects of statin use in males and females. We assessed difference in statin treatments taking a matched cohort approach, and identified key stratifiers using regression models and conditional inference trees. Using statistical modeling, we further evaluated the effect of statins on survival, cognitive decline over time, and on AD prevalence. RESULTS We identified that in the selected population, males were older, had a higher level of education, better cognitive scores, higher incidence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and a higher rate of statin use. We observed that males and those participants with an APOE ε4-positive genotype had higher probabilities of being treated with statins; while participants with an AD diagnosis had slightly lower probabilities. We found that use of statins was not significantly associated with overall higher rates of survival. However, when considering the interaction of statin use with sex, the results suggest higher survival rates in males treated with statins. Finally, examination of cognitive function indicates a potential beneficial effect of statins that is selective for APOE ε4-positive genotypes. DISCUSSION Our evaluation of the aging population in a large cohort from the UK Biobank confirms sex and APOE genotype as fundamental risk stratifiers for AD and cognitive function, furthermore it extends them to the specific area of statin use, clarifying their specific interactions with treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Dagliati
- Centre for Health InformaticsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- The Manchester Molecular Pathology Innovation CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Department of ElectricalComputer and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Niels Peek
- Centre for Health InformaticsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research CentreManchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Department of PharmacologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Department of NeurologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Center for Innovation in Brain ScienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Nophar Geifman
- Centre for Health InformaticsUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- The Manchester Molecular Pathology Innovation CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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16
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Velichkovsky BB, Tatarinov DV, Khlebnikova AA, Roshchina IF, Selezneva ND, Gavrilova SI. [Distracter inhibition in mild cognitive impairment]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:71-76. [PMID: 33580765 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effectiveness of interfering visual stimuli inhibition using the flanker task in a group of healthy young and healthy old participants, and in a group of participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MATERIAL AND METHODS Reaction times and accuracy, as well as the diffusion model of reaction times with parameters reflecting perceptual and motor processes, stimulus processing speed, and conservativeness of response selection were analyzed. RESULTS We found reduced speed and accuracy in older age, especially in MCI patients. The reduction was especially pronounced in patients with the incongruent distracters. For diffusion model parameters, perceptual and motor processes took longer with older age, reduced processing speed was found only in pathological aging, and specific effectiveness reduction for incongruent probes in patients was driven by increased conservativeness of responses. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate the joint influence of normal and pathological aging processes on patients with MCI. The deceleration of the perceptual-motor components of the reaction time reflects the processes of normal cognitive aging, while the deceleration of the processing speed (in the presence of any distractors, including congruent ones) characterizes pathological cognitive aging. Differential diagnosis of normal and pathological cognitive changes is possible using data based on the analysis of reaction time components. It is important to take into account the conservativeness of responses as a factor slowing down the reaction time in pathological and normal cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Velichkovsky
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Psychoanalysis, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - I F Roshchina
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Ferreira S, Raimundo A, Del Pozo-Cruz J, Marmeleira J. Psychometric properties of a computerized and hand-reaction time tests in older adults using long-term facilities with and without mild cognitive impairment. Exp Gerontol 2021; 147:111271. [PMID: 33549821 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the absolute and relative reliability and validity of two reaction time (RT) tests in older adults using long-term facility: the ruler drop test (RDT, a simple RT) and the Deary-Liewald RT task (DLRT, simple and four-choice RT). Participants (≥65 years old) using long-term facilities were distributed into a group without cognitive impairment (GWCI, n = 41), and a group with mild cognitive impairment (GCI, n = 32). The tests were administered one week apart, by the same evaluator. Relative reliability was measured by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC3.1), absolute reliability by the standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC95) and convergent validity by the Pearson correlation. The results showed that the relative reliability was good for the RDT (GWCI, ICC = 0.84; GCI, ICC = 0.80) and moderate for the Deary Liewald RT simple (DLRT-S) (GWCI, ICC = 0.61; GCI, ICC = 0.65). The relative reliability of the Deary Liewald RT choice (DLRT-C) was good (ICC = 0.89) for the GWCI and excellent (ICC = 0.93) for the GCI. However, the DLRT-C had low feasibility in the GCI, as most participants were unable to complete the test. Measurement precision was acceptable for the RDT and DLRT-C (GWCI) and for the DLRT-C (GCI). There were no significant associations between the RDT and DLRT scores. We conclude that the RDT could be more suitable than the DLRT-S for assessing simple RT in older adults. Future studies should explore if fewer than the four stimulus-response alternatives used in the DLRT-C could be more appropriate for assessing choice RT in older adults with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Ferreira
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Portugal.
