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Penrith ML, van Emmenes J, Hakizimana JN, Heath L, Kabuuka T, Misinzo G, Odoom T, Wade A, Zerbo HL, Luka PD. African Swine Fever Diagnosis in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. Pathogens 2024; 13:296. [PMID: 38668251 PMCID: PMC11054189 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The global spread of African swine fever (ASF) in recent decades has led to the need for technological advances in sampling and diagnostic techniques. The impetus for these has been the need to enable sampling by lay persons and to obtain at least a preliminary diagnosis in the field for early control measures to be put in place before final laboratory confirmation. In rural Africa, rapid diagnosis is hampered by challenges that include lack of infrastructure as well as human and financial resources. Lack of animal health personnel, access to affordable means to transport field samples to a laboratory, and lack of laboratories with the capacity to make the diagnosis result in severe under-reporting of ASF, especially in endemic areas. This review summarizes the challenges identified in gap analyses relevant to low- and middle-income countries, with a focus on Africa, and explore the opportunities provided by recent research to improve field diagnosis and quality of diagnostic samples used. Sampling techniques include invasive sampling techniques requiring trained personnel and non-invasive sampling requiring minimal training, sampling of decomposed carcass material, and preservation of samples in situations where cold chain maintenance cannot be guaranteed. Availability and efficacy of point-of-care (POC) tests for ASF has improved considerably in recent years and their application, as well as advantages and limitations, are discussed. The adequacy of existing laboratory diagnostic capacity is evaluated and opportunities for networking amongst reference and other laboratories offering diagnostic services are discussed. Maintaining laboratory diagnostic efficiency in the absence of samples during periods of quiescence is another issue that requires attention, and the role of improved laboratory networking is emphasized. Early diagnosis of ASF is key to managing the disease spread. Therefore, the establishment of the Africa Chapter of the Global African Swine Fever Research Alliance (GARA) increases opportunities for collaboration and networking among the veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Juanita van Emmenes
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (J.v.E.); (L.H.)
| | - Jean N. Hakizimana
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania; (J.N.H.); (G.M.)
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (J.v.E.); (L.H.)
| | - Tonny Kabuuka
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization, Entebbe P.O. Box 295, Uganda;
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania; (J.N.H.); (G.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania
| | - Theophilus Odoom
- Veterinary Services Directorate, Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Accra P.O. Box M161, Ghana;
| | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua P.O. Box 503, Cameroon;
| | - Habibata L. Zerbo
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal and Fisheries Resources, Ouagadougou 03 BP 907, Burkina Faso;
| | - Pam D. Luka
- Biotechnology Centre, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 1, Vom 930103, Nigeria
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Muzykina L, Barrado-Gil L, Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Crespo-Piazuelo D, Cerón JJ, Alonso C, Montoya M. Overview of Modern Commercial Kits for Laboratory Diagnosis of African Swine Fever and Swine Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:505. [PMID: 38675848 PMCID: PMC11054272 DOI: 10.3390/v16040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid and early detection of infectious diseases in pigs is important, especially for the implementation of control measures in suspected cases of African swine fever (ASF), as an effective and safe vaccine is not yet available in most of the affected countries. Additionally, analysis for swine influenza is of significance due to its high morbidity rate (up to 100%) despite a lower mortality rate compared to ASF. The wide distribution of swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) across various countries, the emergence of constantly new recombinant strains, and the danger of human infection underscore the need for rapid and accurate diagnosis. Several diagnostic approaches and commercial methods should be applied depending on the scenario, type of sample and the objective of the studies being implemented. At the early diagnosis of an outbreak, virus genome detection using a variety of PCR assays proves to be the most sensitive and specific technique. As the disease evolves, serology gains diagnostic value, as specific antibodies appear later in the course of the disease (after 7-10 days post-infection (DPI) for ASF and between 10-21 DPI for SwIAV). The ongoing development of commercial kits with enhanced sensitivity and specificity is evident. This review aims to analyse recent advances and current commercial kits utilised for the diagnosis of ASF and SwIAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Muzykina
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, The Margarita Salas Centre for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C. Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Lucía Barrado-Gil
- Department of Biotechnology, INIA-CSIC, Centro Nacional Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (C.A.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- R&D Department, Cuarte S.L., Grupo Jorge, Ctra. de Logroño km 9.2, Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (D.C.-P.)
| | - Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo
- R&D Department, Cuarte S.L., Grupo Jorge, Ctra. de Logroño km 9.2, Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (D.C.-P.)
| | - Jose Joaquin Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology, INIA-CSIC, Centro Nacional Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (C.A.)
| | - María Montoya
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, The Margarita Salas Centre for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C. Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Chen W, Wang W, Wang X, Li Z, Wu K, Li X, Li Y, Yi L, Zhao M, Ding H, Fan S, Chen J. Advances in the differential molecular diagnosis of vesicular disease pathogens in swine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019876. [PMID: 36386633 PMCID: PMC9641196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Senecavirus A (SVA) and swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) are members of the family Picornaviridae, which can cause similar symptoms - vesicular lesions in the tissues of the mouth, nose, feet, skin and mucous membrane of animals. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of these viruses allows for control measures to prevent the spread of these diseases. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR are traditional and reliable methods for pathogen detection, while their amplification reaction requires a thermocycler. Isothermal amplification methods including loop-mediated isothermal amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification developed in recent years are simple, rapid and do not require specialized equipment, allowing for point of care diagnostics. Luminex technology allows for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens. CRISPR-Cas diagnostic systems also emerging nucleic acid detection technologies which are very sensitivity and specificity. In this paper, various nucleic acid detection methods aimed at vesicular disease pathogens in swine (including FMDV, SVA and SVDV) are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangqi Fan, ; Jinding Chen,
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangqi Fan, ; Jinding Chen,
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Dong J, Rao D, Geng X, Chen M, He S, Jiao F, Huang L, Chen B, Zhao P, Cong F. Evolutionary analysis of 3 isolates of Seneca Valley virus from a single pig farm. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2022; 86:102-107. [PMID: 35388228 PMCID: PMC8978293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular disease caused by Seneca Valley virus (SVV) has recently emerged throughout China and caused certain industry losses. We used immunofluorescence and western blotting to confirm that 3 new SVV strains (CH-GDSG-2018-1, CH-GDSG-2018-2, and CH-GDSG-2018-3) were from 1 pig farm. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the following: i) all 3 strains belong to USA-GBI29-2015-like clades, ii) CH-GDSG-2018-3 might have diverged from CH-GDSG-2018-1 and CH-GDSG-2018-2, and iii) CH-GDSG-2018-3 is a recombinant of the CHhb17 and HeNKF-1 strains. Virus growth curves showed that CH-GDSG-2018-3 had stronger proliferation ability in vitro. Seneca Valley virus has evolved extensively within China and this study has furthered our understanding of SVV epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Dong
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, China (Dong, Rao, Chen, He, Jiao, Huang, Chen); Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China (Cong); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Zhao); College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130018, China (Geng)
| | - Dan Rao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, China (Dong, Rao, Chen, He, Jiao, Huang, Chen); Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China (Cong); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Zhao); College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130018, China (Geng)
| | - Xin Geng
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, China (Dong, Rao, Chen, He, Jiao, Huang, Chen); Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China (Cong); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Zhao); College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130018, China (Geng)
| | - Mingrui Chen
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, China (Dong, Rao, Chen, He, Jiao, Huang, Chen); Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China (Cong); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Zhao); College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130018, China (Geng)
| | - Shuhai He
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, China (Dong, Rao, Chen, He, Jiao, Huang, Chen); Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China (Cong); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Zhao); College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130018, China (Geng)
| | - Fengchao Jiao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, China (Dong, Rao, Chen, He, Jiao, Huang, Chen); Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China (Cong); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Zhao); College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130018, China (Geng)
| | - Li Huang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, China (Dong, Rao, Chen, He, Jiao, Huang, Chen); Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China (Cong); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Zhao); College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130018, China (Geng)
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, China (Dong, Rao, Chen, He, Jiao, Huang, Chen); Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China (Cong); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Zhao); College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130018, China (Geng)
| | - Pandeng Zhao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, China (Dong, Rao, Chen, He, Jiao, Huang, Chen); Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China (Cong); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Zhao); College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130018, China (Geng)
