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Hernández-Davó JL, Sabido R, Omar-García M, Boullosa D. Why Should Athletes Brake Fast? Influence of Eccentric Velocity on Concentric Performance During Countermovement Jumps at Different Loads. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:375-382. [PMID: 38237568 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of different eccentric tempos on eccentric kinetics and kinematics and the subsequent concentric performance when performing countermovement jumps against different loads. METHODS After 1-repetition-maximum assessment and 2 familiarization sessions, 13 well-trained participants performed, in randomized order, 12 sets (4 tempos × 3 loads) of 4 repetitions of the loaded countermovement-jump exercise. The eccentric tempos analyzed were 5 and 2 seconds, as fast as possible, and accelerated (ie, without pause between repetitions), while the loads used were 30%, 50%, and 70% of 1-repetition maximum. Several kinetic and kinematic variables during both phases were recorded by linking a linear position transducer to the barbell. RESULTS The eccentric work was greater in the accelerated condition despite no changes in the eccentric depth. The peak and mean propulsive velocities were greater in the as-fast-as-possible and accelerated conditions. Correlation analysis showed that, compared with the 5-second condition, the increased concentric performance in the accelerated condition was related to the difference in eccentric work performed in the last 100 milliseconds of the eccentric phase (r > .770). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to current practices, the current study highlights the need for performing the eccentric phase of loaded countermovement jumps, a common exercise performed by athletes for both training and evaluation purposes, as fast as possible. This allows not only a greater eccentric work but also improved concentric performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Hernández-Davó
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Rafael Sabido
- Department of Sports Sciences, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Manuel Omar-García
- Department of Sports Sciences, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, Leon, Spain
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Maroto-Izquierdo S, García-López D, Beato M, Bautista IJ, Hernández-Davó JL, Raya-González J, Martín-Rivera F. Force Production and Electromyographic Activity during Different Flywheel Deadlift Exercises. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:95. [PMID: 38668563 PMCID: PMC11054580 DOI: 10.3390/sports12040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize and compare force production and muscle activity during four flywheel deadlift exercises (bilateral [Bi] vs. unilateral [Uni]) with different loading conditions (vertical [Ver] vs. horizontal [Hor]). Twenty-three team-sport athletes underwent assessments for exercise kinetics (hand-grip force), along with surface electromyography (sEMG) of the proximal (BFProx) and medial biceps femoris (BFMed), semitendinosus (ST), and gluteus medius (GM). Mean and peak force were highest (p < 0.001) in Bi + Ver compared with Bi + Hor, Uni + Ver, and Uni + Hor. Although no significant differences were observed between Bi + Hor and Uni + Ver, both variants showed higher (p < 0.001) average force and peak eccentric force when compared with Uni + Hor. The presence of eccentric overload was only observed in the vertically loaded variants. Bi + Ver and Uni + Ver showed higher (p < 0.05) sEMG levels in BFProx and BFMed compared with the Uni + Hor variant. In addition, Uni + Ver registered the largest GM and ST sEMG values. In conclusion, the vertical variants of the flywheel deadlift exercise led to higher muscle force production and sEMG compared with their horizontal counterparts. Both Bi + Ver and Uni + Ver may be effective in promoting an increase in hamstring muscles activity and muscle force at long muscle length, while the Uni + Ver variant may be more effective in promoting GM and ST involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, 47012 Valladolid, Spain
- Proporción A, Applied Sports Science Centre, 47015 Valladolid, Spain
| | - David García-López
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich IP4 1QJ, UK
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich IP4 1QJ, UK
| | - Iker J. Bautista
- Institute of Sport and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK
| | | | | | - Fernando Martín-Rivera
- Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Fukuda Y, Kato K, Otoshi K, Hakozaki M, Kaneuchi Y, Matsumoto Y. Rib stress fracture in a female athlete caused by bouncing the barbell in bench press exercise: A case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2024; 12:2050313X241232863. [PMID: 38362226 PMCID: PMC10868490 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x241232863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Rib stress fractures can occur in sports involving repetitive trunk muscle contractions. Few documented cases show rib fractures from repetitive upper-limb training. This report presents a case of a rib stress fracture from micro blunt trauma during bench press exercises. The patient was a 24-year-old elite female sprinter with a history of left navicular stress fracture and secondary amenorrhea treatment a year prior. She modified her bench press technique to involve bouncing the barbell on her rib cage. Within weeks, she experienced anterior chest pain, exacerbated by sneezing. Computed tomography revealed a fifth rib fracture with callus formation. After refraining from bench presses for 4 weeks, her chest pain subsided, allowing her to resume upper-limb training. When athletes performing bench press exercises experience chest pain, rib fractures should be considered, even without acute trauma. Additionally, research on the safety of the bouncing bench pressing technique is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Fukuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shirakawa Kosei General Hospital, Shirakawa City, Japan
| | - Kinshi Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Koriyama City, Japan
