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Basal Serum Cortisol and Testosterone/Cortisol Ratio Are Related to Rate of Na+ Lost During Exercise in Elite Soccer Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 29:658-663. [PMID: 31629352 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During exercise, the human body maintains optimal body temperature through thermoregulatory sweating, which implies the loss of water, sodium (Na+), and other electrolytes. Sweat rate and sweat Na+ concentration show high interindividual variability, even in individuals exercising under similar conditions. Testosterone and cortisol may regulate sweat Na+ loss by modifying the expression/activity of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. This has not been tested. As a first approximation, the authors aimed to determine whether basal serum concentrations of testosterone or cortisol, or the testosterone/cortisol ratio relate to sweat Na+ loss during exercise. A total of 22 male elite soccer players participated in the study. Testosterone and cortisol were measured in blood samples before exercise (basal). Sweat samples were collected during a training session, and sweat Na+ concentration was determined. The basal serum concentrations of testosterone and cortisol and their ratio were (mean [SD]) 13.6 (3.3) pg/ml, 228.9 (41.4) ng/ml, and 0.06 (0.02), respectively. During exercise, the rate of Na+ loss was related to cortisol (r = .43; p < .05) and to the testosterone/cortisol ratio (r = -.46; p < .01), independently of the sweating rate. The results suggest that cortisol and the testosterone/cortisol ratio may influence Na+ loss during exercise. It is unknown whether this regulation depends on the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.
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Castro-Sepulveda M, Cancino J, Jannas-Vela S, Jesam F, Lobos C, Del Coso J, Zbinden-Foncea H. Role of Basal Hormones on Sweat Rate and Sweat Na+ Loss in Elite Women Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:646-651. [PMID: 32455452 DOI: 10.1055/a-1165-2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine whether basal concentrations of testosterone, cortisol or the ratio testosterone/cortisol were related to sweat Na+ loss, sweat Na+ concentration ([Na+]) and sweat rate during exercise. Twenty-two female elite soccer players participated in the study. Testosterone and cortisol were measured in blood samples before exercise. Sweat samples were collected during a training session (~20°C, ~30% RH, and ~0.55 m/s of wind speed) to measure sweat [Na+]. Sweat rate was determined by considering the difference between post-and pre-body weight, along with the amount of liquid consumed. During exercise, sweat Na+ loss (0.33[0.19] g/h) and sweat rate (0.49[0.20] L/h) were related to basal testosterone concentration (1.4[0.4] pg/mL) (r=0.54; r=0.55, respectively; p<0.05), but not with basal cortisol concentration (119.2[24.2] ng/mL) nor testosterone/cortisol ratio (0.012[0.003]) (p>0.05). However, when Na+ loss was adjusted to sweat rate, no association was found between Na+ loss and testosterone (p>0.05). In addition, no differences were found between players with high vs. low Na+ loss adjusted to sweat loss in menstrual phase or intensity during exercise (p>0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that in these specific environmental conditions, basal levels of testosterone might increase sweat rate and therefore, the amount of Na+ lost during exercise in elite women soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Castro-Sepulveda
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Cancino
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Jannas-Vela
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Jesam
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Casandra Lobos
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Salud Deportiva, Clinica Santa María, Santiago, Chile
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Amano T, Hirose M, Konishi K, Gerrett N, Ueda H, Kondo N, Inoue Y. Maximum rate of sweat ions reabsorption during exercise with regional differences, sex, and exercise training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1317-1327. [PMID: 28447185 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is recently reported that determining sweat rate (SR) threshold for increasing galvanic skin conductance (GSC) would represent a maximum rate of sweat ion reabsorption in sweat glands. We evaluate the maximum rate of sweat ion reabsorption over skin regions, sex, and long-term exercise training by using the threshold analysis in the present study. METHODS Ten males (2 untrained, 4 sprinters, and 4 distance runners) and 12 females (5 untrained, 4 sprinters, and 3 distance runners) conducted graded cycling exercise for 45 min at low, middle, and high exercise intensities (heart rate 100-110, 120-130, and 140-150 beats/min, respectively) for 10, 15, and 20 min, respectively, at 30 °C and 50% relative humidity. Comparisons were made between males and females and among untrained individuals, distance runners, and sprinters on the back and forearm. RESULTS SR threshold for increasing GSC on back was significantly higher than that of forearm (P < 0.05) without any sex differences (back 0.70 ± 0.08 and 0.61 ± 0.04, forearm 0.40 ± 0.05 and 0.45 ± 0.06 mg/cm2/min for males and females, respectively). Distance runners and sprinters showed higher SR threshold for increasing GSC than that of untrained subjects on back (P < 0.05) but not on forearm (back 0.45 ± 0.06, 0.83 ± 0.06, and 0.70 ± 0.04, forearm 0.33 ± 0.04, 0.49 ± 0.02, and 0.39 ± 0.07 mg/cm2/min for untrained subjects, distance runners, and sprinters, respectively). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the maximum sweat ion reabsorption rate on the back is higher than that of forearm without sex differences. Furthermore, exercise training in distance runners and sprinters improves the maximum sweat ion reabsorption rate on the back.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Amano
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Megumi Hirose
- Laboratory for Human Performance Research, Osaka International University, 6-21-57 Tohda-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka, 570-8555, Japan
| | - Kana Konishi
- Laboratory for Human Performance Research, Osaka International University, 6-21-57 Tohda-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka, 570-8555, Japan
| | - Nicola Gerrett
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Narihiko Kondo
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Inoue
- Laboratory for Human Performance Research, Osaka International University, 6-21-57 Tohda-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka, 570-8555, Japan.
