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Chavez-Guevara IA, Helge JW, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Difficult but not impossible: paving the way to standardization in the assessment of exercise physiology thresholds. J Physiol 2024; 602:5107-5108. [PMID: 39230978 DOI: 10.1113/jp287380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Chavez-Guevara
- Faculty of Sports, Campus Ensenada, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional Conahcyt de Composición Corporal y Metabolismo Energético, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
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Alves ES, Bellet RN, Sharma P, Balmain BN, Aitken C, Doering T, Orola L, Green A, Paim T, O'Connor F, Morris NR. Comparing the Physiological Responses to the 6-Minute Walk Test, Timed Up and Go Test, and Treadmill Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test. Rehabil Res Pract 2024; 2024:1317817. [PMID: 39376726 PMCID: PMC11458269 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1317817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To compare physiological responses during a treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and timed up and go test (TUGT) in individuals referred for unexplained breathlessness and symptom limited treadmill exercise testing. Methods: Heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (V̇O2), carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), minute ventilation (V̇E), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout each test. Results: Each test demonstrated a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the cardiopulmonary (V̇O2, V̇CO2 and V̇E, RPE, SBP, and HR) and perceptual (RPE) responses from rest to end exercise. The increase in cardiopulmonary and perceptual responses was greatest for the CPX with significantly smaller responses demonstrated during the 6MWT (p < 0.01) and even smaller responses for the TUGT (p < 0.01 vs CPX and 6MWT). Conclusion: Not surprisingly, the treadmill CPX results is the greatest physiological response in our group. Despite being of short duration, the TUGT results in an increased physiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo S. Alves
- University Centre for Rural Health (UCRH)School of Health SciencesUniversity of Sydney, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Social WorkGriffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - R. Nicole Bellet
- Physiotherapy DepartmentThe Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pramod Sharma
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Social WorkGriffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bryce N. Balmain
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Social WorkGriffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental MedicineTexas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Craig Aitken
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Social WorkGriffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Allied Health Research CollaborativeThe Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Doering
- School of HealthMedical and Applied SciencesCentral Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leilani Orola
- Cardiac Investigation UnitThe Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anita Green
- Cardiac Investigation UnitThe Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition SciencesUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tatiana Paim
- Physiotherapy DepartmentThe Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fergus O'Connor
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Social WorkGriffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Norman R. Morris
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Social WorkGriffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Physiotherapy DepartmentThe Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Allied Health Research CollaborativeThe Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Rogers B, Fleitas-Paniagua PR, Murias JM. Improving the Agreement Between the First Heart-Rate-Variability Threshold and the Gas-Exchange Threshold. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39348882 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The first heart-rate (HR) -variability (HRV) -derived threshold based on detrended fluctuation analysis alpha 1 (DFA a1) has shown inconsistent agreement with the gas-exchange threshold (GET). This study examined whether a custom method of computing the first HRV threshold (HRVT1) based on individual HRV characteristics would improve agreement. METHODS Fourteen participants underwent ramp incremental testing measuring gas-exchange variables and RR intervals. Comparisons were made between the oxygen consumption (V˙O2)/HR at the GET versus the V˙O2/HR at the standard DFA a1 = 0.75 (HRVT1s) or a custom value (HRVT1c) based on the DFA a1 midway between the maximum seen during the early ramp incremental and 0.5. RESULTS Mean values for GET V˙O2 versus HRVT1s V˙O2 and GETHR versus HRVT1sHR were statistically different (25.4 [3.3] vs 