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Zheng X, Huang L, Xie Z, Peng L, Zhou X. Relationship Between Warm Childhood Memories and Mobile Phone Addiction: A Moderated Mediation Model. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:1085-1099. [PMID: 36269848 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221135479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Childhood experiences have an important effect on mobile phone addiction, but the relationship between positive childhood experiences and mobile phone addiction and its underlying mechanisms should be explored further. This study aims to explore a model linking early memories of warmth and safeness to mobile phone addiction via the mediating role of alexithymia and moderating role of negative coping styles. A total of 379 Chinese college students (Mage = 19.80 years, SD = 1.38; 240 females) completed a questionnaire consisting of the Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Mobile Phone Addiction Scale, and Negative Coping Styles Scale. Results indicate that early memories of warmth and safeness are negatively correlated with mobile phone addiction, and alexithymia plays a mediating role in the link between early memories of warmth and safeness and mobile phone addiction. In addition, negative coping styles significantly moderate the relationship between early memories of warmth and safeness and alexithymia, specifically, the negative association between early memories of warmth and safeness and alexithymia is highly significant at high (vs. low) negative coping styles levels. The findings suggest that early memories of warmth and safeness are an important protective factor against mobile phone addiction, which enrich the literature on mobile phone addiction and provide empirical support for the prevention of mobile phone addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Zheng
- School of Educational Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- School of Educational Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Xie
- School of Educational Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Linlu Peng
- School of Educational Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiangsen Zhou
- School of Educational Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
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Körner AJ, Sabatowski R, Burdic L, Beyer L, Gärtner A, Schönbach B, Kaiser U. [Emotional competence of patients with chronic pain : A self- and third-party assessment]. Schmerz 2024; 38:125-131. [PMID: 37278837 PMCID: PMC10959775 DOI: 10.1007/s00482-023-00720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION The aim of the study is to assess the status quo of emotional competence in people with chronic pain. How do patients experience themselves regarding to their ability to perceive, express, and regulate emotions? And does this assessment coincide with the assessment of emotional competence (EC) by mental health professionals? METHODS The study took place in the context of interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy at an outpatient clinic in N = 184 adult German-speaking individuals with non-cancer-related chronic pain. EC was assessed at the end of therapy using the self- and third-party assessment scales of the Emotional Competence Questionnaire. The external assessment was performed by the mental health team. Standard scores were created using the norm sample provided by questionnaires. These were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. RESULTS Self-perceived EC was average (Mself_total = 99.31; SD = 7.78). The mental health professionals predominantly rated the emotional competence of the patients significantly lower (Mexternal_total = 94,70; SD = 7,81; F(1.179) = 35,73; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.17). Emotional expressivity, as a component of EC, was externally rated as below average (Mexpressivity_external = 89.14, SD = 10.33). DISCUSSION Patients with chronic pain rate themselves as unimpaired in terms of their daily emotional awareness, expression, and regulation abilities. At the same time, mental health professionals rate these same individuals as significantly less emotionally competent. The question remains open as to what extent the divergent assessments can be explained by assessment bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Juliane Körner
- Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, UniversitätsSchmerzCentrum (USC), Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland.