| | - Armando Raimundo
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Portugal
| | - Jesus Del Pozo-Cruz
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deporte, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain; Epidemiology of Physical Activity and Fitness Across Lifespan Research Group (EPAFit), Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Marmeleira
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Portugal
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18
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Evaluation of the Reaction Time and Accuracy Rate in Normal Subjects, MCI, and Dementia Using Serious Games. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the differences in the reaction time and accuracy rate of three categories of subjects using our serious games. Thirty-seven subjects were divided into three groups: normal (n1 = 16), MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment) (n2 = 10), and dementia—moderate-to-severe (n3 = 11) groups based on the MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination). Two serious games were designed: (1) whack-a-mole and (2) hit-the-ball. Two dependent variables, reaction time and accuracy rate, were statistically analyzed to compare elders’ performances in the games among the three groups for three levels of speed: slow, medium, and fast. There were significance differences between the normal group, the MCI group, and the moderate-to-severe dementia group in both the reaction-time and accuracy-rate analyses. We determined that the reaction times of the MCI and dementia groups were shorter compared to those of the normal group, with poorer results also observed in accuracy rate. Therefore, we conclude that our serious games have the feasibility to evaluate reaction performance and could be used in the daily lives of elders followed by clinical treatment in the future.
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19
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Yang Y, Chen T, Shao M, Yan S, Yue GH, Jiang C. Effects of Tai Chi Chuan on Inhibitory Control in Elderly Women: An fNIRS Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 13:476. [PMID: 32038205 PMCID: PMC6988574 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibitory control is a sub-ability of executive function and plays an important role in the entire cognitive process. However, declines in inhibitory control during aging significantly impair the quality of life of elderly people. Investigating methods to delay the decline of inhibitory control has become a focal point in current research. Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) is one effective method used to delay cognitive declines in older adults. However, the specific effects of TCC on inhibitory control and the mechanisms through which TCC may improve cognition in older adults have not been comprehensively investigated. Objective The study explores possible neurological mechanisms related to the effects of TCC interventions on inhibitory control in older people using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technique and reaction times (RTs). Methods A total of 26 healthy, elderly people who had not received TCC training completed all study procedures. The subjects were randomized to either the TCC group or the control group. Subjects in the TCC group were taught TCC by a certified instructor and trained for 8 weeks. The control group continued to perform general daily activities. The Flanker task was administered to every participant to evaluate inhibitory control pre- and post-intervention. While participants were performing the Flanker task, fNIRS data were collected. Results Post-intervention, significant differences for incongruent flankers were found only for the TCC intervention group. Faster RTs were observed for the incongruent flankers in the TCC group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Analysis of the fNIRS data revealed an increase in oxy-Hb in the prefrontal cortex during the incongruent flankers after the TCC exercise intervention. Conclusion The TCC intervention significantly improved inhibitory control in older adults, suggesting that TCC is an effective, suitable exercise for improving executive function and neurological health in elderly people. Clinical Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Register, ChiCTR1900028457.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Technical Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China.,The Center of Neuroscience and Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Education, Beijing Dance Academy, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Technical Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China.,The Center of Neuroscience and Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Shoufu Yan
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Guang H Yue
- Center for Mobility and Rehabilitation Engineering, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, United States.,Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Changhao Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Technical Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China.,The Center of Neuroscience and Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China.,School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
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20
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Ho BL, Lin SF, Chou PS, Hsu CY, Liou LM, Lai CL. Impaired conflict monitoring in cognitive decline. Behav Brain Res 2019; 363:70-76. [PMID: 30695708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Resolving conflicts is an important cognitive ability of executive function, and it may decrease with cognitive decline. The flanker task is a practical test used to assess the ability to suppress responses that are inappropriate in a particular context. The aims of the present study were to investigate conflict monitoring of cognitive control in subjects with different levels of cognitive impairment, and clarify the usefulness of the flanker task in screening cognitive decline. We recruited 50 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 34 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 44 mentally healthy elderly subjects as a control group. To evaluate cognitive performance, each participant underwent a neuropsychological assessment using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument and a modified flanker task. Compared with the normal controls and those with MCI, the patients with AD had a significantly lower accuracy rate and longer reaction time in both congruent and incongruent trials. The diagnosis of AD predicted significantly poorer performances on the flanker tasks. Furthermore, behavioral data of the patients with AD were significantly correlated with the results of neuropsychological tests. Our results indicated that executive cognitive deficits in conflict monitoring as detected by the flanker task were significantly impaired in the patients with AD. The flanker task could be a quick and easier alternative tool for screening AD among elderly people with suspicious cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Lin Ho