29.8 [6.8] mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .01, d = 0.80; 131 [11] vs 146 [22] beats·min-1, P = .005, d = 0.91). There were no statistical differences when using the HRVT1c (25.4 [3.3] vs 25.1 [5.7] mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .77, d = 0.08; 131 [11] vs 132 [17] beats·min-1, P = .65, d = 0.12). Equivalence between GET and HRVT1c V˙O2/HR was also verified. Mean maximal DFA a1 during the early ramp incremental was 1.52 (0.22) with mean HRVT1c of 1.01 (0.11). Pearson r correlation coefficients were between .67 and .70 for all GET to HRVT1 comparisons. The second HRV threshold and respiratory compensation point parameters showed agreement and correlations in line with prior studies. CONCLUSIONS The HRVT1c showed stronger agreement to GET parameters than seen using the HRVT1s. It is recommended that evaluations of the HRVT1 consider this approach in determining the HR and V˙O2 at this threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Rogers
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Juan M Murias
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Cassirame J, Eustache E, Garbellotto L, Chevrolat S, Gimenez P, Leprêtre PM. Detrended fluctuation analysis to determine physiologic thresholds, investigation and evidence from incremental cycling test. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05614-z. [PMID: 39340669 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Training zones are generally assessed by gas-exchange thresholds (GET). Several mathematical analyses of heart rate variability (HRV) are proposed for indirect GET determination. Our study aimed to investigate the accordance of the detrend fluctuation analysis (DFA α1) for determining GET with first (VT1) and second ventilatory (VT2) thresholds in well-trained subjects. METHODS Eighteen female and 38 male sub-elite cyclists performed a maximal incremental cycling test of 2-min stage duration with continuous gas exchange and HR measurements. Power output (PO), Oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2) and HR at VT1 and VT2 were compared with DFA α1 0.75 (HRVT1) and 0.50 (HRVT2). Agreements between PO, V ˙ O2 and HR values were analyzed using Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS Large limits of agreement between VT1 and HRVT1 were observed for measures of V ˙ O2 expressed in mL.min-1.kg-1 [- 21.3; + 14.1], HR [ 39.2; + 26.9] bpm and PO [- 118; + 83] watts. Indeed, agreements were also low between VT2 and HRVT2 for measures of V ˙ O2 [- 26.7; + 4.3] mL.min-1.kg-1, HR [- 45.5; + 10.6] bpm and PO [- 157; + 35] watts. Our results also showed a sex effect: women obtained worst predictions based on DFA α1 than men for HR (p = 0.014), PO (p = 0.044) at VT1 andV ˙ O 2 (p = 0.045), HR (p = 0.003) and PO (p = 0.004) at VT2. CONCLUSION There was unsatisfactory agreement between the GET and DFA α1 methods for VT1 and VT2 determination in both sex well-trained cyclists. Trial registration number 2233534 on 2024/03/05 retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Cassirame
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health and Society (C3S-UR 4660, Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comte, 25000, Besançon, France.
- France EA 7507, Laboratoire Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société, 51100, Reims, France.
- Mtraining, R&D Division, Ecole Valentin, France.
| | - Esther Eustache
- Institut des Sciences du Sport de l, Université de Lausanne, Laussanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Philippe Gimenez
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health and Society (C3S-UR 4660, Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comte, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Leprêtre
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, CETAPS UR 3882, Rouen, France
- Hospital Centre of Corbie, Unit of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Corbie, France
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Vivan L, Dos Anjos VR, Engelke P, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Andrade MS. Cycling Intensity Effect on Running Plus Cycling Performance among Triathletes. Int J Sports Med 2024. [PMID: 39313204 DOI: 10.1055/a-2404-8537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Running performance is crucial for triathlon performance. However, the prior bout of cycling may affect the running split time. This study compared the triathletes' cycling plus running (C+R) time, when cycling was performed at three different intensities and running was maximal. A total of 38 athletes (21 males and 17 females) were included. Body composition, maximal oxygen uptake, and functional threshold power (FTP) was evaluated. The participants visited the laboratory three times to cycle 20 km at 80%, 85%, or 90% FTP (in randomized order) and run 5 km as fast as possible. Males ran faster after cycling at 80% FTP than after cycling at 90% FTP (mean difference=35.1 s; CI% 2.2, 68.1 s; p=0.035). The C+R time was faster when cycling at 90% FTP than at 80% FTP (mean difference=57.7 s; CI% 26.1, 89.3 s; p<0.001). For females, no significant difference was observed in the running time after cycling at 80%, 85%, or 90% FTP. The C+R time was faster when cycling at 90% FTP than at 80% FTP (mean difference=80.9 s; CI% 29.7, 132.1 s; p=0.002). In conclusion, to optimize triathlon performance, male and female athletes should cycle at a minimum of 90% FTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavínia Vivan
