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Abou Shousha S, Osman EM, Baheeg S, Shahine Y. Anti-IL-8 monoclonal antibodies inhibits the autophagic activity and cancer stem cells maintenance within breast cancer tumor microenvironment. Breast Dis 2024; 43:37-49. [PMID: 38552109 PMCID: PMC10977415 DOI: 10.3233/bd-230052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer tumor microenvironment (TME) is a promising target for immunotherapy. Autophagy, and cancer stem cells (CSCs) maintenance are essential processes involved in tumorigenesis, tumor survival, invasion, and treatment resistance. Overexpression of angiogenic chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) in breast cancer TME is associated with oncogenic signaling pathways, increased tumor growth, metastasis, and poor prognosis. OBJECTIVE Thus, we aimed to investigate the possible anti-tumor effect of neutralizing antibodies against IL-8 by evaluating its efficacy on autophagic activity and breast CSC maintenance. METHODS IL-8 monoclonal antibody supplemented tumor tissue culture systems from 15 females undergoing mastectomy were used to evaluate the expression of LC3B as a specific biomarker of autophagy and CD44, CD24 as cell surface markers of breast CSCs using immunofluorescence technique. RESULTS Our results revealed that anti-IL-8 mAb significantly decreased the level of LC3B in the cultured tumor tissues compared to its non-significant decrease in the normal breast tissues.Anti-IL-8 mAb also significantly decreased the CD44 expression in either breast tumors or normal cultured tissues. While it caused a non-significant decrease in CD24 expression in cultured breast tumor tissue and a significant decrease in its expression in the corresponding normal ones. CONCLUSIONS Anti-IL-8 monoclonal antibody exhibits promising immunotherapeutic properties through targeting both autophagy and CSCs maintenance within breast cancer TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham Abou Shousha
- Immunology and Allergy Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman M. Osman
- Immunology and Allergy Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Suzan Baheeg
- Immunology and Allergy Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Shahine
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Li J, Zhu Y, Yang L, Wang Z. Effect of gut microbiota in the colorectal cancer and potential target therapy. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:51. [PMID: 35749000 PMCID: PMC9232688 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic interaction between gut microbiota and the digestive tract is an important factor in maintaining the intestinal environment balance. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex disease involving the interaction between tumour cells and a large number of microorganisms. The microbiota is involved in the occurrence, development and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Several microbiota species have been studied, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF), Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis), Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium. Studies about the interaction between microbiota and CRC were retrieved from Embase, PubMed, Ovid and Web of Science up to 21 Oct 2021. This review expounded on the effect of microbiota on CRC, especially the dysregulation of bacteria and carcinogenicity. The methods of gut microbiota modifications representing novel prognostic markers and innovative therapeutic strategies were also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchuan Li
- Gastrointestinal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Yuzhou Zhu
- Gastrointestinal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Lie Yang
- Gastrointestinal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Gastrointestinal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
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Zeng X, Zhong M, Yang Y, Wang Z, Zhu Y. Down-regulation of RCC1 sensitizes immunotherapy by up-regulating PD-L1 via p27 kip1 /CDK4 axis in non-small cell lung cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4136-4147. [PMID: 33630417 PMCID: PMC8051708 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, although Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) significantly improves survival both in local advanced stage and advanced stage of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the objective response rate of ICI monotherapy is still only about 20%. Thus, to identify the mechanisms of ICI resistance is critical to increase the efficacy of ICI treatments. By bioinformatics analysis, we found that the expression of regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1) in lung adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that in normal lung tissue in TCGA and Oncomine databases. The survival analysis showed that high expression RCC1 was associated with the poor prognosis of NSCLC. And the expression of RCC1 was inversely related to the number of immune cell infiltration. In vitro, knockdown of RCC1 not only significantly inhibited the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells but also increased the expression levels of p27kip1 and PD-L1, and decreased the expression level of CDK4 and p-Rb. In vivo, knockdown of RCC1 significantly slowed down the growth rate of tumour, and further reduced the volume and weight of tumour model after treated by PD-L1 monoclonal antibody. Therefore, RCC1 could up-regulate the expression level of PD-L1 by regulating p27kip1 /CDK4 pathway and decrease the resistance to ICIs. And this study might provide a new way to increase the efficacy of PD-L1 monoclonal antibody by inhibiting RCC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhu Zeng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Clinical Cancer Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Maoxi Zhong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Clinical Cancer Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yumeng Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Clinical Cancer Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Clinical Cancer Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxi Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Clinical Cancer Research Center, Chongqing, China
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Moaaz M, Lotfy H, Motawea MA, Fadali G. The interplay of interleukin-17A and breast cancer tumor microenvironment as a novel immunotherapeutic approach to increase tumor immunogenicity. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152068. [PMID: 33556742 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on its known role in mediating tumor progression and the correlation with poor response to chemotherapy, we hypothesized that blocking interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibodies might have the ability to suppress programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) and to modulate the expression and function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in BC microenvironment. We also compared the apoptotic activity of anti-IL-17 with those acquired from our previous work on monoclonal antibodies against IL-6. The influence of anti-IL-17 was investigated in two doses on localized freshly resected tissues from 50 patients with BC. Results revealed increased IL-17A in BC tumor tissues versus surrounding tissues. Additionally, PD-L1 expression was inhibited in cultures treated with both doses of anti-IL-17. Frequencies of MDSCs were reduced in those cultures with anti-IL-17 with reduced suppressive activity. The induced apoptosis in the tumor cells was significantly increased. Anti-IL-17 antibodies effect was related to late stages, vascular metastasis, and hormonal status. Results of the current work suggest a promising role for anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibodies in enhancement of anti-tumor immunological activity in BC, potentially involving suppression of immune checkpoint PD-L1 and MDSCs inhibition with a marked response in aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Moaaz