| | - Rainer Sabatowski
- Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, UniversitätsSchmerzCentrum (USC), Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Lisa Burdic
- Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, UniversitätsSchmerzCentrum (USC), Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Linn Beyer
- Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, UniversitätsSchmerzCentrum (USC), Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Anne Gärtner
- Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, UniversitätsSchmerzCentrum (USC), Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Benjamin Schönbach
- Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, UniversitätsSchmerzCentrum (USC), Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Ulrike Kaiser
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Deutschland
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Yontar G, Ozgan E. Early maladaptive schemas in female patients with migraine and tension-type headache. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3550. [PMID: 38347033 PMCID: PMC10861436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53816-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic headache is a serious clinical problem in women which psychological factors play major role and requires an approach with bio-psycho-social integrity. Psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety disorder and major depression are frequent. Young described Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) as maladaptive and dysfunctional patterns that appear due to unpleasant situations occurred between patient and people who were important to him. EMS affect perception, emotions, thoughts and behaviors that makes a basis for many disorders. EMS are found to be related with depression, anxiety and somatization within recent literature. In literature, chronic pain and migraine's relationship with EMS were studied before in a few separate articles. However, there is a lack of data that compares the relationship between EMS and clearly distinguished headache types: migraine (MH) and tension-type headache (TTH) especially in female patients who are more prone to somatic complaints/findings. Our study directly compared three groups, migraine and tension type headache and healthy controls. 150 female patients with chronic headache were enrolled for study in consecutive fashion. Exclusion criteria were as follows: age < 18 or > 60 years, male gender, existence of comorbidity affecting central nervous system, headache due to drug/substance abuse, previous diagnosis of migraine with aura, previous diagnosis of psychotic disease, mental retardation, cognitive disorders, being in delirium state. Patients were grouped into two categories according to type of headache and a third control group. All patients were evaluated with Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and their scores were noted and categorized in related schema domains. Sociodemographic data were comparable among groups. However, there were significant differences in terms of previous psychiatric diagnosis and psychiatric drug usage. When we compared YSQ scores, groups differed in many schema categories. MH group showed significantly higher scores in dependency/incompetency, unrelenting standards and punitiveness schemas when compared to remaining two groups. TTH group had significantly more points in emotional deprivation, vulnerability to harm or illness schemas among all groups. On the other hand, control group had significantly higher scores in insufficient self-discipline and entitlement/grandiosity schemas when compared to both MH and TTH groups. Presence of EMS in female patients with headache significantly differed from control group. Types of EMS were also significantly different between patients with MH and TTH among this whole headache group. We suggest that a comprehensive psychotherapeutic approach that targets to improve coping methods for distinct EMS in distinct headache types would provide critical aid to general treatment of headaches especially in resistant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Yontar
- Psychiatry Clinic, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Körfez Mah. 5013. Sok. 2/7, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Esen Ozgan
- Neurology Clinic, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
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Estévez A, Macía L, Macía P. Looking at Sex Differences in Gambling Disorder: The Predictive Role of the Early Abandonment Schema, Gambling Motives and Alexithymia in Depression. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1815-1832. [PMID: 37733147 PMCID: PMC10628046 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research indicates differences between men and women with gambling disorder. However, although alexithymia, gambling motives or abandonment have been associated with GD, women's clinical profile remains unexplored. This study aims, firstly, to explore mean differences in gambling motives (i.e. enhancement, coping and social [SOC]), the early maladaptive abandonment schema, alexithymia and depression in women and men with GD. Secondly, to analyse the correlation between the aforementioned variables as a function of sex. Thirdly, to examine the predictive role of gambling motives, early abandonment schema and alexithymia in depression as a function of sex. Lastly, to analyse the mediating role of COP between the early maladaptive abandonment schema and depression in women with GD, and the mediating role of ENH and the early maladaptive abandonment schema between alexithymia and depression in men with GD. The sample comprised 108 adults with GD diagnosis, of whom 60 were women and 48 were men. Regression and mediation analyses were carried out to explore possible sex differences in GD, through the SPSS programme. Results showed that depressive symptoms are predicted by alexithymia in men with GD and by the early maladaptive abandonment schema in women with GD. Regarding mediation analyses, the results suggest that COP mediated the relationship between early abandonment schema and depressive symptoms in females; and ENH and abandonment schema mediated the relationship between alexithymia and depressive symptoms in males. These results provide evidence of the relevance of considering sex differences when establishing therapeutic strategies in GD rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Estévez
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Laura Macía
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Patricia Macía
