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Rubin M, Kevin Owuamalam C, Spears R, Caricati L. A social identity model of system attitudes (SIMSA): Multiple explanations of system justification by the disadvantaged that do not depend on a separate system justification motive. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2022.2046422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rubin
- Durham University and the University of Newcastle, Australia
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Rubin M, Owuamalam CK, Spears R, Caricati L. Social identity explanations of system justification: Misconceptions, criticisms, and clarifications. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2023.2184578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rubin
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Russell Spears
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Caricati
- Dipartimento di Discipline Umanistiche, Socali e delle Impresse Culturali, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
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Vesper D, König CJ, Siegel R, Friese M. Is use of the general system justification scale across countries justified? Testing its measurement equivalence. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 61:1032-1049. [PMID: 35050527 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
System justification is a widely researched topic in social and political psychology. One major measurement instrument in system justification research is the General System Justification Scale (G-SJS). This scale has been used, among others, for comparisons across social groups in different countries. Such comparisons rely on the assumption that the scale is measurement equivalent. However, this assumption has never been comprehensively tested. Thus, the present two studies assessed the measurement equivalence of the G-SJS following classic measurement equivalence guidelines (i.e., multigroup confirmatory factor analyses) in Study 1 and using a new method for comparing larger numbers of groups in Study 2 (i.e., alignment optimization). In Study 1, we analysed the measurement equivalence in Great Britain (n = 444), Germany (n = 454), and France (n = 463). In Study 2, we used a publicly available dataset consisting of 66 samples from 30 countries (N = 13,495) to again assess the measurement equivalence of the scale. Results indicated (partial) metric equivalence, but not scalar equivalence in both studies. Overall, the studies indicate that mean comparisons across the examined countries are not warranted with the current form of the G-SJS. The scale needs to be revised for valid cross-country comparisons of means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Vesper
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Siegel
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Malte Friese
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Degner J, Floether JC, Essien I. Do Members of Disadvantaged Groups Explain Group Status With Group Stereotypes? Front Psychol 2021; 12:750606. [PMID: 34867638 PMCID: PMC8636313 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.750606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research on group attitudes in members of disadvantaged groups has provided evidence that group evaluations closely align with societal stigma, reflecting outgroup favoritism in members of those groups that are most strongly stigmatized. While outgroup favoritism is clearly evident among some groups, there is still debate about the psychological mechanisms underlying outgroup favoritism. The current research focuses on a less intensively examined aspect of outgroup favoritism, namely the use of status-legitimizing group stereotypes. We present data from members of four disadvantaged groups (i.e., persons who self-categorize as gay or lesbian, n = 205; Black or African American, n = 209; overweight n = 200, or are aged 60-75 years n = 205), who reported the perceived status of their ingroup and a comparison majority outgroup and provided explanations for their status perceptions. Contrary to assumptions from System Justification Theory, participants rarely explained perceived group status differences with group stereotypes, whereas they frequently explained ingroup disadvantage with perceived stigmatization and/or systemic reasons. Further exploratory analyses indicated that participants' status explanations were related to measures of intergroup attitudes, ideological beliefs, stigma consciousness, and experienced discrimination. Our results highlight the need to develop a better understanding whether, under what circumstances, and with which consequences members of disadvantaged groups use group stereotypes as attributions of ingroup status and status differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Degner
- Department of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Iniobong Essien
- Department of Social and Organisational Psychology of Social Work, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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Chayinska M, Uluğ ÖM, Solak N, Kanık B, Çuvaş B. Obstacles to Birth Surname Retention Upon Marriage: How Do Hostile Sexism and System Justification Predict Support for Marital Surname Change Among Women? Front Psychol 2021; 12:702553. [PMID: 34671288 PMCID: PMC8520949 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ongoing shift in societal norms and gender-discriminatory practices toward more equality, many heterosexual women worldwide, including in many Western societies, choose to replace their birth surname with the family name of their spouse upon marriage. Previous research has demonstrated that the adherence to sexist ideologies (i.e., a system of discriminatory gender-based beliefs) among women is associated with their greater endorsement of