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Gonçalves JD, Dias JH, Machado-Neves M, Vergani GB, Ahmadi B, Pereira Batista RIT, Souza-Fabjan JMG, Oliveira MEF, Bartlewski PM, da Fonseca JF. Transcervical uterine flushing and embryo transfer in sheep: Morphophysiological basis for approaches currently used, major challenges, potential improvements, and new directions (alas, including some old ideas). Reprod Biol 2024; 24:100920. [PMID: 38970979 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2024.100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
At present, the success of non-surgical embryo recovery (NSER) and transfer (NSET) hinges upon the cervical passage of catheters, but penetration of the uterine cervix in ewes is problematic due to its anatomical structure (i.e., long and narrow cervical lumen with misaligned folds and rings). It is a major obstacle limiting the widespread application of NSER and NSET in sheep. While initial attempts to traverse the uterine cervix focused on adapting or re-designing insemination catheters, more recent studies demonstrated that cervical relaxation protocols were instrumental for transcervical penetration in the ewe. An application of such protocols more than tripled cervical penetration rates (currently at 90-95 %) in sheep of different breeds (e.g., Dorper, Lacaune, Santa Inês, crossbred, and indigenous Brazilian breeds) and ages/parity. There is now sufficient evidence to suggest that even repeatedly performed cervical passages do not adversely affect overall health and reproductive function of ewes. Despite these improvements, appropriate selection of donors and recipients remains one of the most important requirements for maintaining high success rates of NSER and NSET, respectively. Non-surgical ovine embryo recovery has gradually become a commercially viable method as even though the procedure still cannot be performed by untrained individuals, it is inexpensive, yields satisfactory results, and complies with current public expectations of animal welfare standards. This article reviews critical morphophysiological aspects of transcervical embryo flushing and transfer, and the prospect of both techniques to replace surgical methods for multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) programs in sheep. We have also discussed some potential pharmacological and technical developments in the field of non-invasive embryo recovery and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joedson Dantas Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Jenniffer Hauschildt Dias
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, CEP 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Machado-Neves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, CEP 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Brun Vergani
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Bahareh Ahmadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | | | - Maria Emilia Franco Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Pawel Mieczyslaw Bartlewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Souza-Fabjan JMG, Oliveira MEF, Guimarães MPP, Brandão FZ, Bartlewski PM, Fonseca JF. Review: Non-surgical artificial insemination and embryo recovery as safe tools for genetic preservation in small ruminants. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 1:100787. [PMID: 37567658 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) and in vivo embryo production (or multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, MOET) programs are both instrumental in accelerating the propagation of genetically and economically superior goats and sheep. The aim of this review was to present the current gestalt of non-surgical AI and embryo recovery (NSER) procedures in small ruminants. Small body size, precluding rectal palpation, and highly limited penetrability of the uterine cervix in ewes are the major reasons for the scarce use of non-surgical assisted reproduction techniques in this species. As a result, AI and embryo recovery techniques in sheep mainly involve laparoscopy or laparotomy (LAP). In does, however, the Embrapa method of AI allows for successful intrauterine deposition of semen, resulting in pregnancy rates from 50 to 80% under field conditions (>3 000 goats inseminated) when frozen-thawed semen is used. After the administration of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), non-surgical (transcervical) embryo recovery is also feasible in goats, with the cervical penetration rate approaching 100%. There is a paucity of information on the efficacy of non-surgical AI using frozen semen in sheep, but the results are satisfactory with fresh, cooled, or chilled ram semen. An application of the NSER technique in ewes has greatly improved over the last decade, and cervical penetration rates of ∼90% can be achieved when a hormonal cervical dilation protocol using PGF2α, oxytocin, and/or estradiol ester (e.g., estradiol benzoate) is applied. In some genotypes of sheep, sufficient cervical dilation can be induced without estradiol ester included in the protocol. Several studies indicated that recovery of transferable quality ovine embryos using NSER is comparable to that employing a ventral midline laparotomy, and NSER is evidently a method of choice when animal welfare is concerned. Considering both the number of retrievable embryos and animal well-being, the NSER is a viable alternative for surgical procedures. With further developments, it has the makings of a primary, if not exclusive, embryo recovery technique in small ruminants worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M G Souza-Fabjan
