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Santos PDG, Vaz JR, Correia J, Neto T, Pezarat-Correia P. Long-Term Neurophysiological Adaptations to Strength Training: A Systematic Review With Cross-Sectional Studies. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2091-2105. [PMID: 37369087 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Santos, PDG, Vaz, JR, Correia, J, Neto, T, and Pezarat-Correia, P. Long-term neurophysiological adaptations to strength training: a systematic review with cross-sectional studies. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 2091-2105, 2023-Neuromuscular adaptations to strength training are an extensively studied topic in sports sciences. However, there is scarce information about how neural mechanisms during force production differ between trained and untrained individuals. The purpose of this systematic review is to better understand the differences between highly trained and untrained individuals to establish the long-term neural adaptations to strength training. Three databases were used for the article search (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus). Studies were included if they compared groups of resistance-trained with untrained people, aged 18-40 year, and acquired electromyography (EMG) signals during strength tasks. Twenty articles met the eligibility criteria. Generally, strength-trained individuals produced greater maximal voluntary activation, while reducing muscle activity in submaximal tasks, which may affect the acute response to strength training. These individuals also presented lower co-contraction of the antagonist muscles, although it depends on the specific training background. Global intermuscular coordination may be another important mechanism of adaptation in response to long-term strength training; however, further research is necessary to understand how it develops over time. Although these results should be carefully interpreted because of the great disparity of analyzed variables and methods of EMG processing, chronic neural adaptations seem to be decisive to greater force production. It is crucial to know the timings at which these adaptations stagnate and need to be stimulated with advanced training methods. Thus, training programs should be adapted to training status because the same stimulus in different training stages will lead to different responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo D G Santos
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João R Vaz
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Monte da Caparica, Portugal; and
| | - Joana Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago Neto
- Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
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Škarabot J, Folland JP, Forsyth J, Vazoukis A, Holobar A, Del Vecchio A. Motor Unit Discharge Characteristics and Conduction Velocity of the Vastii Muscles in Long-Term Resistance-Trained Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:824-836. [PMID: 36729054 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adjustments in motor unit (MU) discharge properties have been shown after short-term resistance training; however, MU adaptations in long-term resistance-trained (RT) individuals are less clear. Here, we concurrently assessed MU discharge characteristics and MU conduction velocity in long-term RT and untrained (UT) men. METHODS Motor unit discharge characteristics (discharge rate, recruitment, and derecruitment threshold) and MU conduction velocity were assessed after the decomposition of high-density electromyograms recorded from vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) of RT (>3 yr; n = 14) and UT ( n = 13) during submaximal and maximal isometric knee extension. RESULTS Resistance-trained men were on average 42% stronger (maximal voluntary force [MVF], 976.7 ± 85.4 N vs 685.5 ± 123.1 N; P < 0.0001), but exhibited similar relative MU recruitment (VL, 21.3% ± 4.3% vs 21.0% ± 2.3% MVF; VM, 24.5% ± 4.2% vs 22.7% ± 5.3% MVF) and derecruitment thresholds (VL, 20.3% ± 4.3% vs 19.8% ± 2.9% MVF; VM, 24.2% ± 4.8% vs 22.9% ± 3.7% MVF; P ≥ 0.4543). There were also no differences between groups in MU discharge rate at recruitment and derecruitment or at the plateau phase of submaximal contractions (VL, 10.6 ± 1.2 pps vs 10.3 ± 1.5 pps; VM, 10.7 ± 1.6 pps vs 10.8 ± 1.7 pps; P ≥ 0.3028). During maximal contractions of a subsample population (10 RT, 9 UT), MU discharge rate was also similar in RT compared with UT (VL, 21.1 ± 4.1 pps vs 14.0 ± 4.5 pps; VM, 19.5 ± 5.0 pps vs 17.0 ± 6.3 pps; P = 0.7173). Motor unit conduction velocity was greater in RT compared with UT individuals in both VL (4.9 ± 0.5 m·s -1 vs 4.5 ± 0.3 m·s -1 ; P < 0.0013) and VM (4.8 ± 0.5 m·s -1 vs 4.4 ± 0.3 m·s -1 ; P < 0.0073). CONCLUSIONS Resistance-trained and UT men display similar MU discharge characteristics in the knee extensor muscles during maximal and submaximal contractions. The between-group strength difference is likely explained by superior muscle morphology of RT as suggested by greater MU conduction velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Škarabot
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Jules Forsyth
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Apostolos Vazoukis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Aleš Holobar
- Systems Software Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, SLOVENIA
| | - Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, GERMANY