| | - Feng Cong
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, China (Dong, Rao, Chen, He, Jiao, Huang, Chen); Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China (Cong); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Zhao); College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130018, China (Geng)
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Verma N, Kulkarni R, Pandya A. Microfluidic tools for veterinary and zoonotic disease diagnostics. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 187:281-293. [PMID: 35094778 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal disease diagnostics has linked as the cause and cure of any disease. It also plays a vital role in disease management and prevention. A small outbreak of disease can pose a threat to the entire animal community as we realized in corona pandemic. Thus, to ensure the overall welfare of animals and disease spread monitoring, the development of detection tools for veterinary diagnosis becomes essential. Currently, the animal disease diagnosis is relied on laboratory-based testing. There is a parallel necessity for rapid, reliable and low-cost diagnostic tests to be done by intervention of growing area such as microfluidic platform. Therefore, in this chapter, we have discussed about various microfluidic platform and their application for early diagnosis of veterinary disease. Followed by, we also lightened on future perspective of role of microfluidic in animal disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Verma
- Department of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rutuparna Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Alok Pandya
- Department of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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Zhang Q, Yang F, Gao J, Zhang W, Xu X. Development of multiplex TaqMan qPCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation of eight common swine viral and bacterial pathogens. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 53:359-368. [PMID: 34709596 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is laborious to diagnose the infections of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), and Suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1) because of the similar clinical symptoms in piglets. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus suis (S. suis), Salmonella choleraesuis (S. choleraesuis, serotype: 6,7:c:1,5), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are common secondary bacterial pathogens in viral infections. Furthermore, the mixed infection of these viral and bacterial pathogens is more and more common in practical swine breeding. Therefore, a TaqMan multiplex qPCR method for simultaneous detection and differentiation of their pathogen was established in this study by designing specific primers and probes for the E2 gene of CSFV, the ORF7 gene of PRRSV, the ORF1 gene of PCV2 and the gE gene of SuHV-1, the nuc gene of S. aureus, the ef-tu gene of S. suis, the ivnA gene of S. choleraesuis, and the 23S rRNA gene of E. coli, and its specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility were subsequently tested. The results showed that TaqMan multiplex qPCR method showed a high specificity with no cross reaction between different viruses, and a good repeatability with its coefficient of variation lower than 5%. Besides, the sensitivity of this method was also at least 10 times higher compared with conventional PCR. Overall, this study provided a reliable multiplex TaqMan qPCR method for the diagnosis and differentiation of the mentioned pathogens in pigs, laying a certain technical basis for disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Fusion Expression and Immune Effect of PCV2 Cap Protein Tandem Multiantigen Epitopes with CD154/GM-CSF. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100211. [PMID: 34679041 PMCID: PMC8537787 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD) is a contagious disease of swine caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). The capsid protein (Cap) is the sole structural protein and the main antigen of PCV2. Cap is the principal immunogenic protein and induces humoral and cellular immunity. CD154 and GM-CSF are immune adjuvants that enhance responses to vaccines. However, whether these two cellular molecules could produce an enhanced effect in PCV2 vaccines still needs to be further studied. The results of PCR and restriction enzyme showed that the recombinant lentiviral plasmids pCDH-TB-Cap, pCDH-TB-Cap-CD154 and pCDH-TB-Cap were successfully constructed. Western blot and IFA showed that the three fusion proteins TB-Cap, TB-Cap-CD154 and TB-Cap-GM-CSF were stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells. Indirect ELISA assay showed that mice immunized with TB-Cap-CD154 and TB-Cap-GM-CSF fusion proteins produced higher PCV2-specific antibodies than mice immunized with the TB-Cap and a commercial vaccine (p < 0.0001). Moreover, lymphocyte proliferation and flow cytometry showed that the cellular immune response of each immune group was significantly enhanced (p < 0.0001). After PCV2 challenge, the results revealed that the viral loads in serum, lung and kidney of all vaccinated groups were significantly lower than the PBS group (p < 0.0001). The transcription levels of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines in the TB-Cap, TB-Cap-CD154 and TB-Cap-GM-CSF groups were significantly higher than those in the PBS and recombinant vaccine groups (p < 0.0001). These results indicated that CD154 and GM-CSF could enhance the ability of TB-Cap protein to induce the body to produce PCV2 specific antibodies and increase the transcription level of cytokines. Thus, CD154 and GM-CSF molecules were a powerful immunoadjuvant for PCV2 subunit vaccines. The novel TB-Cap-CD154 and TB-Cap-GM-CSF subunit vaccine has the potential to be used for the prevention and control of PCVAD.