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Cep 24230-340, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - M E F Oliveira
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Cep 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - M P P Guimarães
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Cep 24230-340, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - F Z Brandão
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Cep 24230-340, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - P M Bartlewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J F Fonseca
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Rodovia MG 133, Km 42, Cep 36155000, Coronel Pacheco, MG, Brazil
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Rodrigues JND, Guimarães JD, Rangel PSC, Oliveira MEF, Brandão FZ, Bartlewski PM, Fonseca JF. Luteal function in cyclic goats treated with human chorionic gonadotropin administered by intramuscular or intravaginal routes at the time of artificial insemination. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:396-404. [PMID: 36445163 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has been used to improve goats reproductive efficiency. This study aimed to (i) evaluate if hCG administered by the intramuscular (i.m.) or intravaginal (i.vag.) route can be detected by a rapid β-hCG test in blood plasma samples and (ii) document ovarian effects of hCG administered by both routes at the time of artificial insemination (AI) performed 60 h after oestrus synchronization in goats. Twenty-two Alpine goats received two i.m. injections of 30 μg of d-cloprostenol (Prolise®, Tecnopec, São Paulo, Brazil) 7.5 days apart. One day after the onset of oestrus (at the time of AI), the goats were randomly allocated to one of the three groups that received: control (n = 7): 0.3 ml of saline solution intravaginally; hCGi.m. (n = 7): 300 IU of hCG (Vetecor®; Hertape-Calier, São Paulo, Brazil) i.m. and hCGi.vag. (n = 8): 300 IU of hCG deposited intravaginally. Blood samples were drawn at -1, 3, 6, 9 and 24 h after as well as on days 3, 7, 10, 13, 17 and 21 after hCG treatment/AI. All animals tested negative for hCG (ECO Diagnóstica, Corinto, Brazil) at -1 h, and all control animals tested negative throughout the entire blood collection period. All hCGi.m. animals tested positive from 3 h until D3 post-AI but only 50% of hCGi.vag. goats tested positive during the present study. In all animals studied, mean circulating P4 concentrations increased (p < .05) from D3 to D7 after AI and then declined (p < .05) from D10 to D17 in control and hCGi.m. groups and from D17 to D21 in the hCGi.vag. group. Total cross-sectional luteal area (CLA), mean colour Doppler area (DA), DA/CLA, mean high-velocity Doppler area and HVDA/CLA all declined (p < .05) by D17-D21 in all animals studied. In summary: (i) human chorionic gonadotropin could consistently be detected in blood samples using the rapid β-hCG test only in the hCGi.m. group; and (ii) there were no significant differences in the mean pregnancy rate, circulating P4 concentrations and various luteal parameters studied among Control, hCGi.m. and hCGi.vag. dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Emilia Franco Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Coronel Pacheco, Brazil
| | | | - Pawel Mieczyslaw Bartlewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Kandemir Ç. Effect of oxytocin added into sperm on artificial insemination in sheep. Arch Anim Breed 2023. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-66-61-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The use of additional oxytocin hormones in reproductive methods began in the
1970s in Europe. In recent studies, attempts have been made to achieve more
successful pregnancies by adding oxytocin to semen rather than administering
oxytocin exogenously to females. In light of this information, this study
aimed to understand the effects of adding low-dose oxytocin hormone into ram
semen on the pregnancy rate and reproductive efficiency of sheep. Semen was
collected from five Chios rams. The ejaculates were pooled and
Ovixcell® was used as the diluent. The estrus was synchronized
using an intravaginal sponge (Chrono-Gest®) from 122 Chios
ewes. After the sponge was left in the vagina for 12 d, a 500 IU PMSG
injection was made. In every sheep, intramuscular (IM) injections were inseminated by
the intracervical method using an insemination gun 50 h after injection.
Pregnancy results were obtained by ultrasound examination without practice.