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Balshaw TG, Funnell MP, McDermott E, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Abela S, Quteishat B, Edsey M, James LJ, Folland JP. The effect of specific bioactive collagen peptides on function and muscle remodeling during human resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13903. [PMID: 36433662 PMCID: PMC10078466 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Bioactive collagen peptides (CP) have been suggested to augment the functional, structural (size and architecture), and contractile adaptations of skeletal muscle to resistance training (RT), but with limited evidence. This study aimed to determine if CP vs. placebo (PLA) supplementation enhanced the functional and underpinning structural, and contractile adaptations after 15 weeks of lower body RT. METHODS Young healthy males were randomized to consume either 15 g of CP (n = 19) or PLA (n = 20) once every day during a standardized program of progressive knee extensor, knee flexor, and hip extensor RT 3 times/wk. Measurements pre- and post-RT included: knee extensor and flexor isometric strength; quadriceps, hamstrings, and gluteus maximus volume with MRI; evoked twitch contractions, 1RM lifting strength, and architecture (with ultrasound) of the quadriceps. RESULTS Percentage changes in maximum strength (isometric or 1RM) did not differ between-groups (0.684 ≤ p ≤ 0.929). Increases in muscle volume were greater (quadriceps 15.2% vs. 10.3%; vastus medialis (VM) 15.6% vs. 9.7%; total muscle volume 15.7% vs. 11.4%; [all] p ≤ 0.032) or tended to be greater (hamstring 16.5% vs. 12.8%; gluteus maximus 16.6% vs. 12.9%; 0.089 ≤ p ≤ 0.091) for CP vs. PLA. There were also greater increases in twitch peak torque (22.3% vs. 12.3%; p = 0.038) and angle of pennation of the VM (16.8% vs. 5.8%, p = 0.046), but not other muscles, for CP vs. PLA. CONCLUSIONS CP supplementation produced a cluster of consistent effects indicating greater skeletal muscle remodeling with RT compared to PLA. Notably, CP supplementation amplified the quadriceps and total muscle volume increases induced by RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Balshaw
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Mark P Funnell
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Emmet McDermott
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sean Abela
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Btool Quteishat
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Max Edsey
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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Smits-Engelsman BC, Bonney E, Jelsma D. Task-specificity and transfer of skills in school-aged children with and without developmental coordination disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 133:104399. [PMID: 36565517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare the effects of two Active Video Game (AVG) protocols on transfer of learning in children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). METHODS Fifty children, aged 6-10 years were randomly allocated to either group A or B. Children in group A participated in a set of Nintendo Wii ball games whereas group B played agility games (8 DCD and 17 typically developing children (TD) per group). Participants in each group practiced Wii games for 20 min twice a week for 10 weeks. All children also practiced ball and agility games in real-world settings, once per week. RESULTS Both protocols yielded positive effects with the largest effect sizes shown on agility and balance items of the PERF-FIT and KTK tests. No interaction was found on learning real-world games and the virtual protocol, except for a Ping-Pong game. A significant interaction of time by protocol group indicated that the Ball group improved more on BOT-2-Upper-Limb Coordination than the Agility group. Importantly, children with DCD improved comparably with TD peers in virtual and real-world games. CONCLUSION Independent of training protocol, both children with DCD and TD children performed better on trained and non-trained ball, balance and agility tasks after 10 weeks of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouwien Cm Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University, Cape Town, South Africa; Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation, Faculty Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Emmanuel Bonney
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, MN, USA; Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Dorothee Jelsma
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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VEGFA rs2010963 GG genotype is associated with superior adaptations to resistance versus endurance training in the same group of healthy, young men. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:119-129. [PMID: 36326960 PMCID: PMC9816297 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We used a within-subject, cross-over study to determine the relationship between the intra-individual adaptations to four weeks' resistance (RT) versus four weeks' endurance (END) training, and we investigated whether three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with these adaptations. METHODS Thirty untrained, healthy, young men completed a cycling test to exhaustion to determine peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), and a knee extension (KE) maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the right leg before and after four weeks' supervised RT (four sets of 10 repetitions at 80% single repetition maximum unilateral KE exercise, three times weekly) and four weeks' supervised END (30 min combined continuous/interval cycling, three times weekly), separated by a three-week washout phase. Participants were genotyped for the ACTN3 rs1815739, NOS3 rs2070744 and VEGFA rs2010963 SNPs. RESULTS The intra-individual adaptations regarding percentage changes in MVIC force and V̇O2peak following RT and END, respectively, were unrelated (r2 = 0.003; P = 0.79). However, a VEGFA genotype × training modality interaction (P = 0.007) demonstrated that VEGFA GG homozygotes increased their MVIC force after RT (+ 20.9 ± 13.2%) more than they increased their V̇O2peak after END (+ 8.4 ± 9.1%, P = 0.005), and more than VEGFA C-allele carriers increased their MVIC force after RT (+ 12.2 ± 8.1%, P = 0.04). There were no genotype × training modality interactions for the ACTN3 or NOS3 SNPs. CONCLUSION High/low responders to RT were not consequently high/low responders to END or vice versa. However, preferential adaptation of VEGFA rs2010963 GG homozygotes to RT over END, and their greater adaptation to RT compared to VEGFA C-allele carriers, indicate a novel genetic predisposition for superior RT adaptation.
