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Chen M, Zhang X, Kong F, Gao P, Ge X, Zhou L, Han J, Guo X, Zhang Y, Yang H. Senecavirus A induces mitophagy to promote self-replication through direct interaction of 2C protein with K27-linked ubiquitinated TUFM catalyzed by RNF185. Autophagy 2024; 20:1286-1313. [PMID: 38084826 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2293442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a newly emerging picornavirus associated with swine vesicular lesions and neonatal mortality, threatening the global pig industry. Despite sustained efforts, the molecular mechanisms of SVA pathogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that SVA infection can induce complete mitophagy in host cells, which depends on SVA replication. Mitophagy has been subsequently proven to promote SVA replication in host cells. Genome-wide screening of SVA proteins involved in inducing mitophagy showed that although VP2, VP3, 2C, and 3A proteins can independently induce mitophagy, only the 2C protein mediates mitophagy through direct interaction with TUFM (Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial). The glutamic acids at positions 196 and 211 of TUFM were shown to be two key sites for its interaction with 2C protein. Moreover, TUFM was discovered to interact directly with BECN1 and indirectly with the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate. Further experiments revealed that TUFM needs to undergo ubiquitination modification before being recognized by the macroautophagy/autophagy receptor protein SQSTM1/p62, and E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF185 catalyzes K27-linked polyubiquitination of TUFM through the interaction between RNF185's transmembrane domain 1 and TUFM to initiate SVA-induced mitophagy. The ubiquitinated TUFM is recognized and bound by SQSTM1, which in turn interacts with MAP1LC3/LC3, thereby linking the 2C-anchored mitochondria to the phagophore for sequestration into mitophagosomes, which ultimately fuse with lysosomes to achieve complete mitophagy. Overall, our results elucidated the molecular mechanism by which SVA induces mitophagy to promote self-replication and provide new insights into SVA pathogenesis.Abbreviations: aa: amino acid; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; BHK-21: baby hamster kidney-21; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2'-phenylindole; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GST: glutathione S-transferase; HA: hemagglutinin; hpi: hours post-infection; hpt: hours post-transfection; IPTG: isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; Mdivi-1: mitochondrial division inhibitor-1; MOI: multiplicity of infection; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; MS: mass spectrometry; ORF: open reading frame; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; SD: standard deviation; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; ST: swine testis; SVA: Senecavirus A; TCID50: 50% tissue culture infectious dose; TIMM23: translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23; TM: transmembrane; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TUFM: Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial; Ub: ubiquitin; UV: ultraviolet; VDAC1: voltage dependent anion channel 1; WT: wild-type; μg: microgram; μm: micrometer; μM: micromole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanshu Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinna Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Li X, Zhu S, Zhang X, Ren Y, He J, Zhou J, Yin L, Wang G, Zhong T, Wang L, Xiao Y, Zhu C, Yin C, Yu X. Advances in the application of recombinase-aided amplification combined with CRISPR-Cas technology in quick detection of pathogenic microbes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1215466. [PMID: 37720320 PMCID: PMC10502170 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1215466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid diagnosis of pathogenic infections plays a vital role in disease prevention, control, and public health safety. Recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) is an innovative isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology capable of fast DNA or RNA amplification at low temperatures. RAA offers advantages such as simplicity, speed, precision, energy efficiency, and convenient operation. This technology relies on four essential components: recombinase, single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB), DNA polymerase, and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, which collectively replace the laborious thermal cycling process of traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In recent years, the CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated proteins) system, a groundbreaking genome engineering tool, has garnered widespread attention across biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine. Increasingly, researchers have integrated the recombinase polymerase amplification system (or RAA system) with CRISPR technology, enabling more convenient and intuitive determination of detection results. This integration has significantly expanded the application of RAA in pathogen detection. The step-by-step operation of these two systems has been successfully employed for molecular diagnosis of pathogenic microbes, while the single-tube one-step method holds promise for efficient pathogen detection. This paper provides a comprehensive review of RAA combined with CRISPR-Cas and its applications in pathogen detection, aiming to serve as a valuable reference for further research in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, China
| | - Shuying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, China
| | - Xinling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, China
| | - Yanli Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Jing He
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, China
| | - Liliang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, China
| | - Tian Zhong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Chunying Zhu
- Clinical Psychology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310005, China
| | - Chengliang Yin
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
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Cui H, Guan J, Lu H, Liu J, Tu F, Zhang C, Su K, Guo Z, Zhao K. Rapid Onsite Visual Detection of Orf Virus Using a Recombinase-Aided Amplification Assay. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020494. [PMID: 36836851 PMCID: PMC9968157 DOI: 10.3390/life13020494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Orf is an important zoonotic disease caused by the Orf virus (ORFV) which can cause contagious pustular dermatitis in goats and sheep. Orf is widespread in most sheep-raising countries in the world, causing huge economic losses. Although diagnostic methods for ORFV infection already exist, it is still necessary to develop a time-saving, labor-saving, specific, low-cost and visual diagnostic method for rapid detection of ORFV in the field and application in grassroots laboratories. This study establishes a DNA extraction-free, real-time, visual recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) method for the rapid detection of ORFV. This method is specific to ORFV and does not cross-react with other common DNA viruses. The detection limits of the real-time RAA and visual judgment of the RAA assay at 95% probability were 13 and 21 copies per reaction for ORFV, respectively. Compared with qPCR, the sensitivity and specificity of the real-time RAA assay were 100%, and those of the visual RAA assay were 92.31% and 100.0%, respectively. The DNA extraction-free visual detection method of RAA established in this study can meet the needs of rapid onsite detection and grassroots laboratories and has important reference value and significance for the early diagnosis of diseased animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiyu Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Fei Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lucky South Street, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Kai Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lucky South Street, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- Correspondence: (Z.G.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Correspondence: (Z.G.); (K.Z.)