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Hassan Lotfy
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Atef Motawea
- Department of Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gaylan Fadali
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Tumor microenvironment characterization in stage IV gastric cancer. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227294. [PMID: 33416081 PMCID: PMC7796192 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is remarkably affected by the immune environment of the principal tumor. Nonetheless, the immune environment's clinical relevance in stage IV gastric cancer (GC) is largely unknown. The gene expression profiles of 403 stage IV GC patients in the three cohorts: GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus, GSE84437 (n=292) and GSE62254 (n=77), and TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas, n=34) were used in the present study. Using four publicly available stage IV GC expression datasets, 29 immune signatures were expression profiled, and on this basis, we classified stage IV GC. The classification was conducted using the hierarchical clustering method. Three stage IV GC subtypes L, M, and H were identified representing low, medium, and high immunity, respectively. Immune correlation analysis of these three types revealed that Immune H exhibited a better prognostic outcome as well as a higher immune score compared with other subtypes. There was a noticeable difference in the three subgroups of HLA genes. Further, on comparing with other subtypes, CD86, CD80, CD274, CTLA4, PDCD1, and PDCD1LG2 had higher expression in the Immunity H subtype. In stage IV GC, potentially positive associations between immune and pathway activities were displayed, due to the enrichment of pathways including TNF signaling, Th-17 cell differentiation, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways in Immunity H vs Immunity L subtypes. External cohorts from TCGA cohort ratified these results. The identification of stage IV GC subtypes has potential clinical implications in stage IV GC treatment.
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Menaldo DL, Costa TR, Ribeiro DL, Zambuzi FA, Antunes LM, Castro FA, Frantz FG, Sampaio SV. Immunomodulatory actions and epigenetic alterations induced by proteases from Bothrops snake venoms in human immune cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gao S, Hu J, Wu X, Liang Z. PMA treated THP-1-derived-IL-6 promotes EMT of SW48 through STAT3/ERK-dependent activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:618-624. [PMID: 30243096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common digestive malignant tumors that leads to high mortality worldwide, and metastasis is the primary cause of cancer-related death. It is well accepted that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in the process of metastasis. As a cytokine that macrophage secretes, IL-6 is involved in the progression of tumors, including the invasion and metastasis via kinds of signaling pathways. However, the mechanism of interactions between IL-6, macrophage, EMT and colon cancer is not fully understood. Increased CD68+ macrophages and IL-6 level were found in colon tumor as compared to normal colon tissue. Metastatic lymph node showed even more CD68+ macrophages and higher IL-6 level than the primary tumor. These results suggested that macrophages and IL-6 play an important role in EMT of colon cancer. In order to investigate the effect of macrophage and IL-6 on EMT of colon cancer, we cultured human colon carcinoma cell line SW48 with conditioned medium (CM) from PMA-stimulated monocyte THP-1 cells and tested for IL-6 dependent EMT pathways. Wound healing assay and Transwell assay were used to analyze cell migration and invasion. Results showed that CM-treated SW48 cells increased IL-6 production and displayed elevated capacity of migration and invasion compared to untreated cells. Increased expressions of EMT markers (N-cadherin, Vimentin and β-catenin) and decreased expression of EMT marker(E-cadherin) were found in CM-treated SW48 cells by Western Blot. The addition of an anti-IL-6 antibody significantly inhibited the increase of EMT markers (Vimentin and β-catenin) as well as cell migration and invasion, suggesting that IL-6 played a critical role in promoting EMT of CM-treated SW48 cells. In addition, we found that the levels of p-STAT3 and p-ERK increased in CM-treated SW48 compared to untreated cells, which can be reversed by AG490, an inhibitor of JAK. In the meantime, the suppression of JAK-associated signaling pathways caused a decrease of β-catenin. In summary, our study suggested that macrophage-induced IL-6 promotes migration and invasion of colon cancer cell via Wnt/β-catenin pathway in STAT3/ERK-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikang Gao
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Junwu Hu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiongwen Wu
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Long-term endurance training increases serum cathepsin S levels in healthy female subjects. Ir J Med Sci 2017; 187:845-851. [PMID: 29181829 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-017-1693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating cathepsin S (CS) has been associated with a lower risk for breast cancer in a large Swedish cohort. Long-term physical activity has been shown to have beneficial effects on the development of various cancer subtypes, in particular breast and colorectal cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term endurance sport on CS levels in females. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-six of 40 subjects completed the study. Subjects were told to increase their activity pensum for 8 months reaching 150 min/week moderate or 75 min/week intense exercise. Ergometries were performed at the beginning and the end of the study to prove/quantify the performance gain. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and every 2 months. Serum CS levels were measured by ELISA. To analyse the change and the progression of CS, Wilcoxon rank sum and Friedman tests were used. RESULTS The sportive group (performance gain by > 4.9%) showed a significant increase of CS levels from 3.32/2.73/4.09 to 4.00/3.09/5.04 ng/ml (p = 0.008) corresponding to an increase of 20.5%. CONCLUSIONS We could show a significant increase of circulating CS levels in healthy female subjects induced by long-term physical activity. CS, occurring in the tumour microenvironment, is well-known to promote tumour growth, e.g. by ameliorating angiogenesis. However, the role of circulating CS in cancer growth is not clear. As physical activity is known as preventive intervention, in particular concerning breast and colorectal cancers, and long-term physical activity leads to an increase of CS levels in female subjects, circulating CS might even be involved in this protective effect. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trial registration: NCT02097199.