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Development of Diagnostic Tests Provides Technical Support for the Control of African Swine Fever. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040343. [PMID: 33918128 PMCID: PMC8067252 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a highly contagious global disease caused by the African swine fever virus. Since African swine fever (ASF) was introduced to Georgia in 2007, it has spread to many Eurasian countries at an extremely fast speed. It has recently spread to China and other major pig-producing countries in southeast Asia, threatening global pork production and food security. As there is no available vaccine at present, prevention and control must be carried out based on early detection and strict biosecurity measures. Early detection should be based on the rapid identification of the disease on the spot, followed by laboratory diagnosis, which is essential for disease control. In this review, we introduced the prevalence, transmission routes, eradication control strategies, and diagnostic methods of ASF. We reviewed the various methods of diagnosing ASF, focusing on their technical characteristics and clinical test results. Finally, we give some prospects for improving the diagnosis strategy in the future.
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Jia R, Zhang G, Liu H, Chen Y, Zhou J, Liu Y, Ding P, Wang Y, Zang W, Wang A. Novel Application of Nanofluidic Chip Digital PCR for Detection of African Swine Fever Virus. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:621840. [PMID: 33614757 PMCID: PMC7894257 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.621840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) gives rise to a grievous transboundary and infectious disease, African swine fever (ASF), which has caused a great economic loss in the swine industry. To prevent and control ASF, once suspicious symptoms have presented, the movement of animal and pork products should be stopped, and then, laboratory testing should be adopted to diagnose ASF. A method for ASFV DNA quantification is presented in this research, which utilizes the next-generation PCR platform, nanofluidic chip digital PCR (cdPCR). The cdPCR detection showed good linearity and repeatability. The limit of detection for cdPCR is 30.1995 copies per reaction, whereas no non-specific amplification curve was found with other swine viruses. In the detection of 69 clinical samples, the cdPCR showed significant consistency [91.30% (63/69)] to the Office International des Epizooties-approved quantitative PCR. Compared with the commercial quantitative PCR kit, the sensitivity of the cdPCR assay was 86.27% (44/50), and the specificity was 94.44% (17/18). The positive coincidence rate of the cdPCR assay was 88% (44/50). The total coincidence rate of the cdPCR and kit was 89.86% (62/69), and the kappa value reached 0.800 (P < 0.0001). This is the first time that cdPCR has been applied to detecting ASFV successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yankai Liu
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weimin Zang
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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A recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick for rapid and specific detection of African swine fever virus. J Virol Methods 2020; 285:113885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wang Y, Yim-Im W, Porter E, Lu N, Anderson J, Noll L, Fang Y, Zhang J, Bai J. Development of a bead-based assay for detection and differentiation of field strains and four vaccine strains of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV-2) in the USA. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1414-1423. [PMID: 32816334 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains one of the most economically devastating diseases in swine population in the United States of America. Due to high mutation rate of the PRRS virus (PRRSV) genome, it is difficult to develop an accurate diagnostic assay with high strain coverage. Differentiation of field strains from the four vaccines that have been used in the USA, namely Ingelvac PRRS MLV, Ingelvac ATP, Fostera PRRS and Prime Pac PRRS, adds an additional challenge. It is difficult to use current real-time PCR systems to detect and differentiate the field strains from the vaccine strains. Luminex xTAG technology allows us to detect more molecular targets in a single reaction with a cost similar to a single real-time PCR reaction. By analysing all available 678 type 2 PRRSV (PRRSV-2) complete genome sequences, including the 4 vaccine strains, two pairs of detection primers were designed targeting the conserved regions of ORF4-ORF7, with strain coverage of 98.8% (670/678) based on in silico analysis. The virus strains sharing ≥98% identity of the complete genomes with the vaccine strains were considered vaccine or vaccine-like strains. One pair of primers for each vaccine strain were designed targeting the nsp2 region. In silico analysis showed the assay matched 94.7% (54/57) of Ingelvac PRRS® MLV (MLV) strain and the MLV-like strains, and 100% of the other three vaccine strains. Analytical sensitivity of the Luminex assay was one to two logs lower than that of the reverse transcription real-time PCR assay. Evaluated with 417 PRRSV-2 positive clinical samples, 95% were detected by the Luminex assay. Compared to ORF5 sequencing results, the Luminex assay detected 92.4% (73/79) of MLV strains, 78.3% (18/23) of Fostera strains and 50% (2/4) of ATP strains. None of the 472 samples were the Prime Pac strain tested by either ORF5 sequencing or the Luminex assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wannarat Yim-Im