| | - Kenichi Otoshi
- Department of Sports Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Koriyama City, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Hakozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kaneuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
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Galiano C, Floria P, Muñoz-López A, Sáez de Villarreal E, Nuñez FJ. Stable vs. variable eccentric load. Do they induce different training and physical performance outcomes? Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1932-1939. [PMID: 36017685 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2118081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Since most movements on the field require athletes to produce forces in variable and unpredictable contexts, the use of training programs based on identical repetitions of an exercise may not be optimal for movement transference. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the effects of unexpected eccentric load variability during resistance training in team sport players. Sixty-three men were randomly allocated to two experimental groups (Variable (VTG) and stable (STG) training group) and control group: (CG) volunteered to participate in this study. Experimental groups trained with the same average load of half-squat exercise twice a week for six weeks using rotary inertial devices (RIDs) with (VTG) and without (STG) an unexpected variability of the load. The squat force was measured for every session with force plates. Counter-movement jump (CMJ), sprint, and change of direction performances were measured pre and post-test. CMJ performance improved for VTG (p = .014; ES = 0.7) and STG (p = .005; ES = 0.79) but not for CG. Exposure to high eccentric forces with RIDs lead athletes to improve physical performance in the trained force vector but, since RIDs induce in high levels of variability per se, increasing the level of variability of the exercise will not add benefits to physical performance and training outcomes.HIGHLIGHTSThe relevance of the study is to analyse if increasing the variability of the load will improve the athlete output to different physical performance tests.The exposure to eccentric overload with RIDs during the squat exercise allows to greater CMJ height improvements than those seen in the literature with RIDs without overloading the eccentric contraction.RIDs induce in high level of variability per se. Therefore, increasing the level of variability of the exercise will not add benefits to physical performance and training outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Galiano
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Floria
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandro Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Javier Nuñez
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Maroto-Izquierdo S, Martín-Rivera F, Nosaka K, Beato M, González-Gallego J, de Paz JA. Effects of submaximal and supramaximal accentuated eccentric loading on mass and function. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1176835. [PMID: 37449014 PMCID: PMC10337133 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1176835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Eccentric-overload (EO) resistance training emerges as an alternative to more optimally prescribe intensity relative to the force generation capabilities of the eccentric muscle contraction. Given the difficulties to individually prescribe absolute eccentric loads relative to each person's eccentric ability, setting the load relative to the concentric one-repetition maximum (1-RM) is the most used EO training approach. Therefore, we investigated the effects of submaximal and supramaximal (i.e., eccentric loads above 100% of 1-RM) accentuated eccentric training on changes in lean mass, anabolic hormonal responses and muscle function. Methods: Physically active university students (n = 27) were randomly assigned to two training groups. Participants in the training groups performed dominant leg isotonic training twice a week for 10 weeks (four sets of eight repetitions). Isotonic resistance was generated by an electric-motor device at two different percentages of 1-RM for the eccentric phase; 90% submaximal load, SUB group) and 120% (supramaximal load, SUPRA group). Concentric load was the same for both groups (30% of 1-RM). Changes in total thigh lean mass (TTLM), anabolic hormonal responses (growth hormone, IGF-1, IL-6, and total testosterone), unilateral leg-press 1-RM, maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC), local muscle endurance (XRM), muscle power at 40 (PP40), 60 (PP60) and 80% (PP80) of the 1-RM, and unilateral vertical jump height before and after training were compared between groups. Results: After training, both SUB and SUPRA groups showed similar increases (p < 0.05) in MVIC (19.2% and 19.6%), XRM (53.8% and 23.8%), PP40 (16.2% and 15.7%), TTLM (2.5% and 4.2%), IGF-1 (10.0% and 14.1%) and IL-6 (58.6% and 28.6%). However, increases in 1-RM strength (16.3%) and unilateral vertical jump height (10.0%-13.4%) were observed for SUPRA only. Indeed, SUPRA was shown to be more favorable than SUB training for increasing 1-RM [ES = 0.77 (1.49-0.05)]. Unilateral muscle power at medium and high intensity (10.2% and 10.5%) also increased in SUB but without significant differences between groups. Discussion: Similar functional and structural effects were demonstrated after 10 weeks EO training with submaximal and supramaximal eccentric loads. Although supramaximal loading might be superior for increasing 1-RM, the use of this approach does not appear to be necessary in healthy, active individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Martín-Rivera
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Marco Beato
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | | | - José A. de Paz
