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Berezina OV, Rykov SV, Schwarz WH, Liebl W. Xanthan: enzymatic degradation and novel perspectives of applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:227. [PMID: 38381223 PMCID: PMC10881899 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular heteropolysaccharide xanthan, synthesized by bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas, is widely used as a thickening and stabilizing agent across the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors. Expanding the scope of its application, current efforts target the use of xanthan to develop innovative functional materials and products, such as edible films, eco-friendly oil surfactants, and biocompatible composites for tissue engineering. Xanthan-derived oligosaccharides are useful as nutritional supplements and plant defense elicitors. Development and processing of such new functional materials and products often necessitate tuning of xanthan properties through targeted structural modification. This task can be effectively carried out with the help of xanthan-specific enzymes. However, the complex molecular structure and intricate conformational behavior of xanthan create problems with its enzymatic hydrolysis or modification. This review summarizes and analyzes data concerning xanthan-degrading enzymes originating from microorganisms and microbial consortia, with a particular focus on the dependence of enzymatic activity on the structure and conformation of xanthan. Through a comparative study of xanthan-degrading pathways found within various bacterial classes, different microbial enzyme systems for xanthan utilization have been identified. The characterization of these new enzymes opens new perspectives for modifying xanthan structure and developing innovative xanthan-based applications. KEY POINTS: • The structure and conformation of xanthan affect enzymatic degradation. • Microorganisms use diverse multienzyme systems for xanthan degradation. • Xanthan-specific enzymes can be used to develop xanthan variants for novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana V Berezina
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Academician Kurchatov Sq. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V Rykov
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Academician Kurchatov Sq. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Wolfgang H Schwarz
- Chair of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Liebl
- Chair of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Hara S, Inoue Y, Aoki S, Tanaka K, Shirasuna K, Iwata H. Beneficial Effect of Polysaccharide Gel Made of Xanthan Gum and Locust Bean Gum on Bovine Oocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043508. [PMID: 36834915 PMCID: PMC9963600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of polysaccharides gels made of xanthan gum and locust bean gum (gel culture system) on oocyte maturation and explored the molecules causing the beneficial effect of the gel culture system. Oocytes and cumulus cells complexes were collected from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries and cultured on a plastic plate or gel. The gel culture system improved the rate of development to the blastocyst stage. The oocytes that matured on the gel contained high lipid contents and F-actin formation, and the resultant 8-cell stage embryos had low DNA methylation levels compared to their plate counterparts. RNA sequencing of the oocytes and embryos revealed the differentially expressed genes between the gel and plate culture systems, and upstream regulator analysis revealed estradiol and TGFB1 as top activated upstream molecules. The medium of the gel culture system contained higher concentrations of estradiol and TGFB1 than that of the plate cultures system. Supplementation of the maturation medium with either estradiol or TGFB1 resulted in high lipid content in oocytes. In addition, TGFB1 improved the developmental ability of the oocytes and increased F-actin content while reducing DNA methylation levels in the 8-cell stage embryos. In conclusion, the gel culture system is useful for embryo production, potentially through the upregulation of TGFB1.
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Nagata S, Inoue Y, Sato T, Tanaka K, Shinozawa A, Shirasuna K, Iwata H. Age-associated changes in miRNA profile of bovine follicular fluid. Reproduction 2022; 164:195-206. [PMID: 35980236 DOI: 10.1530/rep-22-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In brief This study shows that ageing affects miRNA profiles in follicular fluid, and an miRNA that is highly abundant in the follicular fluid of young cows supports the growth of oocytes derived from early antral follicles. Abstract We examined age-associated changes in miRNA profiles in the follicular fluid (FF) of cows. The role of miR-19b, which is abundant in the FF of young cows, in in vitro growth of early antral follicles (EAFs)-derived oocytes was assessed. FF was collected from the antral follicles of young (20-40 months) and aged (>120 months) cows. The miRNA profiles were similar between the FF of both age groups, whereas the abundance of some miRNAs differed between these samples. The miRNA profiles in granulosa cells (GCs) and the spent culture medium of oocyte-GC complexes (OGCs) derived from EAFs were distinct. Some miRNA groups overlapped among the GCs, culture media, and FFs. miR-19b was highly abundant in the FF of young cows, GCs, and culture medium. The supplementation of OGC culture medium with miR-19b increased the diameter, acetylation levels, and fertilisation ability of the oocytes. To assess whether miR-19b was functional in the GCs, a dual-luciferase assay, suppression of target protein, and RNA-sequencing of the GCs followed by functional annotation of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were conducted. Functional annotation of the DEGs suggested that miR-19b influences genes associated with FoxO signalling, endocytosis, and NR3C1 in GCs. These results suggest that in FFs, ageing affects the abundance of miRNAs that have important roles in oocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuta Nagata
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Funako, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Funako, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Funako, Atsugi, Japan
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Wollschlaeger JO, Maatz R, Albrecht FB, Klatt A, Heine S, Blaeser A, Kluger PJ. Scaffolds for Cultured Meat on the Basis of Polysaccharide Hydrogels Enriched with Plant-Based Proteins. Gels 2022; 8:94. [PMID: 35200476 PMCID: PMC8871916 DOI: 10.3390/gels8020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The world population is growing and alternative ways of satisfying the increasing demand for meat are being explored, such as using animal cells for the fabrication of cultured meat. Edible biomaterials are required as supporting structures. Hence, we chose agarose, gellan and a xanthan-locust bean gum blend (XLB) as support materials with pea and soy protein additives and analyzed them regarding material properties and biocompatibility. We successfully built stable hydrogels containing up to 1% pea or soy protein. Higher amounts of protein resulted in poor handling properties and unstable gels. The gelation temperature range for agarose and gellan blends is between 23-30 °C, but for XLB blends it is above 55 °C. A change in viscosity and a decrease in the swelling behavior was observed in the polysaccharide-protein gels compared to the pure polysaccharide gels. None of the leachates of the investigated materials had cytotoxic effects on the myoblast cell line C2C12. All polysaccharide-protein blends evaluated turned out as potential candidates for cultured meat. For cell-laden gels, the gellan blends were the most suitable in terms of processing and uniform distribution of cells, followed by agarose blends, whereas no stable cell-laden gels could be formed with XLB blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis O. Wollschlaeger
- Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.O.W.); (F.B.A.); (A.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Robin Maatz
- Institute for BioMedical Printing Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (R.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Franziska B. Albrecht
- Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.O.W.); (F.B.A.); (A.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Annemarie Klatt
- Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.O.W.); (F.B.A.); (A.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Simon Heine
- Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.O.W.); (F.B.A.); (A.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Andreas Blaeser
- Institute for BioMedical Printing Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (R.M.); (A.B.)