Lambing performance was recorded at delivery; 53 out of 122 Chios ewes were
inseminated with oxytocin hormone content, and successful pregnancy was
achieved in 90.56 % of them. In the insemination of the remaining 69
sheep, oxytocin was not added, and the rate of successful pregnancy was
76.81 % (p=0.046). The overall success rate based on the insemination
results of all the sheep was determined to be 82.77 %. In an examination
of the pregnancy rate, one of the indicators of reproductive performance,
the difference between the groups is statistically significant (p≤0.05). Higher pregnancies were obtained in insemination with semen fluid
containing oxytocin.
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Dias JH, Vergani GB, Gonçalves JD, Oliveira TA, Penitente-Filho JM, Pereira VSA, Esteves SN, Garcia AR, Batista RITP, Oliveira MEF, Souza-Fabjan JMG, Fonseca JF. Different doses of pFSH are effective to promote follicular growth, superovulatory response, and embryo yield in White Dorper ewes. Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Gutierrez VA, Sánchez-Dávila F, Ledezma-Torres RA, Peterson S, Brenner EG, Luna-Palomera C, Vazquez-Armijo JF, López-Villalobos N, Grizelj J. The use of oxytocin to cause cervical dilation for transcervical insemination in nulliparous goats: Improving pregnancy and kidding rates. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:886-892. [PMID: 35467775 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of oxytocin as a cervical dilator, a study was carried out on nulliparous goats inseminated transcervically at the beginning of the breeding season. One hundred sixteen nulliparous goats with a mean live weight of 33.4 ± 0.68 kg and an age of 13.7 ± 0.37 months were used. The goats were exposed to active bucks of proven fertility for a period of 14 d in order to induce oestrus. One week later, the Ovsynch protocol was applied, which consisted of the application of 20 mg of gonadorelin (Day Zero), 0.075 mg of cloprostenol (Day 7) and of a second dose of 20 mg of gonadorelin applied on Day 9. Artificial insemination (AI) was performed 16 hr later. Three treatments were evaluated: T1 = 50 IU saline, T2 = 25 IU oxytocin; T3 = 50 IU of oxytocin, intravenously applied 10-15 min before AI. The time required to inseminate each treated goat from groups T2 and T3 was 49.56 and 56.25 s, respectively, versus 85.78 s needed for the goats from group T1 (p < .0001). In the T1 group of goats, the insemination catheter was inserted 2.1 cm into the cervical canal and in goats from groups T2 and T3 it reached 3.41 and 3.77 cm into the cervical canal, respectively (p = .02). Pregnancy rates and prolificacy (kids/doe) were higher (p = .02) for groups T2 (82.93%; 1.16) and T3 (76.92%; 1.21) respectively than for control goats (61.11%; 0.69). In conclusion, the intravenous administration of oxytocin led to greater dilation and depth of cervical penetration, obtaining higher pregnancy rates and prolificacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Alvarado Gutierrez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Posgrado Conjunto FA-FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, México
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Dávila
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Posgrado Conjunto FA-FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, México.,Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal, Unidad Académica Marín, Marín, México
| | - Rogelio Alejandro Ledezma-Torres
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Posgrado Conjunto FA-FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, México
| | - Sam Peterson
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Estela Garza Brenner
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Posgrado Conjunto FA-FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, México
| | - Carlos Luna-Palomera
- División de Ciencias Agropecuarias 86280, Universidad Autónoma de Juárez de Tabasco, Villahermosa, México
| | | | | | - Juraj Grizelj
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Oliveira MEF, Arrais AM, de Mello MRB, Vergani GB, Machado Figueira L, Esteves SN, do Amaral Pereira VS, Garcia AR, Bartlewski PM, da Fonseca JF. A study of the factors affecting embryo yields and quality in superovulated Morada Nova ewes that underwent non-surgical uterine flushing. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 57:393-401. [PMID: 34967972 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared the outcomes of in vivo embryo production in Morada Nova ewes subjected to either 9-day (G-9SOV , n=21) or 12-day (G-12SOV , n=21) progesterone (P4 )-based estrus synchronization protocol coupled with superovulatory treatment with decreasing doses of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone (133 mg of pFSH given over 3 days). Non-surgical embryo recovery (NSER) was performed 6-7 days after the onset of estrus. Total antral follicle count doubled from the 1st to the 6th pFSH dose in both groups (P < 0.05). Estrus responses did not vary between the two groups of animals (95.2%). Corpora lutea (CL) were detected in 85.0% and 60.0% of ewes that previously manifested estrus behavior in G-9SOV and G-12SOV , respectively. NSER was successfully completed in 86.2% of ewes that had CL (P > 0.05). The mean number of CL per ewe/successfully flushed donor ewe was greater (P < 0.05) in G-12SOV (12.3 ± 1.7/12.1 ± 1.9) than in G-9SOV (7.9 ± 1.4/8.2 ± 1.6). Mean numbers of retrieved blastocysts and viable embryos were greater (P > 0.05) in G-12SOV (5.8 ± 1.9 and 3.7 ± 1.7) than G-9SOV (3.5 ± 1.1 and 0.8 ± 0.3, respectively). The total follicle count (all follicles ≥ 2 mm in diameter) at the 6th pFSH dose (at P4 -device removal) was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with the number of CL (r = 0.95) and viable embryos (r = 0.91) in G-12SOV . The ewes with ≥ 10 CL (48% of all flushed donors) yielded 80.5% of viable embryos. In summary: i. Morada Nova ewes from G-12SOV group had better superovulatory responses compared with G-9SOV group; ii. total follicle count at the last pFSH dose was a good predictor of superovulatory responses only in the ewes primed with P4 for 12 days; and iii. animals with ≥ 10 ovulations are main contributors to viable embryo production in Morada Nova ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Emilia Franco Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.,Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Estrada Sobral/Groaíras, km 4, CEP 62011000, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Aline Matos Arrais
- Departamento de Reprodução e Avaliação Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, km7, s/n, CEP 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marco Roberto Bourg de Mello
- Departamento de Reprodução e Avaliação Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, km7, s/n, CEP 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Brun Vergani
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Machado Figueira
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Cep 24230-340, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Novita Esteves
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 234, Fazenda Canchim, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Rosseto Garcia
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 234, Fazenda Canchim, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Pawel Mieczyslaw Bartlewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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8
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Santos JDR, Batista RITP, Ungerfeld R, Taira AR, Espírito Santo CGD, Souza-Fabjan JMG, Fernandes DADM, Balaro MFA, Cosentino IO, Brair VL, Pinto PHN, Carvalho ABDS, Fonseca JFD, Brandão FZ. Hormonal protocol used for cervical dilation in ewes does not affect morphological embryo quality but reduces recovery rate and temporarily alters gene expression. Vet Rec 2021; 190:e1064. [PMID: 34750835 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on the impact of hormonal protocols for cervical dilation on the quality of ovine embryos is scarce. METHODS To compare the quality of embryos after cervical dilation protocol, ewes (n = 64) were allocated into either a treated group (100 μg estradiol benzoate intravenous and 0.12 mg cloprostenol intramuscularly, 12 hours before embryo collection plus 100 iu oxytocin intravenous 15 minutes before the collection procedure) or a control group (saline). Luteal function was analysed using ultrasonography and P4 measurement. Some collected embryos were frozen/thawed for gene expression, others were cultured in vitro, frozen/thawed for gene expression, and the remaining embryos were fixed for the apoptosis test (TUNEL test). RESULTS The treatment reduced fluid (p=0.04) and structure (p=0.03) recovery rates, but the morphological quality, development stage, and apoptosis incidence of the embryos were not affected by treatment. The corpora lutea of the control group had greater blood perfusion (p = 0.002) and greater P4 concentrations at 6, 9, and 12 h after the treatment (p < 0.0001). The expression of BAX, BCL2, PRDX1, and HSP90 genes were not affected by the treatment. However, the embryos in the treated group had fewer NANOG and OCT4 transcripts than control embryos (p = 0.008; p = 0.006, respectively). After culture, there was no difference between the groups in any gene. CONCLUSION The hormonal protocol for cervical dilation reduced the efficiency of embryo collection. In addition, the treatment induced luteolysis and a transient alteration of embryo gene expression, however there were no detectable changes in embryo morphological quality, development stage, or incidence of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Dantas Rodrigues Santos