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Porter
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nanyan Lu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Bioinformatics Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Joe Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lance Noll
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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12
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Wong CL, Yong CY, Ong HK, Ho KL, Tan WS. Advances in the Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:477. [PMID: 32974392 PMCID: PMC7473413 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating livestock disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Outbreaks of this disease in a country always result in conspicuous economic losses to livestock industry and subsequently lead to serious socioeconomic damages due to the immediate imposition of trade embargo. Rapid and accurate diagnoses are imperative to control this infectious virus. In the current review, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based methods used in FMD diagnosis are extensively reviewed, particularly the sandwich, liquid-phase blocking, and solid-phase competition ELISA. The differentiation of infected animals from vaccinated animals using ELISA-based methods is also highlighted, in which the role of 3ABC polyprotein as a marker is reviewed intensively. Recently, more studies are focusing on the molecular diagnostic methods, which detect the viral nucleic acids based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). These methods are generally more sensitive because of their ability to amplify a minute amount of the viral nucleic acids. In this digital era, the RT-PCR and RT-LAMP are progressing toward the mobile versions, aiming for on-site FMDV diagnosis. Apart from RT-PCR and RT-LAMP, another diagnostic assay specifically designed for on-site diagnosis is the lateral flow immunochromatographic test strips. These test strips have some distinct advantages over other diagnostic methods, whereby the assay often does not require the aid of an external device, which greatly lowers the cost per test. In addition, the on-site diagnostic test can be easily performed by untrained personnel including farmers, and the results can be obtained in a few minutes. Lastly, the use of FMDV diagnostic assays for progressive control of the disease is also discussed critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Loo Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Chean Yeah Yong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hui Kian Ong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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13
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Wang L, Madera R, Li Y, McVey DS, Drolet BS, Shi J. Recent Advances in the Diagnosis of Classical Swine Fever and Future Perspectives. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080658. [PMID: 32824178 PMCID: PMC7460108 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs, including wild boar. It is regarded as one of the major problems in the pig industry as it is still endemic in many regions of the world and has the potential to cause devastating epidemics, particularly in countries free of the disease. Rapid and reliable diagnosis is of utmost importance in the control of CSF. Since clinical presentations of CSF are highly variable and may be confused with other viral diseases in pigs, laboratory diagnosis is indispensable for an unambiguous diagnosis. On an international level, well-established diagnostic tests of CSF such as virus isolation, fluorescent antibody test (FAT), antigen capture antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), virus neutralization test (VNT), and antibody ELISA have been described in detail in the OIE Terrestrial Manual. However, improved CSF diagnostic methods or alternatives based on modern technologies have been developed in recent years. This review thus presents recent advances in the diagnosis of CSF and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (R.M.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (J.S.); Tel.: +1-785-532-4397 (L.W.); +1-785-532-4506 (J.S.)
| | - Rachel Madera
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (R.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (R.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - David Scott McVey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.S.M.); (B.S.D.)
| | - Barbara S. Drolet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.S.M.); (B.S.D.)