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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Pilkington PD, Karantzas GC, Faustino B, Pizarro-Campagna E. Early maladaptive schemas, emotion regulation difficulties and alexithymia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023. [PMID: 37735142 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion regulation is an integral part of the schema therapy model. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize the evidence on the associations between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), difficulties with emotion regulation and alexithymia. METHOD PsycINFO, PubMed and CINAHL Complete databases were searched on 28 May 2022 and 3 February 2023 in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Included studies were in English, in peer-reviewed journals and reported on the association between one or more of the 18 EMSs or five schema domains and emotion regulation difficulties or alexithymia. Methodological quality was assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. Meta-analyses were conducted to examine difficulties with emotion regulation and alexithymia as correlates of each EMS and domain. RESULTS A total of 19 studies published between 2008 and 2022 were included (Pooled N = 5957). Difficulties with emotion regulation were positively correlated with all 18 EMSs (range: entitlement r(7) = .28, 95% CI [.13, .42] to negativity pessimism r(5) = .53, 95% CI [.23, .74]) and schema domains (range: impaired limits r(5) = .34, 95% CI [.08, .56] to disconnection rejection r(5) = .44, 95% CI [.33, .73]). Alexithymia was positively correlated with the other-directedness domain (r(2) = .40, 95% CI [.09, .64]) and 16 of the 18 EMSs (range: unrelenting standards r(5) = .21, 95% CI [.12, .28] to emotional inhibition r(5) = .50, 95% CI [.34, .63]). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggested that almost all 18 EMSs are implicated in emotion regulation difficulties and alexithymia, particularly those relating to unmet needs for attachment and autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela D Pilkington
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gery C Karantzas
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruno Faustino
- HEI-Lab, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Salari S, Shaygan M, Setoodeh G. The mediating role of maladaptive cognitive schemas regarding the relationship between parenting styles and chronic pain in adolescents: a structural equation modelling approach. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2022; 16:60. [PMID: 35879725 PMCID: PMC9316414 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-022-00496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is a growing body of evidence linking parenting styles to health outcomes, little emphasis has been dedicated to how parenting styles affect chronic pain in adolescents. Given the high prevalence of chronic pain in adolescents and taking into consideration the complexity of chronic pain and the factors affecting it, further research is needed to better understand the processes through which parenting styles affect adolescents' pain. The purpose of the present study was to explore the mediating role of maladaptive schemas in the association between different parenting styles and chronic pain. METHOD 1302 adolescents aged 12 to 21 in Shiraz, Iran, were randomly selected to participate in this study. To identify adolescents with chronic pain, screening questions based on the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases were used. Buri's Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), and Young's Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) were used to assess the parenting styles and maladaptive cognitive schemas, respectively. The structural equation modeling approach was carried out to evaluate the direct, indirect, and total effects of different parenting styles on chronic pain. RESULTS The results in the SEM models revealed that disconnection/ rejection (β = - 0.043, 95%CI = - 0.07 to - 0.02), impaired autonomy/ performance (β = - 0.01, 95%CI = - 0.02 to -0.003), over-vigilance/inhibition (β = - 0.007, 95%CI = - 0.01 to - 0.008), and impaired limits schemas (β = - 0.004, 95%CI = - 0.006 to - 0.002) significantly mediated the protective effects of the authoritative parenting style on chronic pain. It was also found that the mediating effects of disconnection/ rejection (β = 0.01, 95%CI = 0.01 to 0.02), and over-vigilance/ inhibition (β = 0.002, 95%CI = 0.001 to 0.02) existed in the relationship between the authoritarian style and chronic pain. The permissive style may also affect chronic pain through disconnection/ rejection (β = 0.004, 95%CI = 0.001 to 0.01), other-directedness (β = 0.01, 95%CI = 0.005 to 0.015), and impaired limits schemas (β = 0.05, 95%CI = 0.04 to 0.06). DISCUSSION The findings of the present study showed that maladaptive cognitive schemas play a mediating role in the relationship between parenting styles and chronic pain in adolescents. It seems that the interventions that target the effective communication between the parents and the adolescents can be considered as an important part in the chronic pain management in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghar Salari
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Student Research Committee, Department of Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Shaygan
- Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 713451359, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Giti Setoodeh
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between early childhood trauma and alexithymia. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bishop A, Younan R, Low J, Pilkington PD. Early maladaptive schemas and depression in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 29:111-130. [PMID: 34131990 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved understanding of the specific cognitive risk factors associated with depression is needed to inform prevention and treatment approaches. Recent research has examined the relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and depression, but the findings were yet to be integrated using meta-analytic methods. The aim of this review was to synthesize the evidence on the relationship between depression and EMS. METHOD A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, by searching the PsycINFO, PubMed and CINAHL databases. Included studies were peer-reviewed journal articles that examined the relationship between one or more EMS and depression in adulthood in participants aged 18 years or older. RESULTS A total of 51 studies were included (k = 743; pooled N = 17,830). All 18 EMSs were positively correlated with depression, with effect sizes ranging from small (r = .23 [.17, .29]; Entitlement) to large (r = .53 [.46, .60]; Social Isolation; r = .50, 95% CI [.45, .54]; Defectiveness/Shame). CONCLUSION The evidence suggests that individuals who feel like they do not belong, or that they are flawed, bad or unlovable, report higher levels of depression. However, most studies used cross-sectional designs, and further longitudinal research is needed to establish the direction of the relationship between EMS and depression. These findings can guide preventative and treatment approaches. Focusing treatment on the Social Isolation and Defectiveness/Shame EMS may aid in relieving depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bishop