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Engelke
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Katja Weiss
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- St. Gallen, Gesundheitszentrum, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Gronwald T, Horn L, Schaffarczyk M, Hoos O. Correlation properties of heart rate variability for exercise prescription during prolonged running at constant speeds: A randomized cross-over trial. Eur J Sport Sci 2024. [PMID: 39300759 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The study explores the validity of the nonlinear index alpha 1 of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFAa1) of heart rate (HR) variability for exercise prescription in prolonged constant load running bouts of different intensities. 21 trained endurance athletes (9 w and 12 m) performed a ramp test for ventilatory threshold (vVT1 and vVT2) and DFAa1-based (vDFAa1-1 at 0.75 and vDFAa1-2 at 0.5) running speed detection as well as two 20-min running bouts at vDFAa1-1 and vDFAa1-2 (20-vDFAa1-1 and 20-vDFAa1-2), in which HR, oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory frequency (RF), DFAa1, and blood lactate concentration [La-] were assessed. 20-vDFAa1-2 could not be finished by all participants (finisher group (FG), n = 15 versus exhaustion group (EG), n = 6). Despite similar mean external loads of vDFAa1-1 (10.6 ± 1.9 km/h) and vDFAa1-2 (13.1 ± 2.4 km/h) for all participants compared to vVT1 (10.8 ± 1.7 km/h) and vVT2 (13.2 ± 1.9 km/h), considerable differences were present for 20-vDFAa1-2 in EG (15.2 ± 2.4 km/h). 20-vDFAa1-1 and 20-DFAa1-2 yielded significant differences in FG for HR (76.2 ± 5.7 vs. 86.4 ± 5.9 %HRPEAK), VO2 (62.1 ± 5.0 vs. 77.5 ± 8.6 %VO2PEAK), RF (40.6 ± 11.3 vs. 46.1 ± 9.8 bpm), DFA-a1 (0.86 ± 0.23 vs. 0.60 ± 0.15), and [La-] (1.41 ± 0.45 vs. 3.34 ± 2.24 mmol/L). Regarding alterations during 20-vDFAa1-1, all parameters showed small changes for all participants, while during 20-vDFAa1-2 RF and DFAa1 showed substantial alterations in FG (RF: 15.6% and DFAa1: -12.8%) and more pronounced in EG (RF: 20.1% and DFAa1: -35.9%). DFAa1-based exercise prescription from incremental testing could be useful for most participants in prolonged running bouts, at least in the moderate to heavy intensity domain. In addition, an individually different increased risk of overloading may occur in the heavy to severe exercise domains and should be further elucidated in the light of durability and decoupling assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gronwald
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- G-Lab, Faculty of Applied Sport Sciences and Personality, BSP Business and Law School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Horn
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marcelle Schaffarczyk
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Hoos
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Bjørdalsbakke NL, Sturdy J, Wisløff U, Hellevik LR. Examining temporal changes in model-optimized parameters using longitudinal hemodynamic measurements. Biomed Eng Online 2024; 23:64. [PMID: 38982471 PMCID: PMC11234604 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-024-01242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously applied hemodynamic data to personalize a mathematical model of the circulation expressed as physically interpretable parameters. The aim of this study was to identify patterns in the data that could potentially explain the estimated parameter changes. This included investigating whether the parameters could be used to track the effect of physical activity on high blood pressure. Clinical trials have repeatedly detected beneficial changes in blood pressure after physical activity and uncovered changes in lower level phenotypes (such as stiffened or high-resistance blood vessels). These phenotypes can be characterized by parameters describing the mechanical properties of the circulatory system. These parameters can be incorporated in and contextualized by physics-based cardiovascular models of the circulation, which in combination can become tools for monitoring cardiovascular disease progression and management in the future. METHODS Closed-loop and open-loop models of the left ventricle and systemic circulation were previously optimized to data from a pilot study with a 12-week exercise intervention period. Basal characteristics and hemodynamic data such as blood pressure in the carotid, brachial and finger arteries, as well as left-ventricular outflow tract flow traces were collected in the trial. Model parameters estimated for measurements made on separate days during the trial were used to compute parameter changes