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Dundon WG, Molini U, Franzo G. Six underreported viral diseases of domesticated and wild swine in Africa: Implications and perspectives. Vet Microbiol 2024; 294:110120. [PMID: 38749211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Pig production is increasing annually in Africa as it is recognized as a significant source of income, livelihood and food security, particularly in rural communities. Understanding the circulating swine pathogens is crucial for the success of this emerging industry. Although there is extensive data available on the African swine fever virus due to its devastating impact on pig production, knowledge about the presence of other viral swine pathogens on the continent is still extremely limited. This review discusses what is currently known about six swine pathogens in Africa: classical swine fever virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus-2, porcine circovirus-3, porcine parvovirus-1, and pseudorabies virus. Gaps in our knowledge are identified and topics of future focus discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Center, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, Vienna 1400, Austria.
| | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia; Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Italy
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Simbizi V, Moerane R, Ramsay G, Mubamba C, Abolnik C, Gummow B. A review of pig and poultry diseases in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, 2000–2020. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2022. [DOI: 10.36303/jsava.2022.93.1.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V Simbizi
- Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform, State Veterinary Services,
South Africa
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - R Moerane
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - G Ramsay
- School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences and Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University,
Australia
| | - C Mubamba
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries,
Zambia
| | - C Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - B Gummow
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
- Discipline of Veterinary Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University,
Australia
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Molini U, Franzo G, Gous L, Moller S, Hemberger YM, Chiwome B, Marruchella G, Khaiseb S, Cattoli G, Dundon WG. Three different genotypes of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) identified in pigs and warthogs in Namibia. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1723-1728. [PMID: 33721098 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is the causative agent of porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). A study was undertaken to determine whether PCV-2 was present in samples collected from commercial pigs (n = 46) and warthogs (n = 42) in Namibia between 2019 and 2020. Twenty-three of the collected samples were positive by PCR (13 from pigs and 10 from warthogs), and a phylogenetic analysis of ORF2 identified three genotypes (PCV-2b and PCV-2d in pigs and PCV-2c in warthogs). This is the first time that PCV-2 has been identified in warthogs and in Namibia. It is also the first report of PCV-2c in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.,Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Lené Gous
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Sjandré Moller
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Yvonne Maria Hemberger
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Bernard Chiwome
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giuseppe Marruchella
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio S.P. 18, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Freidenstrasse, 1, Seibersdorf 2444, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Freidenstrasse, 1, Seibersdorf 2444, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria.
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Wang Y, Noll L, Lu N, Porter E, Stoy C, Zheng W, Liu X, Peddireddi L, Niederwerder M, Bai J. Genetic diversity and prevalence of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) and type 2 (PCV2) in the Midwest of the USA during 2016-2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1284-1294. [PMID: 31886622 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, reports indicated that PCV3 may be involved in porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like disease similar to that linked to PCV2. A total of 2,125 porcine samples from 910 cases were collected during 2016-2018 and tested for presence of PCV3 and PCV2 by real-time PCR assays. Results showed high prevalence of PCV3 and PCV2: 28.4% samples from 41.2% cases were PCV3 positive and 16.4% samples from 16.7% cases were PCV2 positive. The overall coinfection rate was 5.4% and 8.4% at the sample and case level, respectively. Temporal analysis indicated that PCV3 positive case rate increased from 31.6% in 2016, 40.9% in 2017, to 55.6% in 2018. Although its prevalence was lower, PCV2-positive case rate in 2018 (28.8%) doubled that in 2017 (14.4%). The coinfection case rate also increased from 3.4% in 2016, 8.0% in 2017 to 16.1% in 2018. The high positive rate of PCV3 (56.9%) and PCV2 (33.8%) in oral fluids, PCV3 in foetuses (57.1%) and PCV2 in tonsils (54.8%) implied viral transmission route and tissue tropism. In phylogenetic analysis, two small PCV3 clusters (1 and 2) were separated but others were clustered with low bootstrapping values indicating overall low genetic diversity. Genotypes, PCV2a-h, were confirmed by analysing 2,944 strains, with a new genotype proposed as PCV2i. In this study, 61 PCV3 unique whole genomes were sequenced; 12 belonged to a separate cluster that were characterized by five consistent amino acid changes in the capsid protein (24V, 27K, 56D, 98R and 168K) and may be associated with potential differences in immunogenicity. Among the 43 unique PCV2 whole genomes sequenced, 31 belonged to PCV2d, 7 to PCV2a and 5 to PCV2b. Thus, our study demonstrates that PCV2d is the predominant genotype and PCV3 is widely circulating in the Midwest of the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lance Noll
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nanyan Lu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Bioinformatics Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Elizabeth Porter
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Colin Stoy
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuming Liu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lalitha Peddireddi
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Megan Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Afolabi KO, Iweriebor BC, Okoh AI, Obi LC. Increasing diversity of swine parvoviruses and their epidemiology in African pigs. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 73:175-183. [PMID: 31048075 PMCID: PMC7106291 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Detection of infectious viral agents has been on the increase globally with the advent and usage of more sensitive and selective novel molecular techniques in the epidemiological study of viral diseases of economic importance to the swine industry. The observation is not different for the pig-infecting member of the subfamily Parvovirinae in the family Parvoviridae as the application of novel molecular methods like metagenomics has brought about the detection of many other novel members of the group. Surprisingly, the list keeps increasing day by day with some of them possessing zoonotic potentials. In the last one decade, not less than ten novel swine-infecting viruses have been added to the subfamily, and ceaseless efforts have been in top gear to determine the occurrence and prevalence of the old and new swine parvoviruses in herds of pig-producing countries worldwide. The story, however, is on the contrary on the African continent as there is presently a dearth of information on surveillance initiatives of the viruses among swine herds of pig-producing countries in the region. Timely detection and characterization of the viral pathogens is highly imperative for the implementation of effective control and prevention of its spread. This review therefore presents a concise overview on the epidemiology of novel porcine parvoviruses globally and also provides up-to-date highlights on the reported cases of the viral agents in the African sub-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode Olayinka Afolabi
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, Anchor University, Ayobo, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - Benson Chuks Iweriebor
- School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makghato Health Sciences University, Medunsa, 0204 Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
| | - Larry Chikwelu Obi
- School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makghato Health Sciences University, Medunsa, 0204 Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa
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