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Balshaw TG, Massey GJ, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Lanza MB, Folland JP. Effect of long-term maximum strength training on explosive strength, neural, and contractile properties. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:685-697. [PMID: 34978747 PMCID: PMC9305549 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to compare explosive strength and underpinning contractile, hypertrophic, and neuromuscular activation characteristics of long‐term maximum strength‐trained (LT‐MST; ie, ≥3 years of consistent, regular knee extensor training) and untrained individuals. Sixty‐three healthy young men (untrained [UNT] n = 49, and LT‐MST n = 14) performed isometric maximum and explosive voluntary, as well as evoked octet knee extension contractions. Torque, quadriceps, and hamstring surface EMG were recorded during all tasks. Quadriceps anatomical cross‐sectional area (QACSAMAX; via MRI) was also assessed. Maximum voluntary torque (MVT; +66%) and QACSAMAX (+54%) were greater for LT‐MST than UNT ([both] p < 0.001). Absolute explosive voluntary torque (25–150 ms after torque onset; +41 to +64%; [all] p < 0.001; 1.15≤ effect size [ES]≤2.36) and absolute evoked octet torque (50 ms after torque onset; +43, p < 0.001; ES = 3.07) were greater for LT‐MST than UNT. However, relative (to MVT) explosive voluntary torque was lower for LT‐MST than UNT from 100 to 150 ms after contraction onset (−11% to −16%; 0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.002; 0.98 ≤ ES ≤ 1.11). Relative evoked octet torque 50 ms after onset was lower (−10%; p < 0.001; ES = 1.14) and octet time to peak torque longer (+8%; p = 0.001; ES = 1.18) for LT‐MST than UNT indicating slower contractile properties, independent from any differences in torque amplitude. The greater absolute explosive strength of the LT‐MST group was attributable to higher evoked explosive strength, that in turn appeared to be due to larger quadriceps muscle size, rather than any differences in neuromuscular activation. In contrast, the inferior relative explosive strength of LT‐MST appeared to be underpinned by slower intrinsic/evoked contractile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Balshaw
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Garry J Massey
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marcel B Lanza
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, US
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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Heidel KA, Novak ZJ, Dankel SJ. Machines and free weight exercises: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing changes in muscle size, strength, and power. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:1061-1070. [PMID: 34609100 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To compare changes in muscle size, strength, and power between free-weight and machine-based exercises. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The online databases of Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were each searched using the following terms: ""free weights" OR barbells OR dumbbells AND machines" up until September 15, 2020. A three-level random effects meta-analytic model was used to compute effect sizes. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS When strength was tested using a free-weight exercise, individuals training with free-weights gained more strength than those training with machines [ES: 0.655; (95% CI: 0.269, 1.041)]. When strength was tested a machine-based exercise incorporated as part of the machine-based training program, individuals training with machines gained more strength than those training with free-weights [ES: -0.784 (95% CI: -1.223, -0.344)]. When strength was tested using a neutral device, machines and free-weight exercises resulted in similar strength gains [ES: 0.128 (95% CI: -0303, 0.559)]. There were no differences in the change in power [ES: -0.049 (95% CI: -0.557, 0.460)] or muscle hypertrophy [ES: -0.01 (95% CI: -0.525, 0.545)] between exercise modes. CONCLUSIONS Individuals looking to increase strength and power should take into account the specificity of exercise, and how their strength and power will be tested and applied. Individuals looking to increase general strength and muscle mass to maintain health may choose whichever activity they prefer and are more likely to adhere to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Heidel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Zachary J Novak
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA -
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Oshikawa T, Adachi G, Akuzawa H, Okubo Y, Kaneoka K. Coordinate activity of the quadratus lumborum posterior layer, lumbar multifidus, erector spinae, and gluteus medius during single-leg forward landing. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 61:102605. [PMID: 34563761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the differences in electromyographic activity between the quadratus lumborum anterior (QL-a) and posterior layers (QL-p), and the relationship among trunk muscles and gluteus medius (GMed) activities during forward landing. Thirteen healthy men performed double-leg and single-leg (ipsilateral or contralateral sides as the electromyography measurement of trunk muscles) forward landings from a 30 cm-height-box. The onset of electromyographic activity in pre-landing and the electromyographic amplitude of the unilateral QL-a, QL-p, abdominal muscles, lumbar multifidus (LMF), erector spinae (LES), and bilateral GMed were recorded. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare the onset of electromyographic activity (3 landing leg conditions × 10 muscles) and electromyographic amplitude among (3 landing leg conditions × 2 phases). The onset of QL-p was significantly earlier in contralateral-leg landing than in the double-leg and ipsilateral-leg landings. The onset of LMF and LES was significantly earlier than that of the abdominal muscles in contralateral-leg landing. QL-p activity and GMed activity on the contralateral leg side in the pre-landing were significantly higher in contralateral-leg landing than in the other leg landings. To prepare for pelvic and trunk movements after ground contact, LMF, LES, QL-p on non-support leg side, and GMed on support leg side showed early or high feedforward activation before ground contact during single-leg forward landing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gen Adachi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akuzawa
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Okubo
- Faculty of Health & Medical Care, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Kaneoka
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Folland JP, Balshaw TG. Muscle Growth Does Contribute to the Increases in Strength that Occur after Resistance Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2006-2010. [PMID: 34398063 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Specificity of eccentric hamstring training and the lack of consistency between strength assessments using conventional test devices. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13417. [PMID: 34183742 PMCID: PMC8239011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring injuries are endemic, but influences of test-specific training and the application of different test methods on decision making remain elusive. Sport-students were randomised to isokinetic (IG) or Nordic hamstring (NG) exercise or a control group (CG) for six weeks. Training and testing procedures were matched to biomechanical parameters. Hamstring strength (EPT), work, muscle soreness (visual analogue scale (VAS)), biceps femoris (BFlh) muscle size and architecture were assessed. Anthropometrics and strength parameters did not differ at baseline. Yet, body mass normalised EPT, and work revealed a significant group × time × device effect, with a significant main effect for devices. Experimental conditions triggered meaningful increases in EPT compared to the control group, but the effects were higher when recorded on the training device. Despite significant group × time interactions, normalised average work on the NHD was only higher in the NG compared to CG of the left leg (+ 35%). No effects were found for BFlh parameters. Hamstrings showed a high training specificity, but adaptations likely remain undetected owing to the low sensitivity of conventional test devices. Moreover, strength increase of ~ 15% does not necessarily have to be reflected in BFlh parameters.