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rodolfo Ungerfeld
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Augusto Ryonosuke Taira
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Gomes do Espírito Santo
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Andrews de Moura Fernandes
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mário Felipe Alvarez Balaro
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabel Oliveira Cosentino
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viviane Lopes Brair
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Nicolau Pinto
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz da Silva Carvalho
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Zandonadi Brandão
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Fonseca JF, Vergani GB, Lima MSD, Silva KM, Monteiro AWU, Ramos AF, Alves BRC, Souza-Fabjan JMG, Oliveira MEF, Batista RITP. Nonsurgical Embryo Recovery as a Feasible Tool for Supporting Embryo Biobanks of Locally Adapted Brazilian Sheep and Goats. Biopreserv Biobank 2021; 20:493-501. [PMID: 34747654 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2021.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the outcomes of nonsurgical embryo recovery (NSER) after superovulation (SOV) in five locally adapted Brazilian breeds of sheep and goats. The objective was to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of using SOV combined with a less-invasive embryo collection technique for supplying the Brazilian animal gene bank with germplasm from specific genotypes of interest. Morada Nova (n = 20), Santa Inês (n = 20), and Somalis (n = 20) ewes received an intravaginal progesterone (330 mg) device for 9 days, while Canindé (n = 15) and Moxotó (n = 15) goats received an intravaginal medroxyprogesterone acetate (60 mg) device for 6 days. All females received 133 mg of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone (pFSH) administrated in six decreasing doses 12 hours apart, starting 60 hours before device removal, plus 37.5 μg of d-cloprostenol at the fifth and sixth pFSH dose. Donors in estrus were mated with fertile males. The corpora lutea (CL) number was assessed by ultrasonography 1 day before NSER. On day 6.5 or 7 after estrus, NSER was performed following hormonally induced cervical relaxation. A total of 97% of sheep and 90% of goats responded with estrus, and among those, 91% of sheep and 85% of goats presented a CL. In ewes, the numbers of CL were greater (p < 0.05) in the Santa Inês breed, while similar (p > 0.05) CL numbers were found among the goat breeds. All viable embryos were freezable (excellent and good quality) and the number per donor was 7.8 for sheep and 4.9 for goats. All parameters of NSER efficiency, embryo yield, and fertility post-NSER did not differ (p > 0.05) between breeds among each species. The SOV-NSER procedures applied for an embryo biobank supply of locally adapted Brazilian breeds of small ruminants were efficient regarding production of cryopreservable embryos, and preservation of donor fertility. Therefore, SOV followed by NSER is recommended for embryo biobank assembly in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel B Vergani
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Monalisa S D Lima
- Faculdade de Veterináris, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Bruna R C Alves
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Maria E F Oliveira
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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10
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Arrais AM, Mello MRBD, Vergani GB, Figueira LM, Esteves SN, Pereira VSDA, Bartlewski PM, Oliveira MEF, Souza-Fabjan JMG, Fonseca JFD. NonSurgical Embryo Recovery from Estrus-Synchronized or Superovulated Morada Nova Ewes: A Feasible Strategy for Sheep Embryo Banking. Biopreserv Biobank 2021; 19:360-368. [PMID: 33769085 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the feasibility of in vivo embryo production and nonsurgical embryo recovery (NSER) in Morada Nova ewes (an endangered native Brazilian breed of sheep) subjected to different estrus synchronization and/or superovulation protocols. Ewes received intravaginal sponges soaked with 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP), which were kept in place for six (G6; n = 12), nine (G9; n = 12), or 12 (G12; n = 12) days. Half of the ewes in each group remained estrus synchronized only (SYNCH) and the other half was superovulated (SOV) with 133 mg porcine follicle-stimulating hormone (pFSH). There were no differences (p > 0.05) in antral follicle counts determined with ultrasonography 60 hours before MAP sponge removal (or at the time of the first pFSH dose) among G6 (6.4 ± 0.9), G9 (6.2 ± 0.7), and G12 (5.5 ± 0.6). Estrus responses and NSER success rates did not vary (p > 0.05) among the three progestin-treatment groups of ewes for either estrus-induced