practices and policies that maintain gender inequality. By integrating the ideas from the system justification theory and the ambivalent sexism theory, we proposed that the more women adhere to hostile and benevolent sexist beliefs, the more likely they would be to justify existing gender relations in society, which in turn, would positively predict their support for traditional, husband-centered marital surname change. We further argued that hostile (as compared to benevolent) sexism could act as a particularly strong direct predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We tested these possibilities across three cross-sectional studies conducted among women in Turkey (Study 1, N=118, self-identified feminist women; Study 2, N=131, female students) and the United States (Study 3, N=140, female students). Results of Studies 1 and 3 revealed that higher adherence to hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was associated with higher support for marital surname change indirectly through higher gender-based system justification. In Study 2, the hypothesized full mediation was not observed. Consistent with our predictions, in all three studies, hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was found to be a direct positive predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We discuss the role of dominant ideologies surrounding marriage and inegalitarian naming conventions in different cultures as obstacles to women’s birth surname retention upon marriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chayinska
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Özden Melis Uluğ
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Nevin Solak
- Department of Psychology, TED University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betül Kanık
- Department of Psychology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Burcu Çuvaş
- Department of Psychology, TED University, Ankara, Turkey
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Owuamalam CK, Caricati L, Rubin M, Matos AS, Spears R. Why do women support socio‐economic systems that favour men more? A registered test of system justification‐ and social identity‐inspired hope explanations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Rubin
- The University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Australia
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Szabó ZP, Lönnqvist JE. Who's in power matters: System justification and system derogation in Hungary between 2002 and 2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 56:679-687. [PMID: 33588518 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study employed European Social Survey (ESS) data collected between 2002 and 2018 to investigate system justification versus derogation in Hungary. In all nine ESS rounds, system derogation was stronger than system justification. System justification was consistently at its strongest among those who had voted for the ruling party, be it left-wing MSZP (until 2008) or right-wing Fidesz (2010 onward). This pattern can be explained by ego and group justification motives alone, with no need to posit an autonomous system justification motive. Voters of Jobbik, who were as right-wing as Fidesz voters, but whose party was not in power, did not believe the system to be any more just than did left-wing voters. Much of the research supporting system justification theory has been conducted in stable Western democracies. Our results highlight the need for research in more politically volatile contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Péter Szabó
- Department of Ergonomics and Psychology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jan-Erik Lönnqvist
- Swedish School of Social Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Owuamalam CK, Spears R. Do humans possess an autonomous system justification motivation? A Pupillometric test of the strong system justification thesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Owuamalam CK, Rubin M, Spears R. Is a system motive really necessary to explain the system justification effect? A response to Jost (2019) and Jost, Badaan, Goudarzi, Hoffarth, and Mogami (2019). BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 58:393-409. [PMID: 30919987 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The debate between the proponents of SIMSA and SJT does not pivot on whether system justification occurs - we all agree that system justification does occur. The issue is why it occurs? System justification theory (SJT; Jost & Banaji, 1994, British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1) assumes that system justification is motivated by a special system justification motive. In contrast, the social identity model of system attitudes (SIMSA; Owuamalam, Rubin, & Spears, , Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27, 2) argues that there is insufficient conclusive evidence for this special system motive, and that system justification can be explained in terms of social identity motives, including the motivation to accurately reflect social reality and the search for a positive social identity. Here, we respond to criticisms of SIMSA, including criticisms of its social reality, ingroup bias, and hope for future ingroup status explanations of system justification. We conclude that SJT theorists should decide whether system justification is oppositional to, or compatible with social identity motives, and that this dilemma could be resolved by relinquishing the theoretically problematic notion of a system justification motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuma Kevin Owuamalam
- Division of Organisational and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Mark Rubin
- The University of Newcastle, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia
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