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Škarabot J, Balshaw TG, Maeo S, Massey GJ, Lanza MB, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Folland JP. Neural adaptations to long-term resistance training: evidence for the confounding effect of muscle size on the interpretation of surface electromyography. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:702-715. [PMID: 34166110 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00094.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared elbow flexor (EF; experiment 1) and knee extensor (KE; experiment 2) maximal compound action potential (Mmax) amplitude between long-term resistance trained (LTRT; n = 15 and n = 14, 6 ± 3 and 4 ± 1 yr of training) and untrained (UT; n = 14 and n = 49) men, and examined the effect of normalizing electromyography (EMG) during maximal voluntary torque (MVT) production to Mmax amplitude on differences between LTRT and UT. EMG was recorded from multiple sites and muscles of EF and KE, Mmax was evoked with percutaneous nerve stimulation, and muscle size was assessed with ultrasonography (thickness, EF) and magnetic resonance imaging (cross-sectional area, KE). Muscle-electrode distance (MED) was measured to account for the effect of adipose tissue on EMG and Mmax. LTRT displayed greater MVT (+66%-71%, P < 0.001), muscle size (+54%-56%, P < 0.001), and Mmax amplitudes (+29%-60%, P ≤ 0.010) even when corrected for MED (P ≤ 0.045). Mmax was associated with the size of both muscle groups (r ≥ 0.466, P ≤ 0.011). Compared with UT, LTRT had higher absolute voluntary EMG amplitude for the KE (P < 0.001), but not the EF (P = 0.195), and these differences/similarities were maintained after correction for MED; however, Mmax normalization resulted in no differences between LTRT and UT for any muscle and/or muscle group (P ≥ 0.652). The positive association between Mmax and muscle size, and no differences when accounting for peripheral electrophysiological properties (EMG/Mmax), indicates the greater absolute voluntary EMG amplitude of LTRT might be confounded by muscle morphology, rather than providing a discrete measure of central neural activity. This study therefore suggests limited agonist neural adaptation after LTRT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In a large sample of long-term resistance-trained individuals, we showed greater maximal M-wave amplitude of the elbow flexors and knee extensors compared with untrained individuals, which appears to be at least partially mediated by differences in muscle size. The lack of group differences in voluntary EMG amplitude when normalized to maximal M-wave suggests that differences in muscle morphology might impair interpretation of voluntary EMG as an index of central neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Škarabot
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Balshaw
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Sumiaki Maeo
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Garry J Massey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel B Lanza
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Rodríguez-Rosell D, Yáñez-García JM, Mora-Custodio R, Sánchez-Medina L, Ribas-Serna J, González-Badillo JJ. Effect of velocity loss during squat training on neuromuscular performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1621-1635. [PMID: 33829679 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of three resistance training (RT) programs differing in the magnitude of velocity loss (VL) allowed in each exercise set: 10%, 30%, or 45% on changes in strength, vertical jump, sprint performance, and EMG variables. Thirty-three young men were randomly assigned into three experimental groups (VL10%, VL30%, and VL45%; n = 11 each) that performed a velocity-based RT program for 8 weeks using only the full squat exercise (SQ). Training load (55-70% 1RM), frequency (2 sessions/week), number of sets (3), and inter-set recovery (4 min) were identical for all groups. Running sprint (20 m), countermovement jump (CMJ), 1RM, muscle endurance, and EMG during SQ were assessed pre- and post-training. All groups showed significant (VL10%: 6.4-58.6%; VL30%: 4.5-66.2%; VL45%: 1.8-52.1%; p < 0.05-0.001) improvements in muscle strength and muscle endurance. However, a significant group × time interaction (p < 0.05) was observed in CMJ, with VL10% showing greater increments (11.9%) than VL30% and VL45%. In addition, VL10% resulted in greater percent change in sprint performance than the other two groups (VL10%: -2.4%; VL30%: -1.8%; and VL45%: -0.5%). No significant changes in EMG variables were observed for any group. RT with loads of 55-70% 1RM characterized by a low-velocity loss (VL10%) provides a very effective and efficient training stimulus since it yields similar strength gains and greater improvements in sports-related neuromuscular performance (jump and sprint) compared to training with higher velocity losses (VL30%, VL45%). These findings indicate that the magnitude of VL reached in each exercise set considerably influences the observed training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Sport and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Yáñez-García
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Sport and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ricardo Mora-Custodio
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Sport and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez-Medina
- Center for Studies, Research and Sports Medicine, Instituto Navarro del Deporte (IND), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Ribas-Serna
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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13
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Buckthorpe M. Recommendations for Movement Re-training After ACL Reconstruction. Sports Med 2021; 51:1601-1618. [PMID: 33840081 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is important to optimise the functional recovery process to enhance patient outcomes after major injury such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Restoring movement quality during sporting-type movements is important prior to return-to-sport (RTS) after ACLR. Alterations in movement quality during an array of functional tasks are common amongst ACLR patients at or near the time of RTS and are associated with worse outcomes after ACLR. The inability to correct movement issues prior to RTS is likely due to the use of incomplete programmes or a lack of volume and intensity of movement re-training programmes. Although most clinicians and researchers understand that re-training movement after ACLR is important (e.g., the 'why'), there is often a disconnect with understanding the 'how' and 'what' of movement re-training post ACLR. The aim of this paper was to discuss factors relevant to movement dysfunction and re-training after ACLR and provide recommendations for clinicians to restore movement quality of patients after ACLR, prior to RTS. The paper recommends: (i) considering the factors which influence the expression of movement quality, which revolve around individual (e.g., neuromuscular, biomechanical, sensorimotor and neurocognitive factors), task-specific and environmental constraints; (ii) incorporating a three-staged movement re-training approach aligned to the ACLR functional recovery process: (1) addressing the neuromuscular and biomechanical and sensorimotor control factors which affect movement quality and motor learning, (2) including a progressive movement re-training approach to re-learn an array of functional tasks optimising coordination and motor learning (3) performing the final aspect of rehabilitation and movement training on the field, in realistic environments progressively simulating the sporting movement demands and environmental constraints; and (iii) effectively designing the movement programme for optimal load management, employing effective coach and feedback techniques and utilising qualitative movement analysis for transition between exercises, stages and for RTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Buckthorpe
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Marys University, Twickenham, London, TW1 4SX, UK.