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Petra J. Kluger
- School of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
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Yes-Associated Protein (Yap) Is Up-Regulated in Heart Failure and Promotes Cardiac Fibroblast Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116164. [PMID: 34200497 PMCID: PMC8201133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) heart failure (HF) is a significant and increasing cause of death worldwide. HF is characterized by myocardial remodeling and excessive fibrosis. Transcriptional co-activator Yes-associated protein (Yap), the downstream effector of HIPPO signaling pathway, is an essential factor in cardiomyocyte survival; however, its status in human LV HF is not entirely elucidated. Here, we report that Yap is elevated in LV tissue of patients with HF, and is associated with down-regulation of its upstream inhibitor HIPPO component large tumor suppressor 1 (LATS1) activation as well as upregulation of the fibrosis marker connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Applying the established profibrotic combined stress of TGFβ and hypoxia to human ventricular cardiac fibroblasts in vitro increased Yap protein levels, down-regulated LATS1 activation, increased cell proliferation and collagen I production, and decreased ribosomal protein S6 and S6 kinase phosphorylation, a hallmark of mTOR activation, without any significant effect on mTOR and raptor protein expression or phosphorylation of mTOR or 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1), a downstream effector of mTOR pathway. As previously reported in various cell types, TGFβ/hypoxia also enhanced cardiac fibroblast Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which was similar to our observation in LV tissues from HF patients. Further, depletion of Yap reduced TGFβ/hypoxia-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation and Akt phosphorylation at Ser 473 and Thr308, without any significant effect on TGFβ/hypoxia-induced ERK1/2 activation or reduction in S6 and S6 kinase activities. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Yap is a mediator that promotes human cardiac fibroblast proliferation and suggest its possible contribution to remodeling of the LV, opening the door to further studies to decipher the cell-specific roles of Yap signaling in human HF.
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Aoki S, Ito J, Hara S, Shirasuna K, Iwata H. Effect of maternal aging and vitrification on mitochondrial DNA copy number in embryos and spent culture medium. Reprod Biol 2021; 21:100506. [PMID: 33906097 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maternal aging and vitrification affect mitochondrial quality and quantity in embryos. The present study investigated the effects of maternal aging on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in embryos, and the amount of cell-free mtDNA (cf-mtDNA) in spent culture medium (SCM) of embryos. Moreover, we examined the effects of vitrification on mtDNA copy number in embryos of young and aged cows, and on cf-mtDNA abundance in SCM. Oocytes collected from ovaries of young (20-40 months old) and aged cows (> 140 months old) were used to produce early stage embryos (8-12 cell-stage, 48 h after insemination). These embryos were individually cultured for 5 days, and mtDNA copy number in blastocysts and cf-mtDNA content in SCM, were evaluated by real-time PCR. At 48 h post-insemination, mtDNA copy number in embryos was greater for young cows compared with that of aged cows, whereas no significant difference was observed in cf-mtDNA in the SCM. Next, we addressed whether zona pellucida (ZP) may mask the difference in cf-mtDNA content in SCM. Using ZP-free embryos, we found significantly greater cf-mtDNA content in the SCM of blastocysts derived from aged cows. Furthermore, when embryos were vitrified and warmed, mtDNA copy number in blastocysts derived from young cows was lower, whereas cf-mtDNA content in SCM was greater than in those derived from aged cows. In conclusion, maternal aging affects mitochondrial kinetics and copy number in embryos following vitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogo Aoki
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Funakon, 1737, Atsugi City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Ito
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Funakon, 1737, Atsugi City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Hara
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Funakon, 1737, Atsugi City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koumei Shirasuna
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Funakon, 1737, Atsugi City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisataka Iwata
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Funakon, 1737, Atsugi City, Kanagawa, Japan.
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