for total peripheral resistance, systemic arterial compliance, and maximal left-ventricular elastance. We compared the changes in these cardiovascular model-based estimates to changes from more conventional estimates made without the use of physics-based models by correlation analysis. Additionally, ordinary linear regression and linear mixed-effects models were applied to determine the most informative measurements for the selected parameters. We applied maximal aerobic capacity (measured as VO2max ) data to examine if exercise had any impact on parameters through regression analysis and case studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Parameter changes in arterial parameters estimated using the cardiovascular models correlated moderately well with conventional estimates. Estimates based on carotid pressure waveforms gave higher correlations (0.59 and above when p < 0.05 ) than those for finger arterial pressure. Parameter changes over the 12-week study duration were of similar magnitude when compared to short-term changes after a bout of intensive exercise in the same parameters. The short-term changes were computed from measurements made immediately before and 24 h after a cardiopulmonary exercise test used to measure VO2max . Regression analysis indicated that changes in VO2max did not account for any substantial amount of variability in total peripheral resistance, systemic arterial compliance, or maximal left-ventricular elastance. On the contrary, changes in stroke volume contributed to far more explained variability. The results suggest that more research is required to be able to accurately track exercise-induced changes in the vasculature for people with pre-hypertension and hypertension using lumped-parameter models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai L Bjørdalsbakke
- Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Richard Birkelandsvei 1A, Trondheim, 7491, Norway.
| | - Jacob Sturdy
- Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Richard Birkelandsvei 1A, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group at the Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Prinsesse Kristinas gate 3, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Leif R Hellevik
- Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Richard Birkelandsvei 1A, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
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Barrons ZB, Rodrigo-Carranza V, Bertschy M, Hoogkamer W. The Fallacy of Single Trials: The Need for Multiple Trials in Assessing Running Economy Responses in Advanced Footwear Technology. Sports Med 2024; 54:1357-1360. [PMID: 38407747 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In the quest to uncover the underlying mechanisms responsible for the performance-enhancing benefits imparted by advanced footwear technology (AFT), footwear researchers are employing an individual-level approach. In doing so, they hope to unveil individual-specific responses to AFT otherwise masked by a group-level approach. Classifying an individual's response on the basis of running economy (RE) is a logical strategy given that the intended purpose of AFT is to enhance performance; however, caution should be taken when doing so. Metabolic measurement devices are far from perfect, and given the known errors associated with metabolic measurements we would like to reiterate a suggestion first made 40 years ago: when seeking to quantify the interindividual variability of improvement in RE associated with running in AFT, the best practice is to rely on a minimum of two same-day measurements of RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach B Barrons
- Integrative Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Victor Rodrigo-Carranza
- Integrative Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Sports Performance Research Group (GIRD), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Montgomery Bertschy
- Integrative Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Wouter Hoogkamer
- Integrative Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Düking P, Ruf L, Altmann S, Thron M, Kunz P, Sperlich B. Assessment of Maximum Oxygen Uptake in Elite Youth Soccer Players: A Comparative Analysis of Smartwatch Technology, Yoyo Intermittent Recovery Test 2, and Respiratory Gas Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:351-357. [PMID: 38841641 PMCID: PMC11149075 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) is a critical factor for endurance performance in soccer. Novel wearable technology may allow frequent assessment of V̇O2max during non-fatiguing warm-up runs of soccer players with minimal interference to soccer practice. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of VO2max provided by a consumer grade smartwatch (Garmin Forerunner 245, Garmin, Olathe, USA, Software:13.00) and the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Run 2 (YYIR2) by comparing it with respiratory gas analysis. 