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (R.M.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (J.S.); Tel.: +1-785-532-4397 (L.W.); +1-785-532-4506 (J.S.)
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14
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Li H, Wei X, Zhang X, Xu H, Zhao X, Zhou S, Huang S, Liu X. Establishment of a multiplex RT-PCR assay for identification of atmospheric virus contamination in pig farms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:358-364. [PMID: 31325880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spread of pathogens in pig farms not only causes transfection of diseases to other pigs or even farmers working in the farms, but also induces pollution to the living atmospheric environment of the residents around the farm. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a rapid and simple monitoring method. In this study, full genome sequences of common viruses were analyzed in pig farms, in combination with the design of primers, optimization of the reaction parameters, so as to establish a multiplex RT-PCR assay for the identification of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus Type 2 (PCV-2), porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine parvovirus virus (PPV), which are common in pig farms. This method has a minimal detectable concentration of 10-3 ng/μL, which is highly specific. Furthermore, multiplex RT-PCR was applied to examine air samples from 4 pig farms located in different cities of China. The results were in line with those obtained by single PCR. Therefore, this study can be expected to provide essential technique support for the early warning mechanism as well as disease prevention and control system against the major viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
| | - Xiaobing Wei
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiulin Zhang
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xuesong Zhao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shaofeng Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shaobin Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xingyou Liu
- Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
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15
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Erickson A, Fisher M, Furukawa-Stoffer T, Ambagala A, Hodko D, Pasick J, King DP, Nfon C, Ortega Polo R, Lung O. A multiplex reverse transcription PCR and automated electronic microarray assay for detection and differentiation of seven viruses affecting swine. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:e272-e283. [PMID: 29194985 PMCID: PMC7169841 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microarray technology can be useful for pathogen detection as it allows simultaneous interrogation of the presence or absence of a large number of genetic signatures. However, most microarray assays are labour-intensive and time-consuming to perform. This study describes the development and initial evaluation of a multiplex reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and novel accompanying automated electronic microarray assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of seven important viruses that affect swine (foot-and-mouth disease virus [FMDV], swine vesicular disease virus [SVDV], vesicular exanthema of swine virus [VESV], African swine fever virus [ASFV], classical swine fever virus [CSFV], porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus [PRRSV] and porcine circovirus type 2 [PCV2]). The novel electronic microarray assay utilizes a single, user-friendly instrument that integrates and automates capture probe printing, hybridization, washing and reporting on a disposable electronic microarray cartridge with 400 features. This assay accurately detected and identified a total of 68 isolates of the seven targeted virus species including 23 samples of FMDV, representing all seven serotypes, and 10 CSFV strains, representing all three genotypes. The assay successfully detected viruses in clinical samples from the field, experimentally infected animals (as early as 1 day post-infection (dpi) for FMDV and SVDV, 4 dpi for ASFV, 5 dpi for CSFV), as well as in biological material that were spiked with target viruses. The limit of detection was 10 copies/μl for ASFV, PCV2 and PRRSV, 100 copies/μl for SVDV, CSFV, VESV and 1,000 copies/μl for FMDV. The electronic microarray component had reduced analytical sensitivity for several of the target viruses when compared with the multiplex RT-PCR. The integration of capture probe printing allows custom onsite array printing as needed, while electrophoretically driven hybridization generates results faster than conventional microarrays that rely on passive hybridization. With further refinement, this novel, rapid, highly automated microarray technology has potential applications in multipathogen surveillance of livestock diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Erickson
- Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - M Fisher
- Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - T Furukawa-Stoffer
- Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - A Ambagala
- Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - D Hodko
- Nexogen, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J Pasick
- National Centres for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - D P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - C Nfon
- National Centres for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - R Ortega Polo
- Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - O Lung
- Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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