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Egan S, Ghio M, Bellebaum C. Auditory N1 and P2 Attenuation in Action Observation: An Event-Related Potential Study Considering Effects of Temporal Predictability and Individualism. Biol Psychol 2023; 180:108575. [PMID: 37156324 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tones that are generated by self-performed actions elicit attenuated N1 and P2 amplitudes, as measured by electroencephalography (EEG), compared to identical external tones, which is referred to as neurophysiological sensory attenuation (SA). At the same time, self-generated tones are perceived as less loud compared to external tones (perceptual SA). Action observation led in part to a similar neurophysiological and perceptual SA. The perceptual SA in observers was found in comparison to tones that were temporally predictable, and one study suggested that perceptual SA in observers might depend on the cultural dimension of individualism. In this study, we examined neurophysiological SA for tones elicited by self-performed and observed actions during simultaneous EEG acquisitions in two participants, extending the paradigm with a visual cue condition controlling for effects of temporal predictability. Moreover, we investigated the effect of individualism on neurophysiological SA in action observation. Relative to un-cued external tones, the N1 was only descriptively reduced for tones that were elicited by self-performed or observed actions and significantly attenuated for cued external tones. A P2 attenuation effect relative to un-cued external tones was found in all three conditions, with stronger effects for self- and other-generated tones than for cued external tones. We found no evidence for an effect of individualism. These findings add to previous evidence for neurophysiological SA in action performance and observation with a paradigm well-controlled for the effect of predictability and individualism, showing differential effects of the former on the N1 and P2 components, and no effect of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Egan
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Marta Ghio
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christian Bellebaum
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Bolt NK, Loehr JD. The auditory P2 differentiates self- from partner-produced sounds during joint action: Contributions of self-specific attenuation and temporal orienting of attention. Neuropsychologia 2023; 182:108526. [PMID: 36870472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensory attenuation of the auditory P2 event-related potential (ERP) has been shown to differentiate the sensory consequences of one's own from others' action in joint action contexts. However, recent evidence suggests that when people coordinate joint actions over time, temporal orienting of attention might simultaneously contribute to enhancing the auditory P2. The current study employed a joint tapping task in which partners produced tone sequences together to examine whether temporal orienting influences auditory ERP amplitudes during the time window of self-other differentiation. Our findings demonstrate that the combined requirements of coordinating with a partner toward a joint goal and immediately adjusting to the partner's tone timing enhance P2 amplitudes elicited by the partner's tone onsets. Furthermore, our findings replicate prior evidence for self-specific sensory attenuation of the auditory P2 in joint action, and additionally demonstrate that it occurs regardless of the coordination requirements between partners. Together, these findings provide evidence that temporal orienting and sensory attenuation both modulate the auditory P2 during joint action and suggest that both processes play a role in facilitating precise interpersonal coordination between partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Bolt
- Department of Psychology and Health Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A5, Canada.
| | - Janeen D Loehr
- Department of Psychology and Health Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A5, Canada.
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3
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Seidel A, Weber C, Ghio M, Bellebaum C. My view on your actions: Dynamic changes in viewpoint-dependent auditory ERP attenuation during action observation. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023:10.3758/s13415-023-01083-7. [PMID: 36949276 PMCID: PMC10400693 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that during action observation, a sensory representation of the observed action is mapped onto one's own motor system. However, it is largely unexplored what this may imply for the early processing of the action's sensory consequences, whether the observational viewpoint exerts influence on this and how such a modulatory effect might change over time. We tested whether the event-related potential of auditory effects of actions observed from a first- versus third-person perspective show amplitude reductions compared with externally generated sounds, as revealed for self-generated sounds. Multilevel modeling on trial-level data showed distinct dynamic patterns for the two viewpoints on reductions of the N1, P2, and N2 components. For both viewpoints, an N1 reduction for sounds generated by observed actions versus externally generated sounds was observed. However, only during first-person observation, we found a temporal dynamic within experimental runs (i.e., the N1 reduction only emerged with increasing trial number), indicating time-variant, viewpoint-dependent processes involved in sensorimotor prediction during action observation. For the P2, only a viewpoint-independent reduction was found for sounds elicited by observed actions, which disappeared in the second half of the experiment. The opposite pattern was found in an exploratory analysis concerning the N2, revealing a reduction that increased in the second half of the experiment, and, moreover, a temporal dynamic within experimental runs for the first-person perspective, possibly reflecting an agency-related process. Overall, these results suggested that the processing of auditory outcomes of observed actions is dynamically modulated by the viewpoint over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Seidel
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Department of Biological Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätstrasse, 1, 40255, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Weber
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Department of Biological Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätstrasse, 1, 40255, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Marta Ghio
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Department of Biological Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätstrasse, 1, 40255, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Bellebaum
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Department of Biological Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätstrasse, 1, 40255, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Dissociable effects of attention and expectation on perceptual sensitivity to action-outcomes. Conscious Cogn 2022; 103:103374. [PMID: 35872405 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Self-generated sensations evoke attenuated neural response - physiological attenuation - and is perceived with less intensity - perceptual attenuation. This phenomenon is referred as sensory attenuation and is proposed to reflect the silencing of predicted sensations. The present study aimed to investigate the independent contribution of expectation and attention on sensory attenuation. The expectation associated with the stimulus feature and the focus of attention was manipulated independently by orthogonal cues. We found pronounced sensory attenuation at the unattended location when the stimulus was self-generated (Experiment 1). When the stimulus was externally-generated (Experiment 2), sensory attenuation was observed at the attended location. Sensory attenuation of expected action-outcome was not observed when the attention cue was uninformative (Experiment 3A). The findings corroborate the claim from Bayesian models that attention mediates sensory attenuation. The results also highlight the paradoxes in Bayesian proposals of perception-action interaction.