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Jiang W, Liu P, Li X. G9A performs important roles in the progression of breast cancer through upregulating its targets. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4127-4132. [PMID: 28599414 PMCID: PMC5453034 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of malignancy in females worldwide, however, its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms behind the development and progression of BC and identify potential biomarkers for it. The chromatin immunoprecipitation-DNA sequencing (ChIP-Seq) dataset GSM1642516 and gene expression dataset GSE34925 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Affy and oligo packages were used for the background correction and normalization of the gene expression dataset. Based on Limma package and the criteria of a fold change >1.41 or <0.71, and a false discovery rate adjusted P-value <0.05, differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2 (G9A) -knockout (KO) breast samples compared with control samples were identified. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Analysis was used for the functional enrichment analysis of the DEGs. Bowtie 2 and model-based analysis of ChIP-Seq version 14 (macs14) were used for the mapping of raw reads and the identification of G9A binding sites (peaks), respectively. In addition, overlapping genes between the DEGs and genes in the peaks located in −3000 to 3000 bp centered in the transcription start sites (conpeaks) were screened out and microRNAs (miRNAs) believed to regulate those overlaps were identified through the TargetScan database. A total of 217 DEGs were identified in G9A-KO samples, which were mainly involved in the biological processes and pathways associated with the inflammatory response and cancer progression. A total of 10,422 peaks, containing 1,210 conpeaks involving 1,138 genes, were identified. Among the 1,138 genes, 15 were overlapped with the DEGs, and 35 miRNAs were identified to regulate those overlaps. Insulin-induced gene 1 was regulated by 9 genes in the miRNA-gene regulation network, which may indicate its importance in the progression of BC. The present study identified potential biomarkers of BC that may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Lymphoma, Sino-US Center of Lymphoma and Leukemia, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin's National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
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Costa TR, Menaldo DL, Zoccal KF, Burin SM, Aissa AF, Castro FAD, Faccioli LH, Greggi Antunes LM, Sampaio SV. CR-LAAO, an L-amino acid oxidase from Calloselasma rhodostoma venom, as a potential tool for developing novel immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42673. [PMID: 28205610 PMCID: PMC5311993 DOI: 10.1038/srep42673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases from snake venoms have been described to possess various biological functions. In this study, we investigated the inflammatory responses induced in vivo and in vitro by CR-LAAO, an L-amino acid oxidase isolated from Calloselasma rhodostoma venom, and its antitumor potential. CR-LAAO induced acute inflammatory responses in vivo, with recruitment of neutrophils and release of IL-6, IL-1β, LTB4 and PGE2. In vitro, IL-6 and IL-1β production by peritoneal macrophages stimulated with CR-LAAO was dependent of the activation of the Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4. In addition, CR-LAAO promoted apoptosis of HL-60 and HepG2 tumor cells mediated by the release of hydrogen peroxide and activation of immune cells, resulting in oxidative stress and production of IL-6 and IL-1β that triggered a series of events, such as activation of caspase 8, 9 and 3, and the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene BAX. We also observed that CR-LAAO modulated the cell cycle of these tumor cells, promoting delay in the G0/G1 and S phases. Taken together, our results suggest that CR-LAAO could serve as a potential tool for the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer, since this toxin promoted apoptosis of tumor cells and also activated immune cells against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia R Costa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo L Menaldo
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina F Zoccal
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra M Burin
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F Aissa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola A de Castro
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lusânia M Greggi Antunes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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