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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Maroto-Izquierdo S, Nosaka K, Alarcón-Gómez J, Martín-Rivera F. Validity and Reliability of Inertial Measurement System for Linear Movement Velocity in Flywheel Squat Exercise. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2193. [PMID: 36850788 PMCID: PMC9958668 DOI: 10.3390/s23042193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of an Inertial Measurement System integrated into a secondary pulley (IMS) for determining linear velocity during flywheel squat exercises. Thirty-one male participants who were highly experienced in a flywheel resistance exercise training performed flywheel squat exercises with three incremental loads, and mean velocity (MV), mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and max velocity (Vmax) of the exercises were simultaneously recorded with a validated linear encoder and the IMS, in two different sessions. Validity was analyzed using ordinary least products regression (OLP), Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and Hedge's g for the values from the linear encoder and the IMS. Test-retest reliability was determined by coefficient of variation (CV), Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and standard error of measurement (SEM). Results showed a high degree of validity (OLP intercept = -0.09-0.00, OLP slope = 0.95-1.04, CCC = 0.96-0.99, Hedge's g < 0.192, SEM = 0.04-0.08) and reliability (CV < 0.21%, ICC > 0.88, SEM < 0.08). These results confirm that the IMS provides valid and reliable measures of movement velocity during flywheel squat exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Jesús Alarcón-Gómez
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín-Rivera
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Weng Y, Liu H, Ruan T, Yang W, Wei H, Cui Y, Ho IMK, Li Q. Effects of flywheel resistance training on the running economy of young male well-trained distance runners. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1060640. [PMID: 36569754 PMCID: PMC9774037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of flywheel accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) training on the running economy (RE) of young male well-trained distance runners. Twenty-two runners participated and were randomly assigned to the flywheel (FG, n = 12) and the control group (CG, n = 10). Traditional endurance training was performed in both groups three times a week for 6-week, while traditional resistance and flywheel AEL training was added to the CG and FG respectively. Subjects performed the incremental exercise test, squat jump, and countermovement jump (CMJ) before and after training. The results showed that 1) the RE at 65% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), 75% VO2peak, and 85% VO2peak improved significantly after 6 weeks of training (p < 0.01, Effect size (ES) = 0.76; p < 0.01, ES = 1.04; p < 0.01, ES = 1.85) in FG, and the RE of 85% VO2peak in FG was significantly lower than CG (p < 0.05, ES = 0.30); 2) in post-training, both squat jump (p < 0.01, ES = 0.73) and CMJ (p < 0.01, ES = 1.15) performance, eccentric utilization ratio (p < 0.04, ES = 0.44), the rate of force development (RFD) of squat jump (p < 0.05, ES = 0.46), and CMJRFD (p < 0.01, ES = 0.66) were significantly improved in FG. And there are no significant differents in CG group because it was maintain training for our participants. Our findings showed that 1) flywheel AEL training improves the muscles' explosive strength and other neuromuscular functions, and improves the athlete's running economy under 65%, 75%, and 85% VO2peak, which potentially increases endurance performance. 2) Flywheel AEL training can improve the height, RFD, and the eccentric utilization ratio of squat jump and CMJ, and other lower limb elastic potential energy indicators of the young male, well-trained distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Weng
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,Cuiwei Primary School, Beijing, China
| | - Haochong Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Ruan
- Taizhou Science and Technology Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Wenpu Yang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwen Wei
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Hongwen Wei,
| | - Yixiong Cui
- AI Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Indy Man Kit Ho
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China,Asian Academy for Sports and Fitness Professionals, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Li
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Slow-Speed Compared With Fast-Speed Eccentric Muscle Actions Are Detrimental to Jump Performance in Elite Soccer Players In-Season. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1425-1431. [PMID: 35894997 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of fast- versus slow-speed eccentric-muscle-action resistance training on lower-body strength, vertical jump height, sprint speed, and change-of-direction performance in elite soccer players during a competitive season. METHODS Twenty-two elite soccer players, from a single team, were randomly assigned to groups that undertook either 1- (fast speed) or 4-second (slow speed) eccentric resistance training during the in-season period. A 5-week program was conducted during an elite top-division European League soccer season. Performance measures including predicted 1-repetition-maximum back squat, countermovement jump, 20-m sprint, and change of direction were tested before and after the intervention period. Total match and training running distance and muscle soreness were also recorded during each week of the intervention. RESULTS An analysis of covariance showed significant group effects (P = .01) for countermovement jump with a greater jump height in the 1-second fast-speed group postintervention (95% CI, 1.1-6.9 cm). Despite an overall increase in 1-repetition maximum pretraining to posttraining (95% CI, 10.0-15.3 kg, effect size 0.69), there were no significant differences (P > .05) between groups after the intervention. Similarly, there were no differences between groups for change of direction, 20-m sprint, or muscle soreness. CONCLUSION Faster eccentric muscle actions may be superior for increasing movements in elite soccer players in-season.
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