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Bečev O, Kozáková E, Sakálošová L, Mareček R, Majchrowicz B, Roman R, Brázdil M. Actions of a Shaken Heart: Interoception Interacts with Action Processing. Biol Psychol 2022; 169:108288. [PMID: 35143921 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the modulatory influence of the unconscious, bodily arousal on motor-related embodied information. Specifically, we examined how the interoceptive prediction error interacts with the event-related potentials linked to action-effect processing. Participants were asked to perform a task with self-initiated or externally-triggered sounds while receiving synchronous or false auditory cardiac feedback. The results found that interaction of interoceptive manipulation and action-effect processing modulates the frontal subcomponent of the P3 response. During the synchronous cardiac feedback, the P3 response to self-initiated tones was enhanced. During the false cardiac feedback, the frontal cortical response was reversed. N1 and P2 components were affected by the interoceptive manipulation, but not by the interaction of interoception and action processing. These findings provide experimental support for the theoretical accounts of the interaction between interoception and action processing within a framework of predictive coding, manifested particularly in the higher stages of action processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Bečev
- Brain and Mind Research, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Applied Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Kozáková
- Brain and Mind Research, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Applied Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sakálošová
- Brain and Mind Research, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Mareček
- Brain and Mind Research, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bartosz Majchrowicz
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Robert Roman
- Brain and Mind Research, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Brázdil
- Brain and Mind Research, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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The auditory brain in action: Intention determines predictive processing in the auditory system-A review of current paradigms and findings. Psychon Bull Rev 2021; 29:321-342. [PMID: 34505988 PMCID: PMC9038838 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-01992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
According to the ideomotor theory, action may serve to produce desired sensory outcomes. Perception has been widely described in terms of sensory predictions arising due to top-down input from higher order cortical areas. Here, we demonstrate that the action intention results in reliable top-down predictions that modulate the auditory brain responses. We bring together several lines of research, including sensory attenuation, active oddball, and action-related omission studies: Together, the results suggest that the intention-based predictions modulate several steps in the sound processing hierarchy, from preattentive to evaluation-related processes, also when controlling for additional prediction sources (i.e., sound regularity). We propose an integrative theoretical framework—the extended auditory event representation system (AERS), a model compatible with the ideomotor theory, theory of event coding, and predictive coding. Initially introduced to describe regularity-based auditory predictions, we argue that the extended AERS explains the effects of action intention on auditory processing while additionally allowing studying the differences and commonalities between intention- and regularity-based predictions—we thus believe that this framework could guide future research on action and perception.
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Bolt NK, Loehr JD. Sensory Attenuation of the Auditory P2 Differentiates Self- from Partner-Produced Sounds during Joint Action. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:2297-2310. [PMID: 34272962 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Successful human interaction relies on people's ability to differentiate between the sensory consequences of their own and others' actions. Research in solo action contexts has identified sensory attenuation, that is, the selective perceptual or neural dampening of the sensory consequences of self-produced actions, as a potential marker of the distinction between self- and externally produced sensory consequences. However, very little research has examined whether sensory attenuation distinguishes self- from partner-produced sensory consequences in joint action contexts. The current study examined whether sensory attenuation of the auditory N1 or P2 ERPs distinguishes self- from partner-produced tones when pairs of people coordinate their actions to produce tone sequences that match a metronome pace. We did not find evidence of auditory N1 attenuation for either self- or partner-produced tones. Instead, the auditory P2 was attenuated for self-produced tones compared to partner-produced tones within the joint action. These findings indicate that self-specific attenuation of the auditory P2 differentiates the sensory consequences of one's own from others' actions during joint action. These findings also corroborate recent evidence that N1 attenuation may be driven by general rather than action-specific processes and support a recently proposed functional dissociation between auditory N1 and P2 attenuation.
