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Rodrigues J, Müller S, Paelecke M, Wang Y, Hewig J. Exploration of the influence of the quantification method and reference scheme on feedback-related negativity and standardized measurement error of feedback-related negativity amplitudes in a trust game. Cortex 2024; 175:106-123. [PMID: 38519410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Various approaches have been taken over the years to quantify event-related potential (ERP) responses and these approaches may vary in their utility connecting empirical research and scientific claims. In this work we compared different quantification methods as well as the influence of three reference methods (linked mastoids, average reference, and current source density) on the resulting ERP amplitude. We use the experimental effects and effect sizes (Cohen's d) to evaluate the different methodological variants and we calculate intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). In addition, the bootstrapped standard error of the means (SME, Luck et al., 2021), which was recently suggested as a quality criterion for ERP research, is used for this purpose. Our example for an ERP is the feedback-related negativity (FRN) to feedback about trustee behavior in a trust game with participants in the trustor position. We found that the quantification methods concerning the FRN influenced the absolute value of condition effects in the experimental paradigm. Yet, the patterns of effects were detected by all chosen methods, except for the 'individual difference wave'-based peak window approach. In addition, our findings stress the importance of checking the reference electrodes concerning effects of the experimental conditions. Furthermore, interactions of topographical distribution and reference choice should be considered. Finally, we were able to show that the SME is lower for more datapoints that are given in the quantification period of the FRN, and higher for more negative FRN amplitudes. These biases may lead to divergence of SME and effect size detection. Therefore, if the SME was used to compare different processing choices one should consider controlling for these important aspects of the data and possibly include other quality criteria like effect sizes.
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Albrecht C, van de Vijver R, Bellebaum C. Learning new words via feedback-Association between feedback-locked ERPs and recall performance-An exploratory study. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14324. [PMID: 37144796 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Feedback learning is thought to involve the dopamine system and its projection sites in the basal ganglia and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), regions associated with procedural learning. Under certain conditions, such as when feedback is delayed, feedback-locked activation is pronounced in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), which is associated with declarative learning. In event-related potential research, the feedback-related negativity (FRN) has been linked to immediate feedback processing, while the N170, possibly reflecting MTL activity, has been related to delayed feedback processing. In the current study, we performed an exploratory investigation on the relation between N170 and FRN amplitude and memory performance in a test for declarative memory (free recall), also exploring the role of feedback delay. To this end, we adapted a paradigm in which participants learned associations between non-objects and non-words with either immediate or delayed feedback, and added a subsequent free recall test. We indeed found that N170, but not FRN amplitudes, depended on later free recall performance, with smaller amplitudes for later remembered non-words. In an additional analysis with memory performance as dependent variable, the N170, but not the FRN amplitude predicted free recall, modulated by feedback timing and valence. This finding shows that the N170 reflects an important process during feedback processing, possibly related to expectations and their violation, but is distinct from the process reflected by the FRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Albrecht
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ruben van de Vijver
- Institute of Linguistics and Information Science, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Bellebaum
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Weiß M, Saulin A, Iotzov V, Hewig J, Hein G. Can monetary incentives overturn fairness-based decisions? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:211983. [PMID: 37351499 PMCID: PMC10282581 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Fairness norms and resulting behaviours are an important prerequisite for cooperation in human societies. At the same time, financial incentives are commonly used to motivate social behaviours, yet it remains unclear how financial incentives affect fairness-based behaviours. Combining a decision paradigm from behavioural economics with hierarchical drift-diffusion modelling, we investigated the effect of different financial incentives on two types of fairness-based decisions in four experimental groups. In two groups, participants divided points between themselves and a disadvantaged person, inciting fairness-based compensation behaviour, in two other groups they divided points between themselves and a fairness violator, inciting fairness-based punishment behaviour. In addition, each group received financial incentives that were either aligned or in conflict with the respective fairness-based behaviour. This design allowed us to directly investigate how different incentives shape the cognitive mechanism of fairness-based decisions and whether these effects are comparable across different fairness domains (fairness-based punishment versus fairness-based compensation). Results showed that offering conflicting incentives diminished fairness-congruent decision behaviour and rendered the fairness-congruent decision process less efficient. These findings demonstrate that financial incentives can undermine fairness-based behaviour, and thus are relevant for the development of incentive schemes aimed at fostering cooperative behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Weiß