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rita Younan
- Schema Therapy Institute of Australia, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer Low
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pamela D Pilkington
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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Isoardo G, Ciullo S, Titolo P, Fontana E, Battiston B, Stella M, Luxardo N, Laino F, Migliaretti G, Stura I, Ardito RB, Adenzato M. The relationship between alexithymia, sensory phenotype and neurophysiological parameters in patients with chronic upper limb neuropathy. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:61-71. [PMID: 33315145 PMCID: PMC7815565 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the relationship between sensory abnormalities evaluated by quantitative sensory testing (QST) and alexithymia, depression and anxiety in patients with neuropathic pain involving the upper limbs. We enrolled 62 patients (34 with carpal tunnel syndrome, 7 with brachial plexopathy, 3 with cervical painful radiculopathy, 5 with ulnar entrapment neuropathy at elbow and 13 with post-burn hypertrophic scars) and 48 healthy controls. All underwent nerve conduction studies (NCS), evaluation of cold, heat pain and vibration detection threshold (VDT) by QST and evaluation of alexithymia by Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), depression by Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), anxiety by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y), level of psychological distress by 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and perceived social support by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The general linear model analysis revealed a significant relationship between TAS-20 overall and TAS-20 sub-score for difficulty identifying feelings and VDT z-scores in the left index with no interaction by year of education and sensory NCS results. Our results demonstrated the association between impairment of vibratory sensation of the left hand, reflecting cutaneous mechanoceptor dysfunction, and alexithymia, particularly the difficulty to identify feelings. The importance of delivering to patients with neuropathic pain personalized care that takes into account not only the neurophysiological aspects but also the aspects of mental functioning is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Isoardo
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino", Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Ciullo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Titolo
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, UOD Reconstructive Microsurgery, Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino", Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Fontana
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Bruno Battiston
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, UOD Reconstructive Microsurgery, Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino", Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Stella
- Department of Plastic Surgery Burn Center, Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino", Turin, Italy
| | - Nicola Luxardo
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Unit of Pain Management and Palliative Care, Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino", Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Laino
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Unit of Pain Management and Palliative Care, Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino", Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Migliaretti
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stura
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Rita B Ardito
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Mauro Adenzato
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Faustino B, Vasco AB. Relationships between emotional processing difficulties and early maladaptive schemas on the regulation of psychological needs. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 27:804-813. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faustino
- Faculty of Psychology University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
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11
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The effect of alexithymia and depressive feelings on pain perception in somatoform pain disorder. J Psychosom Res 2020; 133:110101. [PMID: 32224345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between alexithymia and depression and their influence on the subjective versus experimental pain perception in somatoform pain disorder. METHODS Three groups consisting of 40 patients with somatoform pain disorder, 40 patients with depression, and 40 healthy controls were matched. They completed questionnaires regarding alexithymia (TAS26) and depressive feelings (BDI-II). In addition, pain patients rated their subjective pain intensity (NRS). Quantitative sensory testings were conducted in all participants examining temperature (CPT, HPT) and mechanical (MPT, PPT) thresholds. RESULTS Analysis of variance showed that alexithymia was significantly increased in both patient groups compared to healthy controls, but with the highest amount in somatoform pain. Regression analyses confirmed that this finding was in part due to a high comorbidity of depressive feelings in both patient groups. We found a discrepancy between increased clinical pain ratings and elevated pressure pain thresholds, indicating a less intense mechanical pain perception in somatoform pain. Correlation analyses demonstrated a significant connection of subjective pain ratings and pressure pain thresholds with depressive feelings. CONCLUSION Contrary to the results of other experimental pain studies on chronic muskuloskeletal pain syndromes, we could not confirm central sensitization in somatoform pain disorder. Our findings place the somatoform pain disorder more in the direction of affective disorder such as depression. These findings may improve a better understanding of the disease and also have direct therapeutic implications. The high occurrence of alexithymia and depressive feelings in somatoform pain should be considered in diagnostic and therapeutic regimens of these patients.