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14
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Abstract
Outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction need improving, with poor return-to-sport rates and high risk of secondary re-injury. There is a need to improve rehabilitation strategies after ACL reconstruction, if we can support enhanced patient outcomes. This paper discusses how to optimise the mid-stage rehabilitation process after ACL reconstruction. Mid-stage is a difficult and vitally important stage of the functional recovery process and provides the foundation on which to commence late-stage rehabilitation training. Often many aspects of mid-stage rehabilitation (e.g. knee extensors isolated muscle strength) are not actually restored prior to return-to-sport. In addition, if we are to allow time for optimal late-stage rehabilitation and return-to-sport training, we need to optimise the mid-stage rehabilitation approach and complete it in a timely manner. This paper forms a key part of a strategy to optimise the ACL rehabilitation approach and considers factors more specific to mid-stage rehabilitation characterised in 3 areas: (1) muscle strength: muscle and joint specific, in particular at the knee level, with the knee extensors and flexors and distally with the triceps surae and proximally with the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex, as well as closed kinetic chain strength; (2) altered basic motor patterning (movement quality) and (3) fitness re-conditioning. In addition, the paper provides recommendations on how to implement these into practice, discussing training planning and programming and suggests specific screening to monitor work and when the athlete is able to progress to the next stage (e.g. late-stage rehabilitation criteria).
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15
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Lacerda LT, Marra-Lopes RO, Lanza MB, Diniz RCR, Lima FV, Martins-Costa HC, Pedrosa GF, Gustavo Pereira Andrade A, Kibele A, Chagas MH. Resistance training with different repetition duration to failure: effect on hypertrophy, strength and muscle activation. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10909. [PMID: 33665031 PMCID: PMC7916538 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the effects of two 14-week resistance training protocols with different repetition duration (RD) performed to muscle failure (MF) on gains in strength and muscle hypertrophy as well as on normalized electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and force-angle relationships. Methods The left and right legs of ten untrained males were assigned to either one of the two protocols (2-s or 6-s RD) incorporating unilateral knee extension exercise. Both protocols were performed with 3–4 sets, 50–60% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM), and 3 min rest. Rectus femoris and vastus lateralis cross-sectional areas (CSA), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) at 30o and 90o of knee flexion and 1RM performance were assessed before and after the training period. In addition, normalized EMG amplitude-angle and force-angle relationships were assessed in the 6th and 39th experimental sessions. Results The 6-s RD protocol induced larger gains in MVIC at 30o of knee angle measurement than the 2-s RD protocol. Increases in MVIC at 90o of knee angle, 1RM, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis CSA were not significant between the 2-s and 6-s RD protocols. Moreover, different normalized EMG amplitude-angle and force-angle values were detected between protocols over most of the angles analyzed. Conclusion Performing longer RD could be a more appropriate strategy to provide greater gains in isometric maximal muscle strength at shortened knee positions. However, similar maximum dynamic strength and muscle hypertrophy gains would be provided by protocols with different RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Túlio Lacerda
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education and Sports, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Marra-Lopes
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcel Bahia Lanza
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo César Ribeiro Diniz
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vitor Lima
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hugo Cesar Martins-Costa
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Pedrosa
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Aeronautical Instruction and Adaptation Centre, Brazilian Air Force, Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Gustavo Pereira Andrade
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Armin Kibele
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Mönchebergstraße, Kassel, Germany
| | - Mauro Heleno Chagas
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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16
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Recommendations for Hamstring Function Recovery After ACL Reconstruction. Sports Med 2020; 51:607-624. [PMID: 33332017 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is important to optimise the functional recovery process to enhance patient outcomes after major injury such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). This requires in part more high-quality original research, but also an approach to translate existing research into practice to overcome the research to implementation barriers. This includes research on ACLR athletes, but also research on other pathologies, which with some modification can be valuable to the ACLR patient. One important consideration after ACLR is the recovery of hamstring muscle function, particularly when using ipsilateral hamstring autograft. Deficits in knee flexor function after ACLR are associated with increased risk of knee osteoarthritis, altered gait and sport-type movement quality, and elevated risk of re-injury upon return to sport. After ACLR and the early post-operative period, there are often considerable deficits in hamstring function which need to be overcome as part of the functional recovery process. To achieve this requires consideration of many factors including the types of strength to recover (e.g., maximal and explosive, multiplanar not just uniplanar), specific programming principles (e.g., periodised resistance programme) and exercise selection. There is a need to know how to train the hamstrings, but also apply this to the ACLR athlete. In this paper, the authors discuss the deficits in hamstring function after ACLR, the considerations on how to restore these deficits and align this information to the ACLR functional recovery process, providing recommendation on how to recover hamstring function after ACLR.