or superovulated animals. The onset of estrus occurred 10-12 hours later (p < 0.01) in G9SYNCH ewes compared with G6SYNCH and G12SYNCH, and the duration of estrus was ∼19 hours greater (p < 0.01) in G9SOV than in G6SOV. The average duration of the NSER procedure was 32.6 ± 1.3 minutes. At least one structure was recovered in 85.7% of synchronized and in 87.5% of superovulated ewes. Viable embryo recovery rates were also similar (p > 0.05) for G6 (1.0 ± 0.3 and 2.5 ± 1.5), G9 (1.3 ± 0.5 and 4.8 ± 2.0), and G12 groups (1.0 ± 0.3 and 4.8 ± 2.3; estrus-synchronized and superovulated ewes, respectively). In conclusion, progestogen pretreatment of different durations and NSER can be employed in Morada Nova ewes, resulting in reasonable viable embryo recovery rates in both estrus-synchronized and superovulated animals. Therefore, both techniques are suitable for use in commercial settings as well as small ruminant conservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Matos Arrais
- Departamento de Reprodução e Avaliação Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Brun Vergani
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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11
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Lu X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Wu X, Li X. Oxytocin increases pregnancy rates after fixed time artificial insemination in Kazak ewes. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:942-947. [PMID: 33742456 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is probable that reduced pregnancy rates in ewes after fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) is attributable, in part, to the reduced number of normal spermatozoa that colonize the oviduct. Administration of oxytocin stimulates both cervical dilation and uterine/oviductal contractility. The hypothesis that oxytocin can enhance sperm transport into the uteri and the oviducts, and thereby increase pregnancy rates, was tested in the present study. Oestrus was synchronized in 199 multiparous Kazak ewes using intravaginal flurogestone-impregnated sponge. The sponge was left in the vagina for 12 days followed with an injection of 330 IU of eCG at sponge removal. Each ewe was intracervically inseminated twice at 50 hr and 62 hr after the removal of sponges using an insemination catheter containing 0.25 ml of diluted semen. Semen was collected from seven Texel rams and all the ejaculates were pooled and diluted in ultra-high temperature-treated commercial skimmed milk without (Control group, 0.05 ml of saline per mL milk, n = 144) or with oxytocin supplement (Oxytocin group, 0.5 U of oxytocin per ml milk, n = 55). Pregnancy status was determined by transabdominal ultrasound examination 45 days after insemination. Lambing performance was recorded at delivery. Significant differences were observed between the Oxytocin group and the Control group in terms of the pregnancy rate and the fecundity rate (85.5% and 92.7% versus 68.8% and 72.9%, respectively). In conclusion, low dose oxytocin supplementation of semen extender significantly increased pregnancy and fecundity rates in oestrus-synchronized Kazak ewes after FTAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yiyong Liu
- Institute of Xinjiang Yili Animal Science, Yining, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinglong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiangyun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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12
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Dos Santos VMB, Pinto PHN, Balaro MFA, Santos JDR, Taira AR, do Espirito Santo CG, Gonçalves FM, da Fonseca JF, Brandão FZ. Use of oxytocin to attain cervical dilation for transcervical embryo transfer in sheep. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:1446-1454. [PMID: 32757343 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine whether a cervical dilation protocol (CDP) composed of only oxytocin can be used to perform transcervical (non-surgical) embryo transfer in sheep (NSET) without affecting the viability of the corpus luteum (CL). Likewise, we evaluated whether a cervical transposing test with a Hegar dilator (CT Hegar test), performed at oestrous time, could be used to screen ewes for NSET (greater or lower chances to transpose the cervix). For that, oestrous and ovulation synchronization was performed in 25 Santa Inês ewes to induce the dioestrous condition. Animals went through the following CDP in a crossover design: E + OX, oestradiol benzoate (100 µg intravenously [IV]) and oxytocin (100 IU IV); OX, oxytocin (100 IU IV); and SAL, saline solution (IV). Using a Hegar dilator, cervical transposing attempts were performed at oestrous (D0) and dioestrous time (D8). The viability of the CL (morphology, luteal blood flow and progesterone values) was evaluated by ultrasonography (colour Doppler and B-mode) and by serum progesterone measurement from D7 to D13. The cervical transposing rate was lower for the SAL group (64%; 16/25; p < .05) and did not differ between the E + OX (88%; 22/25, p > .05) and OX (84%; 21/25, p > .05) groups. No treatment affected the CL viability. The CT Hegar test showed a high sensitivity (85.7%-93.3%), satisfactory accuracy (72%-84%), low false-negative rate (6.7%-14.6%), but high false-positive rate (46%-66.7%). In conclusion, a CDP protocol composed exclusively of oxytocin can lead to good cervical transposing rates and does not affect the viability of the CL. In addition, a screening test (CT Hegar) performed at oestrus can identify ewes for which cervical transposing will likely not occur at NSET.