- University Hospital Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Translational Social Neuroscience Unit, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Anne Saulin
- University Hospital Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Translational Social Neuroscience Unit, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Vassil Iotzov
- University Hospital Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Translational Social Neuroscience Unit, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Johannes Hewig
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Psychology, Department of Psychology I: Differential Psychology, Personality Psychology and Psychological Diagnostics, Marcusstr. 9–11, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Grit Hein
- University Hospital Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Translational Social Neuroscience Unit, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
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Rodrigues J, Ruthenberg P, Mussel P, Hewig J. Never mind losing the pound… still got the penny! The influence of trait greed on risky decision behavior in a mixed and gain only BART. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-11. [PMID: 35967503 PMCID: PMC9358376 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Risk proneness and the lack of loss aversion are two different reasons to show varying degrees of risk-taking in decision situations. So far, little is known about the extent to which these two processes underly the influence of trait greed, trait anxiety, and age. The present study investigated risk- taking in decision making in these trait contexts using two variants of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) in an online study: A gain only and a mixed gambling BART. This was done to separate risk proneness from loss aversion. Individuals with high trait greed showed an increased risk decision-making behavior due to an increased risk proneness and not due to a reduced loss aversion. This is partly in contrast with previous findings in other tasks assessing risk proneness and loss aversion. These differences may be caused by the changes of perception during the gain only task. No significant effects were found for trait anxiety or age concerning risk-taking in decision-making behavior. Possible explanations for the lack of influence of these constructs are skewed distributions, omitting pathologically anxious subjects in anxiety and a restricted age range. The findings suggest that a lack of loss aversion is not a driving factor to explain elevated risk-taking in decision-making behavior in persons with high trait greed, but a higher reaction to reward in predominantly rewarding contexts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-03553-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rodrigues
- Department of Psychology I: Differential Psychology, Personality Psychology and Psychological Diagnostics, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Marcusstraße 9–11, 97,070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Ruthenberg
- Department of Psychology I: Differential Psychology, Personality Psychology and Psychological Diagnostics, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Marcusstraße 9–11, 97,070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Mussel
- Division for Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Hewig
- Department of Psychology I: Differential Psychology, Personality Psychology and Psychological Diagnostics, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Marcusstraße 9–11, 97,070, Würzburg, Germany
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Long C, Hu X, Qi G, Zhang L. Self-interest is intuitive during opportunity (in)equity: Evidence from multivariate pattern analysis of electroencephalography data. Neuropsychologia 2022; 174:108343. [PMID: 35932948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Fairness is a remarkable preference for human society, involving both outcome and opportunity equity. Most previous studies have explored whether fairness itself or self-interest is intuitive during outcome (in)equity. However, intuition during outcome (in)equity can be affected by both fairness level and actual payoff. Since opportunity (in)equity is only affected by the fairness level, we explored only intuition during fairness by measuring event-related potential responses to opportunity (in)equity. Participants played a social non-competitive two-person choice game with advantage opportunity inequity (AI), opportunity equity (OE), and disadvantage opportunity inequity (DI). The behavioral results suggested an opportunity inequity bias, with greater feelings of fairness and pleasantness during OE than during AI and DI. However, multivariate pattern analysis of the event-related potential (ERP) data suggested that AI, OE, and DI can be significantly distinguished from each other in relatively early windows overlapping with early positive negativity (EPN), and AI and DI can be significantly further distinguished during a relatively late window overlapping with late positive potential (LPP). Moreover, the conventional ERP analysis found that EPN amplitudes were more negative for AI than for OE and DI, as well as for OE than for DI, suggesting a pleasure bias for increased self-interest. LPP amplitudes were greater for DI than for AI and OE, suggesting enhanced sensitivity to DI. These results suggest that self-interest is intuitive during opportunity (in)equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changquan Long
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Xin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guomei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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