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17
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Comfort P, Jones PA, Thomas C, DosʼSantos T, McMahon JJ, Suchomel TJ. Changes in Early and Maximal Isometric Force Production in Response to Moderate- and High-Load Strength and Power Training. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:593-599. [PMID: 32187146 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Comfort, P, Jones, PA, Thomas, C, Dos'Santos, T, McMahon, JJ, and Suchomel, TJ. Changes in early and maximal isometric force production in response to moderate- and high-load strength and power training. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The aims of this study were to determine the changes in early (50-, 100-, 150-, 200-, 250 ms) and maximal isometric force production, in response to a 4-week period of moderate-load resistance training (60-82.5% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]), followed by a 4-week period of high-load (80-90% 1RM) resistance training. Thirty-four subjects (age 19.5 ± 2.8 years; height 1.72 ± 0.08 m; body mass 69.9 ± 11.4 kg; maximal power clean 0.92 ± 0.03 kg·kg) participated in this study. Only trivial-to-moderate (0.2-2.7%, d = 0.00-0.88) and nonsignificant (p > 0.05) changes in early isometric force production were observed in response to the moderate-load training period, whereas very large (9.2-14.6%, d = 2.71-4.16), significant (p ≤ 0.001) increases in early isometric force production were observed in response to high-load training. In contrast, there was a very large, significant increase in peak force (PF) across the moderate-load phase (7.7 ± 11.8%, d = 2.02, p = 0.003), but only a moderate significant increase in PF (3.8 ± 10.6%, d = 1.16, p = 0.001) across the high-load phase. The results of this study indicate that high-load multijoint resistance training, that follows moderate-load training, results in superior increases in early multi-joint force production, compared with the changes observed after moderate-load resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Paul A Jones
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Thomas
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas DosʼSantos
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - John J McMahon
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Suchomel
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, Wisconsin
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18
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Rodríguez-Rosell D, Yáñez-García JM, Mora-Custodio R, Pareja-Blanco F, Ravelo-García AG, Ribas-Serna J, González-Badillo JJ. Velocity-based resistance training: impact of velocity loss in the set on neuromuscular performance and hormonal response. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:817-828. [PMID: 32017598 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 2 resistance training (RT) programs with different velocity losses (VLs) allowed in each set: 10% (VL10%) versus 30% (VL30%) on neuromuscular performance and hormonal response. Twenty-five young healthy males were randomly assigned into 2 groups: VL10% (n = 12) or VL30% (n = 13). Subjects followed a velocity-based RT program for 8 weeks (2 sessions per week) using only the full-squat (SQ) exercise at 70%-85% 1-repetition maximum (1RM). Repetition velocity was recorded in all training sessions. A 20-m running sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ), 1RM, muscle endurance, and electromyogram (EMG) during SQ exercise and resting hormonal concentrations were assessed before and after the RT program. Both groups showed similar improvements in muscle strength and endurance variables (VL10%: 7.0%-74.8%; VL30%: 4.2%-73.2%). The VL10% resulted in greater percentage increments in CMJ (9.2% vs. 5.4%) and sprint performance (-1.5% vs. 0.4%) than VL30%, despite VL10% performing less than half of the repetitions than VL30% during RT. In addition, only VL10% showed slight increments in EMG variables, whereas no significant changes in resting hormonal concentrations were observed. Therefore, our results suggest that velocity losses in the set as low as 10% are enough to achieve significant improvements in neuromuscular performance, which means greater efficiency during RT. Novelty The VL10% group showed similar or even greater percentage of changes in physical performance compared with VL30%. No significant changes in resting hormonal concentrations were observed for any training group. Curvilinear relationships between percentage VL in the set and changes in strength and CMJ performance were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain.,Department of Sport and Informatics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Yáñez-García
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain.,Department of Sport and Informatics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Ricardo Mora-Custodio
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain.,Department of Sport and Informatics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain.,Department of Sport and Informatics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Antonio G Ravelo-García
- Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35017, Spain
| | - Juan Ribas-Serna
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, University of Seville, Seville 41009, Spain
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19
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Calatayud J, Escriche-Escuder A, Cruz-Montecinos C, Andersen LL, Pérez-Alenda S, Aiguadé R, Casaña J. Tolerability and Muscle Activity of Core Muscle Exercises in Chronic Low-back Pain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193509. [PMID: 31547140 PMCID: PMC6801665 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most of the studies evaluating core muscle activity during exercises have been conducted with healthy participants. The objective of this study was to compare core muscle activity and tolerability of a variety of dynamic and isometric exercises in patients with non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). 13 outpatients (average age 52 years; all with standing or walking work in their current or latest job) performed 3 consecutive repetitions at 15-repetition maximum during different exercises in random order. Surface electromyography was recorded for the rectus abdominis; external oblique and lumbar erector spinae. Patients rated tolerability of each exercise on a 5-point scale. The front plank with brace; front plank and modified curl-up can be considered the most effective exercises in activating the rectus abdominis; with a median normalized EMG (nEMG) value of 48% (34–61%), 46% (26–61%) and 50% (28–65%), respectively. The front plank with brace can be considered the most effective exercise in activating the external oblique; with a nEMG of 77% (60–97%). The squat and bird-dog exercises are especially effective in activing the lumbar erector spinae; with nEMG of 40% (24–87%) and 29% (27–46%), respectively. All the exercises were well tolerated; except for the lateral plank that was mostly non-tolerated. In conclusion; the present study provides a variety of dynamic and isometric exercises; where muscle activity values and tolerability can be used as guide to design evidence-based exercise programs for outpatients with NSCLBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Calatayud