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juliana D R Santos
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Augusto R Taira
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Felipe Z Brandão
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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13
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Figueira LM, Alves NG, Maia ALRES, Souza-Fabjan JMGD, Batista RITP, Morais MCDC, Lima RRD, Oliveira MEF, Fonseca JFD. Embryo yield and quality are associated with progestogen treatment during superovulation protocol in lactating Lacaune ewes. Theriogenology 2020; 155:132-138. [PMID: 32673848 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of progestogen treatment length on ovarian parameters and embryo yield in superovulated Lacaune ewes collected by nonsurgical embryo recovery. Twenty-three lactating ewes were superovulated 30 d apart using a cross-over design. All ewes received 60 mg of MAP intravaginal sponges for 6 (G-6 group) or 9 (G-9 group) d. A total dose of 133 mg pFSH was given in six decreasing doses (twice a day) starting at 60 h before device removal. Ultrasound examination of the ovaries was performed at the first pFSH injection and one day before embryo recovery, which was performed 6-7 d after the onset of estrus. Embryo recovery was conducted only in ewes that expressed estrus and were mated. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the total number of follicles between G-6 (15.7 ± 1.0) and G-9 (15.6 ± 0.8) at the time of the first pFSH treatment. The percentage of responding donors with ≥3 corpora lutea (CL; 78.2% [18/23] vs 69.5% [16/23]), mean (±SEM) CL number (7.0 ± 1.2 vs 8.1 ± 1.6), transcervical passage rate (94.4% [17/18] vs 83.3% [15/18], and ova/embryo recovery rate (54.5% [60/110] vs 68.0% [83/122]) were not different (P > 0.05) between the G-6 and G-9 groups. However, the mean number of viable embryos was lower (P < 0.05) in the G-6 group (1.8 ± 0.7) than in the G-9 group. (3.5 ± 1.1). In conclusion, treatment with an intravaginal MAP sponge for 9 d during a superovulation protocol is beneficial for viable embryo yield in Lacaune ewes out of the breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Machado Figueira
- Universidade Federal de Lavras - Av. Doutor Sylvio Menicucci, 1001 - Kennedy, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Vital Brazil, CEP 24220-000, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nadja Gomes Alves
- Universidade Federal de Lavras - Av. Doutor Sylvio Menicucci, 1001 - Kennedy, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ana Lucia Rosa E Silva Maia
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Vital Brazil, CEP 24220-000, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Clara da Cruz Morais
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Vital Brazil, CEP 24220-000, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato Ribeiro de Lima
- Universidade Federal de Lavras - Av. Doutor Sylvio Menicucci, 1001 - Kennedy, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Emilia Franco Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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14
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Dias JH, Pupin MA, Duarte GS, Brair VL, de Paula CJC, de Sousa MAP, Batista RITP, Souza-Fabjan JMG, Oliveira MEF, Fonseca JF. Successful transcervical uterine flushing can be performed without or reduced dose of oestradiol benzoate in cervical relaxation protocol in Dorper ewes. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:844-850. [PMID: 32335950 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the efficiency of cervical relaxation protocol using none, half or full dose (1.0 mg) of oestradiol benzoate in Dorper ewes subjected to non-surgical embryo recovery (NSER). Thirty-six pluriparous ewes received progestogen sponge (60 mg) for 9 days plus eCG administration (300 IU i.m.) 24 hr before sponge removal. Ewes were not mated and were randomly assigned to receive at 16 hr before NSER 37.5 µg d-cloprostenol i.m. and different doses of oestradiol benzoate: 0.0 mg (0EB group; n = 12); 0.5 mg (0.5EB group; n = 12) or 1.0 mg of oestradiol (1.0EB group, n = 12). All ewes received oxytocin (50 IU) i.v. 20 min before NSER, which was performed 8 days after sponge removal. Corpora lutea were counted by transrectal ultrasonography 24 hr before NSER. After procedure, the ewes were kept in natural breeding period to check their post-NSER fertility. NSER was performed in 91.7% (33/36) of the animals with overall fluid recovery efficiency over 97% (p > .05). The cervical transposing with Hegar dilator was longer (p < .05) in 0EB (4.2 ± 0.3 min) compared to 0.5EB (1.7 ± 0.3 min) and 1.0EB group (1.5 ± 0.3 min). The cervical transposing with mandrel/catheter was longer (p < .05) in 0EB (2.4 ± 0.5 min) than 1.0EB group (1.3 ± 0.5 min). Overall duration of uterine flushing was 25.4 min with structure recovery rate of 43.5%, with no difference among groups (p > .05). The post-NSER fertility was higher (p < .05) in 0.0EB (90%) than 0.5EB group (36.4%). In conclusion, NSER can be successfully performed in Dorper ewes by using a cervical relaxation protocol without oestradiol benzoate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Amélia Pupin
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Saloni Duarte
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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15
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Santos JDR, Ungerfeld R, Balaro MFA, Souza-Fabjan JMG, Cosentino IO, Brair VL, Souza CVD, Pinto PHN, Bade ALC, Fonseca JFD, Brandão FZ. Transcervical vs. laparotomy embryo collection in ewes: The effectiveness and welfare implications of each technique. Theriogenology 2020; 153:112-121. [PMID: 32450469 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed animal welfare in ewes subjected to transcervical (TC) or laparotomy (LP) embryo collection, and the efficiency of these two techniques. Santa Inês ewes (n = 57) received a protocol for estrus synchronization and superovulation. Cervical dilation protocol was initiated 12 h before embryo collection in all ewes. Depending on the success of cervical passage, the embryos were collected from ewes by either TC or LP. Records were made of physiological (rectal temperature (RT) and heart rate (HR)), endocrine (cortisol concentration), biochemical (glycaemia, total proteins, globulin and albumin concentrations), and behavioral variables. Data were recorded before fasting (BF) and sedation (BS), during (DC) and immediately after embryo collection (IAC), and 1 h (1hAC), 3 h (3hAC), 6 h (6hAC), 12 h (12hAC), 24 h (24hAC), and 48 h (48hAC) after embryo collection. The LP and TC procedures were applied to 22 and 35 ewes (with 100.0% and 94.3% of procedures being successful, respectively). The use of LP took longer than TC (P = 0.007) but was less effective in the recovery of uterine fluid and structures (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0180, respectively), with no difference in the number of viable embryos recovered per animal. The TC procedure induced a greater RT at DC (P = 0.002) and IAC moments (P < 0.0001). The heart rate was greater in TC than LP in IAC (P = 0.036). On the other hand, HR was greater with LP at 12hAC (P = 0.033) and 24hAC (P = 0.002). There was no interaction between the procedures and time on total proteins, albumin, or globulin concentrations. The TC procedure induced greater glycaemia than LP in IAC (P < 0.0001). LP induced greater serum cortisol concentration than TC at DC, IAC, 1hAC (P = 0.0004; P = 0.0006; P = 0.036, respectively), even though it was greater in the TC than the LP procedure at 3hAC (P = 0.008). In conclusion, the TC embryo collection was more effective than the traditional LP procedure. Although both embryo collection procedures affected ewes' welfare, the TC procedure is probably less stressor than the LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Dantas Rodrigues Santos
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24230-340, Brazil.
| | - Rodolfo Ungerfeld
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 11 1550, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay
| | - Mário Felipe Alvarez Balaro
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24230-340, Brazil
| | | | - Isabel Oliveira Cosentino
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24230-340, Brazil
| | - Viviane Lopes Brair
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24230-340, Brazil
| | - Clara Vieira de Souza
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24230-340, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Nicolau Pinto
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24230-340, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Cunha Bade
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24230-340, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Zandonadi Brandão
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24230-340, Brazil.
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