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Molecular Characterization of Southern African Territories 2 (SAT2) Serotype of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from Nigeria in 2017 to 2018. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0036221. [PMID: 34236230 PMCID: PMC8265221 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00362-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the nucleotide sequences of eight Southern African Territories 2 (SAT2) serotype foot-and-mouth disease virus strains from 2017 to 2018 outbreaks in cattle in Nigeria. These viruses belong to topotype VII of SAT2 and were closely related to previous isolates from Nigeria and other West African countries.
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Campbell Z, Coleman P, Guest A, Kushwaha P, Ramuthivheli T, Osebe T, Perry B, Salt J. Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105279. [PMID: 33581421 PMCID: PMC8024747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Managing the health needs of livestock contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of smallholder and pastoralist livestock keepers globally. Animal health practitioners, producers, policymakers, and researchers all must prioritize how to mobilize limited resources. This study employed three approaches to prioritize animal health needs in East and West Africa and South Asia to identify diseases and syndromes that impact livestock keepers. The approaches were a) systematic literature review, b) a series of expert workshops, and c) a practitioner survey of veterinarians and para-veterinary professionals. The top constraints that emerged from all three approaches include endo/ ectoparasites, foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants, Newcastle disease, and avian influenza. Expert workshops additionally identified contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mastitis, and reproductive disorders as constraints not emphasized in the literature review. Practitioner survey results additionally identified nutrition as a constraint for smallholder dairy and pastoralist small ruminant production. Experts attending the workshops agreed most constraints can be managed using existing veterinary technologies and best husbandry practices, which supports a shift away from focusing on individual diseases and new technologies towards addressing systemic challenges that limit access to veterinary services and inputs. Few research studies focused on incidence/ prevalence of disease and impact, suggesting better incorporation of socio-economic impact measures in future research would better represent the interests of livestock keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Campbell
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Paul Coleman
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Guest
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Peetambar Kushwaha
- GALVmed Asia Office, Unit 118 & 120 B, Splendor Forum, Plot No 3, Jasola District Centre, Jasola, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Thembinkosi Ramuthivheli
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tom Osebe
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Perry
- Nuffield College of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Arthurstone House, Meigle, Blairgowrie, PH12 8QW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Salt
- GALVmed UK Office, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Ularamu HG, Lefebvre DJ, Haegeman A, Wungak YS, Ehizibolo DO, Lazarus DD, De Vleeschauwer AR, De Clercq K. Complex Circulation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle in Nigeria. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:466. [PMID: 32974391 PMCID: PMC7468398 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nigeria is a large densely populated country in West Africa. Most of its livestock is raised in a pastoralist production system with typical long distance migration in search of water and feed. As the demand for animal products largely exceeds the domestic production, large numbers of livestock are imported from neighboring countries without sanitary restrictions. In Nigeria, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes O, A, and Southern African Territories (SAT)2 are endemic for a long time. Clinical outbreaks of FMD due to serotype SAT1 are described again since 2015, after an absence of more than 30 years. Historically, outbreaks of FMD due to serotypes O, A, SAT1, and SAT2 were each time associated with trade of cattle entering Nigeria from neighboring countries. In the present study, tissue samples from 27 outbreaks of FMD were collected in Nigerian cattle from 2012 until 2017 in six different States and in the Federal Capital Territory. FMDV was isolated and serotyped and further characterized by VP1 sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to gain more knowledge on FMDV circulation in Nigeria. Half of the outbreaks were characterized as FMDV topotype O/EA-3, while outbreaks with other serotypes and topotypes were—in descending order—less prevalent: A/Africa/G-IV, SAT1/X, SAT2/VII, and O/WA. The high dynamics and omnipresence of FMD in Nigeria were illustrated in Plateau State where FMDV serotypes O, SAT1, and SAT2 were isolated during the course of the study, while at some point in the study, outbreaks due to FMDV serotype A were observed in three remote States. The genetic and phylogenetic analysis suggests a mixed origin of FMD outbreaks. Some outbreaks seem to be caused by sustained local transmission of FMDV strains present in Nigeria since a number of years, while other outbreaks seem to be related to recent incursions with new FMDV strains. The role of African buffaloes in the etiology of FMD in Nigeria is unclear, and sampling of wildlife is needed. The results of the present study suggest that systematic sample collection is essential to understand the complex concomitance of FMDV strains in Nigeria and essential to support the implementation of a vaccination-based control plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussaini G Ularamu
- FMD Laboratory, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - David J Lefebvre
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yiltawe S Wungak
- FMD Laboratory, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - David O Ehizibolo
- FMD Laboratory, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - David D Lazarus