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | | | - Carlos Cruz-Montecinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biomechanics, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Lars L. Andersen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sofía Pérez-Alenda
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Universitary and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Aiguadé
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Spain;
| | - José Casaña
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-656437371
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20
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Lanza MB, Balshaw TG, Folland JP. Is the joint-angle specificity of isometric resistance training real? And if so, does it have a neural basis? Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2465-2476. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Eckardt N, Rosenblatt NJ. Instability Resistance Training Decreases Motor Noise During Challenging Walking Tasks in Older Adults: A 10-Week Double-Blinded RCT. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:32. [PMID: 30873017 PMCID: PMC6400996 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotor stability is challenged by internal perturbations, e.g., motor noise, and external perturbations, e.g., changes in surface compliance. One means to compensate for such perturbations is to employ motor synergies, defined here as co-variation among a set of elements that acts to stabilize, or provide similar trial-to-trial (or step-to-step) output, even in the presence of small variations in initial conditions. Whereas evidence exists that synergies related to the upper extremities can be trained, the extent to which lower limb synergies, such as those which may be needed to successfully locomote in complex environments, remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if resistance training (RT) in unstable environments could promote coordination patterns associated with stronger synergies during gait. Sixty-eight participants between the age of 65 and 80 were randomly assigned to one of three different RT modalities: stable whole-limb machine-based RT (S-MRT), instability free-weight RT (I-FRT), and stable machine-based adductor/abductor RT (S-MRTHIP). Before and after RT, participants walked across an even lab floor and a more challenging uneven surface with and without holding a weighted bag. The uncontrolled manifold control analysis (UCM) was used to calculate the synergy index (i.e., strength of the kinematic synergy) related to stabilization of our performance variable, the mediolateral trajectory of the swing foot, under each condition. Regardless of RT group, there was no effect of RT on the synergy index when walking across the even lab floor. However, the synergy index during the two uneven surface conditions was stronger after I-FRT but was not affected by the other RT modalities. The stronger synergy index for the I-FRT group was due to improved coordination as quantified by an overall increase in variability in elemental variable space but a decrease in the variability that negatively affects performance. The unstable environment offered by I-FRT allows for exploration of motor solutions in a manner that appears to transfer to challenging locomotor tasks. Introducing tasks that promote, rather than limit, exploration of motor solutions seems to be a valuable exercise modality to strengthen kinematic synergies that cannot be achieved with traditional strengthening paradigms (e.g., S-MRT). Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03017365.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Eckardt
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute for Sport and Sports Science, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Sport and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Noah J Rosenblatt
- Dr. William M. Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine's Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory Research (CLEAR), Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
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22
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Buckthorpe M, Wright S, Bruce-Low S, Nanni G, Sturdy T, Gross AS, Bowen L, Styles B, Della Villa S, Davison M, Gimpel M. Recommendations for hamstring injury prevention in elite football: translating research into practice. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:449-456. [PMID: 30413424 PMCID: PMC6579500 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Buckthorpe
- Southampton Football Club, Southampton, UK.,Isokinetic Medical Group, Education and Research Department, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy.,Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | | | | | - Gianni Nanni
- Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Della Villa
- Isokinetic Medical Group, Education and Research Department, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael Davison
- Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Mo Gimpel
- Southampton Football Club, Southampton, UK
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23
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Morales-Artacho AJ, Padial P, García-Ramos A, Pérez-Castilla A, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, De la Fuente B, Feriche B. Intermittent Resistance Training at Moderate Altitude: Effects on the Force-Velocity Relationship, Isometric Strength and Muscle Architecture. Front Physiol 2018; 9:594. [PMID: 29882549 PMCID: PMC5976859 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxic resistance training (IHRT) may help to maximize the adaptations following resistance training, although conflicting evidence is available. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of moderate altitude on the functional, neural and muscle architecture responses of the quadriceps muscles following a power-oriented IHRT intervention. Twenty-four active males completed two 4-week consecutive training blocks comprising general strengthening exercises (weeks 1–4) and power-oriented resistance training (weeks 5–8). Training sessions were conducted twice a week at moderate altitude (2320 m; IHRT, n = 13) or normoxia (690 m; NT, n = 11). Training intensity during the second training block was set to the individual load corresponding to a barbell mean propulsive velocity of 1 m·s−1. Pre-post assessments, performed under normoxic conditions, comprised quadriceps muscle architecture (thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length), isometric maximal (MVF) and explosive strength, and voluntary muscle activation. Dynamic strength performance was assessed through the force-velocity relationship (F0, V0, P0) and a repeated CMJ test (CMJ15MP). Region-specific muscle thickness changes were observed in both training groups (p < 0.001, ηG2 = 0.02). A small opposite trend in pennation angle changes was observed (ES [90% CI]: −0.33 [−0.65, −0.01] vs. 0.11 [−0.44, 0.6], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.094, ηG2 = 0.02). Both training groups showed similar improvements in MVF (ES: 0.38 [0.20, 0.56] vs. 0.55 [0.29, 0.80], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.645, ηG2 < 0.01), F0 (ES: 0.41 [−0.03, 0.85] vs. 0.52 [0.04, 0.99], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.569, ηG2 < 0.01) and P0 (ES: 0.53 [0.07, 0.98] vs. 0.19 [−0.06, 0.44], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.320, ηG2 < 0.01). No meaningful changes in explosive strength performance were observed. In conclusion, contrary to earlier adverse associations between altitude and resistance-training muscle adaptations, similar anatomical and functional muscle strength responses can be achieved in both environmental conditions. The observed region-specific muscle thickness changes may encourage further research on the potential influence of IHRT on muscle morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Blanca De la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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24