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Chen W, Wang W, Wang X, Li Z, Wu K, Li X, Li Y, Yi L, Zhao M, Ding H, Fan S, Chen J. Advances in the differential molecular diagnosis of vesicular disease pathogens in swine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019876. [PMID: 36386633 PMCID: PMC9641196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Senecavirus A (SVA) and swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) are members of the family Picornaviridae, which can cause similar symptoms - vesicular lesions in the tissues of the mouth, nose, feet, skin and mucous membrane of animals. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of these viruses allows for control measures to prevent the spread of these diseases. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR are traditional and reliable methods for pathogen detection, while their amplification reaction requires a thermocycler. Isothermal amplification methods including loop-mediated isothermal amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification developed in recent years are simple, rapid and do not require specialized equipment, allowing for point of care diagnostics. Luminex technology allows for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens. CRISPR-Cas diagnostic systems also emerging nucleic acid detection technologies which are very sensitivity and specificity. In this paper, various nucleic acid detection methods aimed at vesicular disease pathogens in swine (including FMDV, SVA and SVDV) are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangqi Fan, ; Jinding Chen,
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangqi Fan, ; Jinding Chen,
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Zeng J, Wang W, Zhou L, Ge X, Han J, Guo X, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Yang H. A nucleic acid detection assay combining reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification with a lateral flow dipstick for the rapid visual detection of porcine deltacoronavirus. Virulence 2022; 13:1471-1485. [PMID: 36005235 PMCID: PMC9450908 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2116157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogen causing severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and death in nursing piglets and enormous economic losses for the global swine industry. Furthermore, it can infect multiple animal species including humans. Therefore, a rapid, definitive diagnostic assay is required for the effective control of this zoonotic pathogen. To identify PDCoV, we developed a nucleic acid detection assay combining reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification (RT-RAA) with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) targeting the highly conserved genomic region in the ORF1b gene. The RT-RAA-LFD assay exhibited good PDCoV detection reproducibility and repeatability and could be completed within 11 min. Ten minutes at 40 °C was required for nucleic acid amplification and 1 min at room temperature was needed for the visual LFD readout. The assay specifically detected PDCoV and did not cross-react with any other major swine pathogens. The 95% limit of detection (LOD) was 3.97 median tissue culture infectious dose PDCoV RNA per reaction. This performance was comparable to that of a reference TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR (trRT-PCR) assay for PDCoV. Of 149 swine small intestine, rectal swab, and serum samples, 71 and 75 tested positive for PDCoV according to RT-RAA-LFD and trRT-PCR, respectively. The diagnostic coincidence rate for both assays was 97.32% (145/149) and the kappa value was 0.946 (p < 0.001). Overall, the RT-RAA-LFD assay is a user-friendly diagnostic tool that can rapidly and visually detect PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
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Development of a Nucleocapsid Protein-Based Blocking ELISA for the Detection of Porcine Deltacoronavirus Antibodies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081815. [PMID: 36016437 PMCID: PMC9412986 DOI: 10.3390/v14081815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogen which mainly causes diarrhea, dehydration and death in nursing piglets, threatening the global swine industry. Moreover, it can infect multiple animal species and humans. Hence, reliable diagnostic assays are needed to better control this zoonotic pathogen. Here, a blocking ELISA was developed using a recombinant nucleocapsid (N) protein as the coating antigen paired with an N-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) as the detection antibody. The percent inhibition (PI) of the ELISA was determined using 384 swine serum samples, with an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) as the reference method. Through receiver operating characteristic analysis in conjunction with Youden’s index, the optimal PI cut-off value was determined to be 51.65%, which corresponded to a diagnostic sensitivity of 98.79% and a diagnostic specificity of 100%. Of the 330 serum samples tested positive via IFA, 326 and 4 were tested positive and negative via the ELISA, respectively, while the 54 serum samples tested negative via IFA were all negative via the ELISA. The overall coincidence rate between the two assays was 98.96% (380/384). The ELISA exhibited good repeatability and did not cross-react with antisera against other swine pathogens. Overall, this is the first report on developing a blocking ELISA for PDCoV serodiagnosis.
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Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Mx1 Inhibits Senecavirus A Replication in PK-15 Cells by Interacting with the Capsid Proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050863. [PMID: 35632606 PMCID: PMC9147370 DOI: 10.3390/v14050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As an emergent picornavirus pathogenic to pigs, Senecavirus A (SVA) can replicate in pig kidneys and proliferates well in porcine kidney epithelial PK-15 cells. Here, tandem mass tags (TMT) labeling coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the proteome dynamic changes in PK-15 cells during SVA infection. In total, 314, 697 and 426 upregulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 131, 263 and 342 downregulated DEPs were identified at 12, 24 and 36 hpi, respectively. After ensuring reliability of the proteomic data by quantitative PCR and Western blot testing of five randomly selected DEPs, Mx1, eIF4E, G6PD, TOP1 and PGAM1, all the DEPs were subjected to multiple bioinformatics analyses, including GO, COG, KEGG and STRING. The results reveal that the DEPs were mainly involved in host innate and adaptive immune responses in the early and middle stages of SVA infection, while the DEPs mainly participated in various metabolic processes in the late stage of infection. Finally, we demonstrated that Mx1 protein exerts antiviral activity against SVA by interacting with VP1 and VP2 proteins dependent on its GTPase, oligomerization and interaction activities, while Mx1 interacts with VP3 only depending on its oligomerization activity. Collectively, our study provides valuable clues for further investigation of SVA pathogenesis.
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