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Gangshan Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Lin
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Clinical Pathology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Song Chou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yao Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Min Liou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Lian Lai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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21
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Guarino A, Favieri F, Boncompagni I, Agostini F, Cantone M, Casagrande M. Executive Functions in Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 10:437. [PMID: 30697157 PMCID: PMC6341024 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a severe irreversible syndrome, characterized by a slow and progressive cognitive decline that interferes with the standard instrumental and essential functions of daily life. Promptly identifying the impairment of particular cognitive functions could be a fundamental condition to limit, through preventive or therapeutic interventions, the functional damages found in this degenerative dementia. This study aims to analyse, through a systematic review of the studies, the sensitivity of four experimental paradigms (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Task, Go/No-Go Task, and Flanker Task) considered as golden standard instruments for executive functions assessment in elderly subjects affected by Alzheimer dementia. This review was carried out according to the PRISMA method. Forty-five studies comparing the executive performance of patients with Alzheimer's dementia (diagnosed according to different classification criteria for dementia) and healthy elderly patients both over the age of sixty, were selected. For the research, PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycArticles databases were used. The study highlighted the importance of using standard protocols to evaluate executive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. The Stroop task allows discriminating better between healthy and pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Guarino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Favieri
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Micaela Cantone
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica e Clinica, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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22
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Zhang L, Zhao Y, Shen C, Lei L, Dong J, Zou D, Zou J, Wang M. Can Long-Term Regular Practice of Physical Exercises Including Taichi Improve Finger Tapping of Patients Presenting With Mild Cognitive Impairment? Front Physiol 2018; 9:1396. [PMID: 30323772 PMCID: PMC6172313 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a brain disease with both anatomical and functional alterations. There is clear evidence that individuals that are diagnosed with MCI have a high risk to develop dementia in the next 2–5 years compared to an age-matched population with a non-MCI diagnosis. The present study aimed to investigate whether the finger tapping frequency of patients with MCI was different from that of healthy individuals without MCI, and whether Tai Chi, a traditional Chinese movement discipline, could improve the finger tapping frequency of MCI patients. Methods: The study population consisted of subjects of ≥50 years of age. Group one included 40 subjects without exercise habits from communities of Yangpu District in Shanghai, and group two included 60 subjects from a Tai Chi class in Shanghai Elderly University of Huangpu District. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and a finger tapping test were conducted to assess the finger tapping frequency of all subjects. Results: The MoCA score of MCI subjects was significantly lower compared to subjects without MCI (P < 0.01), and was not influenced by age, weight, or height. The finger tapping frequency of MCI subjects’ left hands was significantly lower compared to that of healthy subjects without MCI (P < 0.01), and a similar trend was observed for the subjects’ right hand. The MoCA score of MCI subjects in the Tai Chi class was significantly lower than that of healthy subjects without MCI (P < 0.01), which was not influenced by age, weight or height. The finger tapping frequency of MCI subjects’ right hands was lower compared to that of healthy subjects in the Tai Chi class without MCI (P < 0.05), but no significant difference regarding the finger tapping frequency of the left hand was observed. Conclusion: These findings suggested that finger tapping frequency of MCI subjects was significantly lower compared to normal subjects without MCI, and long-term Tai Chi exercise could reduce this significant difference. Moreover, there was no significant difference between groups for the subjects’ non-dominant (left) hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilong Zhao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Shen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Lei
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Dong
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongchen Zou
- Shanghai Foreign Language School, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Development and Planning Office, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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