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Buckthorpe M, Roi GS. The time has come to incorporate a greater focus on rate of force development training in the sports injury rehabilitation process. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2018; 7:435-441. [PMID: 29387636 DOI: 10.11138/mltj/2017.7.3.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This narrative and literature review discusses the relevance of Rate of Force Development (RFD) (the slope of the force time curve) for Return To Sport (RTS), its determinants and the influence of training practices on it expression, with the purpose to enhance clinicians' awareness of how RFD training may enhance RTS success. RFD is considered functionally more relevant than maximal muscle strength during certain very fast actions including rapid joint stabilisation following mechanical perturbation. Deficits in RFD are reported following conventional rehabilitation programmes despite full restoration of maximal strength, which may contribute to the less than satisfactory RTS outcomes reported in the literature. RFD determinants vary as a function of time from force onset with a diminishing role of maximal strength as the time available for force development decreases. Factors such as neural activation, fibre type composition and muscle contractile properties influence RFD also and to a much greater extent during the early periods of rapid force development. Conventional resistance training using moderate loads typical of most rehabilitation programmes is insufficient at restoring or enhancing RFD, thus incorporating periodised resistance training programmes and explosive training techniques in the final stages of rehabilitation prior to RTS is recommended. Level of evidence V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Buckthorpe
- Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Education & Research Department, Bologna, Italy.,Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, UK.,Southampton Football Club, Southampton, UK
| | - Giulio Sergio Roi
- Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Education & Research Department, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Italy
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25
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Balshaw TG, Fry A, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Kong PW, Folland JP. Reliability of quadriceps surface electromyography measurements is improved by two vs. single site recordings. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1085-1094. [PMID: 28391392 PMCID: PMC5427161 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The reliability of surface electromyography (sEMG) is typically modest even with rigorous methods, and therefore further improvements in sEMG reliability are desirable. This study compared the between-session reliability (both within participant absolute reliability and between-participant relative reliability) of sEMG amplitude from single vs. average of two distinct recording sites, for individual muscle (IM) and whole quadriceps (WQ) measures during voluntary and evoked contractions. Methods Healthy males (n = 20) performed unilateral isometric knee extension contractions: voluntary maximum and submaximum (60%), as well as evoked twitch contractions on two separate days. sEMG was recorded from two distinct sites on each superficial quadriceps muscle. Results Averaging two recording sites vs. using single site measures improved reliability for IM and WQ measurements during voluntary (16–26% reduction in within-participant coefficient of variation, CVW) and evoked contractions (40–56% reduction in CVW). Conclusions For sEMG measurements from large muscles, averaging the recording of two distinct sites is recommended as it improves within-participant reliability. This improved sensitivity has application to clinical and research measurement of sEMG amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Balshaw
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK. .,Institute for Sports Research, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.
| | - A Fry
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - T M Maden-Wilkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.,Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - P W Kong
- Institute for Sports Research, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J P Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.,Institute for Sports Research, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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26
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Van Hooren B, Bosch F. Influence of Muscle Slack on High-Intensity Sport Performance: A Review. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Resistance-training exercises with different stability requirements: time course of task specificity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2247-2256. [PMID: 27671996 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to assess the task-specificity (greater improvements in trained compared to non-trained tasks), transferability and time-course adaptations of resistance-training programs with varying instability requirements. METHOD Thirty-six resistance-trained men were randomized to train chest press 2 days week-1 for 10 week (6 repetitions × 4 series) using a Swiss ball, Smith machine or dumbbells. A six-repetition maximum-strength test with the aforementioned exercises and traditional barbell chest press were performed by all participants at the first, 7th, 14th and final training session in addition to electromyographic activities of the prime movers measured during isometric bench press. RESULTS The groups training with the unstable Swiss-ball and dumbbells, but not the stable Smith-machine, demonstrated task-specificity, which became apparent in the early phase and remained throughout the study. The improvements in the trained exercise tended to increase more with instability (dumbbells vs. Smith machine, p = 0.061). The group training with Smith machine had similar improvements in the non-trained exercises. Greater improvements were observed in the early phase of the strength-training program (first-7th session) for all groups in all three exercises, but most notably for the unstable exercises. No differences were observed between the groups or testing times for EMG activity. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that among resistance-trained individuals, the concept of task-specificity could be most relevant in resistance training with greater stability requirements, particularly due to rapid strength improvements for unstable resistance exercises.
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