24 trained male youth soccer players performed different tests to assess VO2max: i) a treadmill test employing respiratory gas analysis, ii) YYIR2 and iii) during a non-fatiguing warm-up run of 10 min wearing a smartwatch as recommended by the device-manufacturer on 3 different days within 2 weeks. As the device-manufacturer indicates that validity of smartwatch-derived VO2max may differ with an increase in runs, 16 players performed a second run with the smartwatch to test this claim. The main evidence revealed that the smartwatch showed an ICC of 0.37 [95% CI: -0.25; 0.71] a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 5.58% after one run, as well as an ICC of 0.54 [95% CI: -0.3; 8.4] and a MAPE of 1.06% after the second run with the smartwatch. The YYIR2 showed an ICC of 0.17 [95% CI: -5.7; 0.6]; and MAPE of 4.2%. When using the smartwatch for VO2max assessment in a non-fatiguing run as a warm-up, as suggested by the device manufacturer before soccer practice, the MAPE diminishes after two runs. Therefore, for more accurate VO2max assessment with the smartwatch, we recommend to perform at least two runs to reduce the MAPE and enhance the validity of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Düking
- Department of Sports Science and Movement Pedagogy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ludwig Ruf
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maximiliane Thron
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Philipp Kunz
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Borszcz FK, Ferreira Tramontin A, de Lucas RD, Pereira Costa V. Is the 5-Minute Time-Trial Cycling Test a Valid Predictor of Maximal Oxygen Uptake? An External Cross-Validation Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:565-575. [PMID: 38569579 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to cross-validate a recently proposed equation for the prediction of maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) in cycling exercise by using the average power output normalized by the body mass from a 5-minute time trial (RPO5-min) as the independent variable. Further, the study aimed to update the predictive equation using Bayesian informative prior distributions and meta-analysis. METHODS On different days, 49 male cyclists performed an incremental graded exercise test until exhaustion and a 5-minute time trial on a stationary cycle ergometer. We compared the actual V˙O2max with the predicted value obtained from the RPO5-min, using a modified Bayesian Bland-Altman agreement analysis. In addition, this study updated the data on the linear regression between V˙O2max and RPO5-min, by incorporating information from a previous study as a Bayesian informative prior distribution or via meta-analysis. RESULTS On average, the predicted V˙O2max using RPO5-min underestimated the actual V˙O2max by -6.6 mL·kg-1·min-1 (95% credible interval, -8.6 to -4.7 mL·kg-1·min-1). The lower and upper 95% limits of agreement were -17.2 (-22.7 to -12.3) and 3.8 (-1.0 to 9.5) mL·kg-1·min-1, respectively. When the current study's data were analyzed using the previously published data as a Bayesian informative prior distribution, the accuracy of predicting sample means was found to be better when compared with the data combined via meta-analyses. CONCLUSIONS The proposed equation presented systematic bias in our sample, in which the prediction underestimated the actual V˙O2max. We provide an updated equation using the previous one as the prior distribution, which could be generalized to a greater audience of cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Klitzke Borszcz
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Sport Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Artur Ferreira Tramontin
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Sport Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dantas de Lucas
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Vitor Pereira Costa
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Sport Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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11
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Titheradge P, Robergs R. Evaluating Airflow Sensor Methods: Precision in Indirect Calorimetry. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14674. [PMID: 38895762 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This study assesses the impact of three volumetric gas flow measurement methods-turbine (fT); pneumotachograph (fP), and Venturi (fV)-on predictive accuracy and precision of expired gas analysis indirect calorimetry (EGAIC) across varying exercise intensities. Six males (Age: 38 ± 8 year; Height: 178.8 ± 4.2 cm;V ̇ O 2 peak $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2\mathrm{peak} $$ : 42 ± 2.8 mL O2 kg-1 min-1) and 14 females (Age = 44.6 ± 9.6 year; Height = 164.6 ± 6.9 cm;V ̇ O 2 peak $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2\mathrm{peak} $$ = 45 ± 8.6 mL O2 kg-1 min-1) were recruited. Participants completed physical exertion on a stationary cycle ergometer for simultaneous pulmonary minute ventilation (V ̇ $$ \dot{V} $$ ) measurements and EGAIC computations. Exercise protocols and subsequent conditions involved a 5-min