- FMD Laboratory, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - Annebel R De Vleeschauwer
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
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Blignaut B, van Heerden J, Reininghaus B, Fosgate GT, Heath L. Characterization of SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease 2013/2014 outbreak viruses at the wildlife-livestock interface in South Africa. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1595-1606. [PMID: 31984622 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Southern African Territories (SAT)-type foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) are endemic to the greater Kruger National Park (KNP) area in South Africa, where they are maintained through persistent infections in African buffalo. The occurrence of FMDV within the Greater KNP area constitutes a continual threat to the livestock industry. To expand on knowledge of FMDV diversity, the genetic and antigenic relatedness of SAT2-type viruses isolated from cattle during a FMD outbreak in Mpumalanga Province in 2013 and 2014 were investigated. Cattle from twelve diptanks tested positive on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and molecular epidemiological relationships of the viruses were determined by VP1 sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the SAT2 viruses from the FMD outbreak in Mpumalanga in 2013/2014 revealed their genetic relatedness to other SAT2 isolates from topotype I (South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique), albeit genetically distinct from previous South African outbreak viruses (2011 and 2012) from the same topotype. The fifteen SAT2 field isolates clustered into a novel genotype with ≥98.7% nucleotide identity. High neutralization antibody titres were observed for four 2013/2014 outbreak viruses tested against the SAT2 reference antisera representative of viruses isolated from cattle and buffalo from South Africa (topotype I) and Zimbabwe (topotype II). Comparison of the antigenic relationship (r1 values) of the outbreak viruses with reference antisera indicated a good vaccine match with 90% of r1 values > 0.3. The r1 values for the 2013/2014 outbreak viruses were 0.4 and above for the three South African vaccine/reference strains. These results confirm the presence of genetic and antigenic variability in SAT2 viruses and suggest the emergence of new variants at the wildlife-livestock interface in South Africa. Continuous characterization of field viruses should be performed to identify new virus strains as epidemiological surveillance to improve vaccination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Blignaut
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Mpumalanga Veterinary Services, Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, Land and Environmental Affairs, Thulamahashe, South Africa
| | - Juanita van Heerden
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Björn Reininghaus
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Mpumalanga Veterinary Services, Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, Land and Environmental Affairs, Thulamahashe, South Africa
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Ehizibolo DO, Fish IH, Brito B, Bertram MR, Ardo A, Ularamu HG, Lazarus DD, Wungak YS, Nwosuh CI, Smoliga GR, Hartwig EJ, Pauszek SJ, Dickmu S, Abdoulkadiri S, Arzt J. Characterization of transboundary foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Nigeria and Cameroon during 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1257-1270. [PMID: 31880066 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Continuous surveillance for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in endemic settings such as West Africa is imperative to support improved local and regional control plans, with the long-term goal of regional eradication. This paper describes the genetic characterization of FMD viruses (FMDV) obtained from outbreaks in Nigeria (n = 45) and Cameroon (n = 15) during 2016 and from archival samples (n = 3) retrieved from a 2014 outbreak in Nigeria. These viruses were analysed in the context of previously published FMDV sequences from the region. Four FMDV serotypes: O, A, SAT1 and SAT2, were detected. Phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 coding sequences indicate the continuity of FMDV serotype O East Africa-3 (O/EA-3), serotype A AFRICA genotype G-IV (A/AFRICA/G-IV) and serotype South African Territories (SAT) 2 lineage VII (SAT2/VII). The FMDV SAT1 topotype X (SAT1/X), which emerged in Nigeria in 2015, continued to be associated with outbreaks in the region during 2016, and SAT1 is reported for the first time from Cameroon. Additionally, a re-emergence or re-introduction of the serotype O West Africa (O/WA) topotype in Nigeria is described herein. Our findings indicate a consistent, pan-serotypic relationship between FMDV strains detected in Cameroon and Nigeria. Additionally, FMDV strains from West Africa obtained in this study were genetically related to those occurring in East and North Africa. These phylogenetic relationships suggest that animal movements (pastoralism and/or trade) are important factors for virus spread across the African continent. These data provide critical baselines which are a necessary component of Stages 0 and 1 of the Progressive Control Pathway of FMD (PCP-FMD). Specifically, characterizing the existing virus strains (risk) provides the basis for the comprehensive risk-based control plan which is the requisite criteria for Nigeria's transition to Stage 2 of PCP-FMD, and for coordinated regional control of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian H Fish
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Barbara Brito
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Miranda R Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Abdullahi Ardo
- Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | | | - David D Lazarus
- Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Yiltawe S Wungak
- Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Chika I Nwosuh
- Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - George R Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Ethan J Hartwig
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Steven James Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Simon Dickmu
- Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon
| | | | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
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