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Sirisereewan C, Nguyen TC, Janetanakit T, Kedkovid R, Thanawongnuwech R. Emergence of novel porcine circovirus 2d strains in Thailand, 2019-2020. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1170499. [PMID: 37408832 PMCID: PMC10318142 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1170499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has been recognized as a causative agent of porcine circovirus diseases (PCVDs) affecting the global swine industry. In this study, the genetic diversity of PCV2 strains circulating in Thailand between 2019 and 2020 was investigated using 742 swine clinical samples from 145 farms. The results showed PCV2-positive rates of 54.2% (402/742) and 81.4% (118/145) at the sample and farm levels, respectively. Genetic analysis of 51 Thai PCV2 genomic sequences showed that 84.3% (43/51) was PCV2d, 13.7% (7/51) was PCV2b and 1.9% (1/51) was PCV2b/2d recombinant virus. Surprisingly, the majority of the Thai PCV2d sequences from this study (69.77%, 30/43) formed a novel cluster on a phylogenetic tree and contained a unique 133HDAM136 on the ORF2 deduced amino acid sequence, which is in one of the previously identified immunoreactive domains strongly involved in virus neutralization. The PCV2b/2d recombinant virus also carried 133HDAM136. The emergence of the novel PCV2d strains predominating in Thailand was discussed. This study highlights the need for further investigations on the spreading of these PCV2d strains in other regions and the efficacy of current commercial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitawat Sirisereewan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanh Che Nguyen
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taveesak Janetanakit
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals and One Health Research Cluster, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongtham Kedkovid
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals and One Health Research Cluster, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Somashekara S, Ravishankar C, Ravindran R, Rajappan A, Kanjirakkuzhiyil S, Paravalappil Muraleedharan A, Kanjully Vadukoottayil M, Janardhan A, John K. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus 2 from Kerala, India. Virusdisease 2023; 34:331-338. [PMID: 37408544 PMCID: PMC10317919 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-023-00814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs), has a worldwide distribution, and is considered as one of the most important emerging viral pathogens of economic importance. In Kerala, a total of 62 tissue samples were collected during post mortem from pigs suspected to have died of PCV2 infection. The animals exhibited symptoms like respiratory illness, gradual wasting, rough hair coat, polypnoea, dyspnoea, pallor, diarrhoea, icterus, etc. PCV2 was detected in 36 (58.06%) samples by PCR. Phylogenetic analyses of complete ORF2, and complete genome sequences were carried out and genotypes 2d, 2 h and 2b were detected. The genotype predominant in Kerala was 2d. It was observed that genotypes 2 h and 2b have been recently introduced into North Kerala as it was not detected in the region prior to 2016. Close relationship of Kerala sequences with sequences from Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Mizoram were noticed in the phylogenetic tree and also at the amino acid level. A unique K243N mutation was observed in one of the samples. It was also noticed that the most variable amino acid position in ORF2 was 169 where the occurrence of three possible amino acids were observed. The results of the study indicate that multiple genotypes of PCV2 are prevalent in pigs in Kerala and that the percent positivity is higher than that recorded in the State previously. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-023-00814-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Somashekara
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi P.O, Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - Chintu Ravishankar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi P.O, Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - Rajasekhar Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi P.O, Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - Anoopraj Rajappan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi P.O, Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - Sumod Kanjirakkuzhiyil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi P.O, Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - Arun Paravalappil Muraleedharan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi P.O, Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - Maneesh Kanjully Vadukoottayil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi P.O, Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - Aishwarya Janardhan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi P.O, Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - Koshy John
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi P.O, Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
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Parthiban S, Ramesh A, Dhinakar Raj G, Karuppannan AK, Hemalatha S, Parthiban M, Ravishankar C, Senthilkumar K, Balasubramaniyam D. Molecular evidence of porcine circovirus 3 infection in swine: first report in southern India. Virusdisease 2022; 33:284-290. [PMID: 36277416 PMCID: PMC9481802 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined 434 field samples including serum (n = 273), swabs from natural orifices (n = 52) and postmortem tissue samples (n = 109) from both suspected and asymptomatic swine from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana states in southern India. All the samples were processed for molecular screening of PCV3 by specific PCR assay. Overall molecular positivity rate of PCV3 was found to be 0.7% in southern India with one sample positive from each state of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Telangana. All the three PCR positive PCV3 samples are detected from reproductive failures and were processed and propagated in PK15 cell line for virus isolation. Out of 3 samples processed, one (INDKL9PK76) PCV3 isolate could be obtained in this study and it was confirmed by specific PCR at third and fifth passage levels. Sequencing of PCV3 positive PCR amplicon (INDKL9PK76) revealed 1004 nucleotides and BLAST analysis confirmed partial sequence of the PCV3 genome. The aligned contig sequence was submitted to GenBank under the accession number of MW627201. PCV3 sequence in this study revealed 99% homology with PCV3 isolates from Europe and China. Phylogentic analysis of the PCV3 isolate-INDKL9PK76 sequence along with established PCV3 genotypes revealed clustering within PCV3 genotypes. Characterization of PCV3 (INDKL9PK76) isolate based on deduced amino acid composition of PCV3-capsid protein revealed "A" (alanine) and "R" (arginine) at 24th and 27th residues respectively confirming the incidence of PCV3a genotype. This study evidences PCV3 associated reproductive failure in domestic pigs for the first time in southern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Parthiban
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007 India
| | - A. Ramesh
- Vaccine Research Centre-Viral Vaccines, CAHS, MMC, Chennai, 600 051 India
| | - G. Dhinakar Raj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007 India
| | | | - S. Hemalatha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, MVC, Chennai, 600 007 India
| | - M. Parthiban
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Madras Veterinary College Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007 India
| | - Chintu Ravishankar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, COVAS, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
| | - K. Senthilkumar
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, 603 203 India
| | - D. Balasubramaniyam
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, 603 203 India
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