cycling warm-up at 25 W min-1, incremental exercise to exhaustion (V ̇ O 2 $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ ramp test), then a steady-state exercise bout induced by a constant Watt load equivalent to 80% ventilatory threshold (80% VT). A linear mixed model revealed that exercise intensity significantly affectedV ̇ O 2 $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ measurements (p < 0.0001), whereas airflow sensor method (p = 0.97) and its interaction with exercise intensity (p = 0.91) did not. Group analysis of precision yielded aV ̇ O 2 $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ CV % = 21%; SEM = 5 mL O2 kg-1 min-1. Intra- and interindividual analysis of precision via Bland-Altman revealed a 95% confidence interval (CI) precision benchmark of 3-5 mL kg-1 min-1. Agreement among methods decreased at power outputs elicitingV ̇ $$ \dot{V} $$ up to 150 L min-1, indicating a decrease in precision and highlighting potential challenges in interpreting biological variability, training response heterogeneity, and test-retest comparisons. These findings suggest careful consideration of airflow sensor method variance across metabolic cart configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneel Titheradge
- School of Allied Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Robergs
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Di Pietro A. Accuracy of respiratory gas variables from CPET systems during simulated and human exercise: The importance of methodological choices and data handling. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14623. [PMID: 38597247 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
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Assis MGC, Barbosa Junior JGG, Seffrin A, Ribeiro dos Anjos Souza V, Vivan L, Matos Rodrigues MA, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Knechtle B, Weiss K, Andrade MS. Maximal Oxygen Uptake, Muscular Oxidative Capacity, and Ventilatory Threshold in Amateur Triathletes: Eight-Month Training Follow-Up. Open Access J Sports Med 2024; 15:9-17. [PMID: 38505703 PMCID: PMC10950087 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s453875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Endurance sports performance is influenced by several factors, including maximal oxygen uptake (⩒O2max), the percentage of ⩒O2max that can be sustained in endurance events, running economy, and body composition. Traditionally, ⩒O2max can be measured as an absolute value, adjusted for body mass, reflecting the athlete's central capacity (maximal cardiac output), or adjusted for lean mass (LM), reflecting the athlete's peripheral capacity (muscular oxidative capacity). The present study aims to evaluate absolute, total body mass, and lower limb LM-adjusted ⩒O2max, ventilatory thresholds (VT), respiratory compensation points (RCP), and body composition during two training periods separated by 8 months. Patients and Methods Thirteen competitive amateur triathletes [seven men (40.7±13.7 years old, 76.3±8.3kg, and 173.9±4.8cm) and six women (43.5±6.9 years old, 55.0±2.7kg, 164.9±5.2cm)] were evaluated for body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ⩒O2max, VT, RPC, and maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with a cardiorespiratory maximal treadmill test. Results The absolute ⩒O2max (p = 0.003, d = 1.05), body mass-adjusted ⩒O2max (p < 0.001, d = 1.2859), and MAS (p = 0.047, d = 0.6139) values differed significantly across evaluation periods. Lower limb LM-adjusted ⩒O2max (p = 0.083, d = -0.0418), %⩒O2max at VT (p = 0.541, d = -0.1746), speed at VT (p = 0.337, d = -0.2774), % ⩒O2max at RCP (p = 0.776, d = 0.0806), and speed at RCP (p = 0.436, d = 0.2234) showed no difference. Conclusion The sensitivities of ⩒O2max adjusted for body mass and ⩒O2max adjusted for LM to detect changes in physical training state differ. Furthermore, decreases in physical fitness level, as evaluated by ⩒O2max values, are not accompanied by changes in VT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aldo Seffrin
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lavínia Vivan
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Van Hooren B, Lennartz R, Cox M, Hoitz F, Plasqui G, Meijer K. Differences in running technique between runners with better and poorer running economy and lower and higher milage: An artificial neural network approach. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14605. [PMID: 38511261 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies investigated selected discrete sagittal-plane outcomes (e.g., peak knee flexion) in relation to running economy, hereby discarding the potential relevance of running technique parameters during noninvestigated phases of the gait cycle and in other movement planes. PURPOSE Investigate which components of running technique distinguish groups of runners with better and poorer economy and higher and lower weekly running distance using an artificial neural network (ANN) approach with layer-wise relevance propagation. METHODS Forty-one participants (22 males and 19 females) ran at 2.78 m∙s-1 while three-dimensional kinematics and gas exchange data were collected. Two groups were created that differed in running economy or weekly training distance. The three-dimensional kinematic data were used as input to an ANN to predict group allocations. Layer-wise relevance propagation was used to determine the relevance of three-dimensional kinematics for group classification. RESULTS The ANN classified runners in the correct economy or distance group with accuracies of up to 62% and 71%, respectively. Knee, hip, and ankle flexion were most relevant to both classifications. Runners with poorer running economy showed higher knee flexion during swing, more hip flexion during early stance, and more ankle extension after toe-off. Runners with higher running distance showed less trunk rotation during swing. CONCLUSION The ANN accuracy was moderate when predicting whether runners had better, or poorer running economy, or had a higher or lower weekly training distance based on their running technique. The kinematic components that contributed the most to the classification may nevertheless inform future research and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Lennartz
- Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab, Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maartje Cox
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Hoitz
- Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guy Plasqui
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bourgois G, Mucci P, Souren T, Bourgois JG, Boone J, Colosio AL. Performance of two metabolic carts for cardiopulmonary exercise testing (MetaLyzer 3B and Oxycon Pro) in different climatic conditions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14599. [PMID: 38454613 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Gil Bourgois
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369-URePSSS-Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Lille, France
| | - Patrick Mucci
- Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369-URePSSS-Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Lille, France
| | - Tjeu Souren
- Independent Consultant, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G Bourgois
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center of Sports Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Boone
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center of Sports Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Calbet JAL. Editor highlights: Assessment of commercially available metabolic carts, physical activity to boost brain performance, and training prepubertal children. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14577. [PMID: 38386288 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Van Hooren B, Mennen B, Gronwald T, Bongers BC, Rogers B. Correlation properties of heart rate variability to assess the first ventilatory threshold and fatigue in runners. J Sports Sci 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37916488 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2277034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The short-term scaling exponent alpha1 of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA-a1) of heart rate variability (HRV) has shown potential to delineate the first ventilatory threshold (VT1). The aims of this study were to investigate the accuracy of this method for VT1 determination in runners using a consumer grade chest belt and to explore the effects of acute fatigue. METHODS We compared oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and heart rate (HR) at gas exchange VT1 to V̇O2 and HR at a DFA-a1 value of 0.75. Gas exchange and HRV data were obtained from 14 individuals during a treadmill run involving two incremental ramps. Agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis and linear regression. RESULTS Bland-Altman analysis between gas exchange and HRV V̇O2 and HR at VT1 during the first ramp showed a mean (95% limits of agreement) bias of -0.5 (-6.8 to 5.8) ml∙kg-1∙min-1, and -0.9 (-12.2 to 10.5) beats∙min-1, with R2 of 0.83 and 0.56, respectively. During the second ramp, the differences were -7.3 (-18.1 to 3.5) ml∙kg-1∙min-1 and -12.3 (-30.4 to 5.9) beats∙min-1, with R2 of 0.62 and 0.43, respectively. CONCLUSION A chest-belt derived DFA-a1 of 0.75 is closely related to gas exchange VT1, with the variability in accuracy at an individual level being similar to gas exchange methods. This suggests this to be a useful method for exercise intensity demarcation. The altered relationship during the second ramp indicates that DFA-a1 is only able to accurately demarcate exercise intensity thresholds in a non-fatigued state, but also opens opportunities for fatigue-based training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Mennen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- MSH Medical School Hamburg, Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bart C Bongers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bruce Rogers
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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