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Seidel A, Ghio M, Studer B, Bellebaum C. Illusion of control affects ERP amplitude reductions for auditory outcomes of self-generated actions. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13792. [PMID: 33604896 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of neural responses to self-generated stimuli compared to external stimuli is thought to result from the matching of motor-based sensory predictions and sensory reafferences and to serve the identification of changes in the environment as caused by oneself. The amplitude of the auditory event-related potential (ERP) component N1 seems to closely reflect this matching process, while the later positive component (P2/ P3a) has been associated with judgments of agency, which are also sensitive to contextual top-down information. In this study, we examined the effect of perceived control over sound production on the processing of self-generated and external stimuli, as reflected in these components. We used a new version of a classic two-button choice task to induce different degrees of the illusion of control (IoC) and recorded ERPs for the processing of self-generated and external sounds in a subsequent task. N1 amplitudes were reduced for self-generated compared to external sounds, but not significantly affected by IoC. P2/3a amplitudes were affected by IoC: We found reduced P2/3a amplitudes after a high compared to a low IoC induction training, but only for self-generated, not for external sounds. These findings suggest that prior contextual belief information induced by an IoC affects later processing as reflected in the P2/P3a, possibly for the formation of agency judgments, while early processing reflecting motor-based predictions is not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Seidel
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marta Ghio
- CIMeC - Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Bettina Studer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Mauritius Hospital Meerbusch, Meerbusch, Germany
| | - Christian Bellebaum
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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9
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Ghio M, Egan S, Bellebaum C. Similarities and Differences between Performers and Observers in Processing Auditory Action Consequences: Evidence from Simultaneous EEG Acquisition. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 33:683-694. [PMID: 33378242 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In our social environment, we easily distinguish stimuli caused by our own actions (e.g., water splashing when I fill my glass) from stimuli that have an external source (e.g., water splashing in a fountain). Accumulating evidence suggests that processing the auditory consequences of self-performed actions elicits N1 and P2 ERPs of reduced amplitude compared to physically identical but externally generated sounds, with such reductions being ascribed to neural predictive mechanisms. It is unexplored, however, whether the sensory processing of action outcomes is similarly modulated by action observation (e.g., water splashing when I observe you filling my glass). We tested 40 healthy participants by applying a methodological approach for the simultaneous EEG recording of two persons: An observer observed button presses executed by a performer in real time. For the performers, we replicated previous findings of a reduced N1 amplitude for self- versus externally generated sounds. This pattern differed significantly from the one in observers, whose N1 for sounds generated by observed button presses was not attenuated. In turn, the P2 amplitude was reduced for processing action- versus externally generated sounds for both performers and observers. These findings show that both action performance and observation affect the processing of action-generated sounds. There are, however, important differences between the two in the timing of the effects, probably related to differences in the predictability of the actions and thus also the associated stimuli. We discuss how these differences might contribute to recognizing the stimulus as caused by self versus others.
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Burgess JD, Major BP, McNeel C, Clark GM, Lum JAG, Enticott PG. Learning to Expect: Predicting Sounds During Movement Is Related to Sensorimotor Association During Listening. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:215. [PMID: 31333431 PMCID: PMC6624421 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory experiences, such as sound, often result from our motor actions. Over time, repeated sound-producing performance can generate sensorimotor associations. However, it is not clear how sensory and motor information are associated. Here, we explore if sensory prediction is associated with the formation of sensorimotor associations during a learning task. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants produced index and little finger-swipes on a bespoke device, generating novel sounds. ERPs were also obtained as participants heard those sounds played back. Peak suppression was compared to assess sensory prediction. Additionally, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used during listening to generate finger-motor evoked potentials (MEPs). MEPs were recorded before and after training upon hearing these sounds, and then compared to reveal sensorimotor associations. Finally, we explored the relationship between these components. Results demonstrated that an increased positive-going peak (e.g., P2) and a suppressed negative-going peak (e.g., N2) were recorded during action, revealing some sensory prediction outcomes (P2: p = 0.050, ηp2 = 0.208; N2: p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.474). Increased MEPs were also observed upon hearing congruent sounds compared with incongruent sounds (i.e., associated to a finger), demonstrating precise sensorimotor associations that were not present before learning (Index finger: p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.614; Little finger: p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.529). Consistent with our broad hypotheses, a negative association between the MEPs in one finger during listening and ERPs during performance of the other was observed (Index finger MEPs and Fz N1 action ERPs; r = −0.655, p = 0.003). Overall, data suggest that predictive mechanisms are associated with the fine-tuning of sensorimotor associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed D Burgess
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan P Major
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire McNeel
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Gillian M Clark
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jarrad A G Lum
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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11
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Role of the supplementary motor area in auditory sensory attenuation. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2577-2586. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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