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Reyno SM, Simmons M, Kinley J. A meta-analytic study examining the relationship between alexithymia and dissociation in psychiatric and nonclinical populations. RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY (MILANO) 2020; 23:439. [PMID: 32913826 PMCID: PMC7451292 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2020.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alexithymia and dissociation have been consistently linked in the literature, particularly in psychiatric populations. Both arise from a disconnection between conscious aspects of self-experiences and perceptions at both the mental self and bodily levels. This results in difficulty integrating thoughts, feelings and experiences into consciousness and memory, negatively impacting emotion awareness/regulation and reflective functioning. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine the strength of the relationship between alexithymia and dissociation in both clinical and non-clinical populations. Studies using two common measures of these constructs were included (i.e., the Toronto Alexithymia Scale - TAS, and the Dissociative Experiences Scale - DES). Analyzing the effect sizes derived from 19 studies (including a total of 4664 participants) revealed moderate to strong relationships between alexithymia and dissociation. The strength of the association was higher in clinical and younger aged non clinical populations. These findings are discussed in the context of treatment recommendations..
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Simmons
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax NS
| | - Jackie Kinley
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS, Canada
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Association Between Alexithymia and Immature Coping Styles Is Mediated by Self-Inconsistency and Is Correlated to Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms. J Nerv Ment Dis 2020; 208:377-386. [PMID: 31977717 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether a multivariate association between alexithymia and coping styles is affected by self-inconsistency and whether the association contributed to obsessive-compulsive symptoms in 34 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and 53 healthy participants. Alexithymia, coping styles, self-inconsistency, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms were evaluated using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, the Coping Style Questionnaire, the Self-Consistency and Congruence Scale, and the Vancouver Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, respectively. We found that self-inconsistency partially mediated the association between alexithymia and immature coping styles in the OCD patients but fully mediated the association in the healthy participants. Moreover, in the two groups, the alexithymia-coping coupling was related to contamination, obsession, indecisiveness, and ritualization, but not the checking symptom dimension. The findings suggest that the disturbance in identifying and describing feelings is associated with immature coping styles through disharmony between self-recognition and experience. The mechanism of the checking symptom seems to be distinct from other obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
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Saariaho AS, Saariaho TH, Mattila AK, Ohtonen P, Joukamaa MI, Karukivi M. Alexithymia and depression in the recovery of chronic pain patients: a follow-up study. Nord J Psychiatry 2017; 71:262-269. [PMID: 28413937 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2016.1275782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood adversities and emotional dysregulation are connected with chronic pain, alexithymia, and depression. Longitudinal studies exploring the impact of their co-occurrence on the pain situation are rare. AIMS The influence of alexithymia, depression, baseline pain situation, and treatment options on the course of chronic pain in a clinical sample was studied. METHODS The baseline data was collected from chronic pain patients (n = 154) before their first pain clinic visit, and the follow-up data after 1 year by self-report questionnaires. Study variables consisted of pain intensity, pain disability, alexithymia (TAS-20), depression (BDI-II), and treatment interventions. Statistical analyses were performed to find out differences between baseline and follow-up, as well as between alexithymic and non-alexithymic patients, and to estimate the effect of the treatment provided. RESULTS At follow-up, the majority of the patients had pain intensity and disability severe enough to disrupt with their daily living. None of treatment interventions was related to better outcome. Alexithymic patients reported more pain disability and depression at both baseline and at follow-up. The effect of alexithymia on pain disability was mediated by depression. The use of opioids was connected to alexithymia and depressiveness. Alexithymia and depression made a substantial contribution to poorer outcome. CONCLUSIONS Severe pain intensity and disability with depression and alexithymia predicted difficulties in achieving improvement. Depression and alexithymia probably impair compliance with treatment and adherence to interventions. Their co-occurrence with a more severe pain situation and with the use of opioids indicates psychological problems underlying the pain experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom H Saariaho
- b Pain Clinic , Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Aino K Mattila
- c Department of Psychiatry , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Pasi Ohtonen
- d Department of Anesthesiology and Surgery , Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Matti I Joukamaa
- e School of Health Sciences, Tampere University , Tampere , Finland
| | - Max Karukivi
- f Department of Psychiatry , University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku Unit of Adolescent Psychiatry, Satakunta Hospital District , Pori , Finland
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The alexithymia, cognitive emotion regulation, and physical symptoms in Iranian asthmatic patients. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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