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Del Coso J, Valero M, Salinero JJ, Lara B, Gallo-Salazar C, Areces F. Optimum polygenic profile to resist exertional rhabdomyolysis during a marathon. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172965. [PMID: 28257486 PMCID: PMC5336235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exertional rhabdomyolysis can occur in individuals performing various types of exercise but it is unclear why some individuals develop this condition while others do not. Previous investigations have determined the role of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to explain inter-individual variability of serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations after exertional muscle damage. However, there has been no research about the interrelationship among these SNPs. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze seven SNPs that are candidates for explaining individual variations of CK response after a marathon competition (ACE = 287bp Ins/Del, ACTN3 = p.R577X, CKMM = NcoI, IGF2 = C13790G, IL6 = 174G>C, MLCK = C37885A, TNFα = 308G>A). Methods Using Williams and Folland’s model, we determined the total genotype score from the accumulated combination of these seven SNPs for marathoners with a low CK response (n = 36; serum CK <400 U·L-1) vs. marathoners with a high CK response (n = 31; serum CK ≥400 U·L-1). Results At the end of the race, low CK responders had lower serum CK (290±65 vs. 733±405 U·L-1; P<0.01) and myoglobin concentrations (443±328 vs. 1009±971 ng·mL-1, P<0.01) than high CK responders. Although the groups were similar in age, anthropometric characteristics, running experience and training habits, total genotype score was higher in low CK responders than in high CK responders (5.2±1.4 vs. 4.4±1.7 point, P = 0.02). Conclusion Marathoners with a lower CK response after the race had a more favorable polygenic profile than runners with high serum CK concentrations. This might suggest a significant role of genetic polymorphisms in the levels of exertional muscle damage and rhabdomyolysis. Yet other SNPs, in addition to exercise training, might also play a role in the values of CK after damaging exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Marjorie Valero
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Salinero
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lara
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Areces
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
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Lara B, Gallo-Salazar C, Puente C, Areces F, Salinero JJ, Del Coso J. Interindividual variability in sweat electrolyte concentration in marathoners. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:31. [PMID: 27478425 PMCID: PMC4966593 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium (Na(+)) intake during exercise aims to replace the Na(+) lost by sweat to avoid electrolyte imbalances, especially in endurance disciplines. However, Na(+) needs can be very different among individuals because of the great inter-individual variability in sweat electrolyte concentration. The aim of this investigation was to determine sweat electrolyte concentration in a large group of marathoners. METHODS A total of 157 experienced runners (141 men and 16 women) completed a marathon race (24.4 ± 3.6 °C and 27.7 ± 4.8 % of humidity). During the race, sweat samples were collected by using sweat patches placed on the runners' forearms. Sweat electrolyte concentration was measured by using photoelectric flame photometry. RESULTS As a group, sweat Na(+) concentration was 42.9 ± 18.7 mmol·L(-1) (minimal-maximal value = 7.0-95.5 mmol·L(-1)), sweat Cl(-) concentration was 32.2 ± 15.6 mmol·L(-1) (7.3-90.6 mmol·L(-1)) and sweat K(+) concentration was 6.0 ± 0.9 mmol·L(-1) (3.1-8.0 mmol·L(-1)). Women presented lower sweat Na(+) (33.9 ± 12.1 vs 44.0 ± 19.1 mmol·L(-1); P = 0.04) and sweat Cl(-) concentrations (22.9 ± 10.5 vs 33.2 ± 15.8 mmol·L(-1); P = 0.01) than men. A 20 % of individuals presented a sweat Na(+) concentration higher than 60 mmol·L(-1) while this threshold was not surpassed by any female marathoner. Sweat electrolyte concentration did not correlate to sweat rate, age, body characteristics, experience or training. Although there was a significant correlation between sweat Na(+) concentration and running pace (r = 0.18; P = 0.03), this association was weak to interpret that sweat Na(+) concentration increased with running pace. CONCLUSIONS The inter-individual variability in sweat electrolyte concentration was not explained by any individual characteristics except for individual running pace and sex. An important portion (20 %) of marathoners might need special sodium intake recommendations due to their high sweat salt losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lara
- Camilo José Cela University Exercise Physiology Laboratory, C/ Castillo de Alarcon, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Spain
| | - César Gallo-Salazar
- Camilo José Cela University Exercise Physiology Laboratory, C/ Castillo de Alarcon, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Spain
| | - Carlos Puente
- Camilo José Cela University Exercise Physiology Laboratory, C/ Castillo de Alarcon, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Spain
| | - Francisco Areces
- Camilo José Cela University Exercise Physiology Laboratory, C/ Castillo de Alarcon, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Spain
| | - Juan José Salinero
- Camilo José Cela University Exercise Physiology Laboratory, C/ Castillo de Alarcon, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Camilo José Cela University Exercise Physiology Laboratory, C/ Castillo de Alarcon, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Spain
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