1
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Hsu T, Talley MJ, Yang P, Geiselhoeringer A, Yang C, Gorla A, Rahman MJ, Silva L, Chen D, Yang B. Identification of infectious viruses for risk-based virus testing of CHO unprocessed bulk using next-generation sequencing. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3485. [PMID: 39051853 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
It is important to increase manufacturing speed to make medicines more widely available. One bottleneck for CHO-based drug substance release is the in vitro viral (IVV) cell-based assay on unprocessed bulk. To increase process speed, we evaluate the suitability of replacing the IVV cell-based assay with next-generation sequencing (NGS). First, we outline how NGS is currently used in the pharmaceutical industry, and how it may apply to CHO virus testing. Second, we examine CHO virus contamination history. Since prior virus contaminants can replicate in the production bioreactor, we perform a literature search and classify 159 viruses as high, medium, low, or unknown risk based on their ability to infect CHO cells. Overall, the risk of virus contamination during the CHO manufacturing process is low. Only six viruses were reported to have contaminated CHO bioprocesses over the past several decades, and were primarily caused by fetal bovine serum or cell culture components. These virus contamination events can be mitigated through limitation and control of raw materials, combined with virus testing and virus clearance technologies. The list of CHO infectious viruses provides a starting framework for virus safety risk assessment and NGS development. Furthermore, ICH Q5A (R2) includes NGS as a molecular method for adventitious agent testing, paving a path forward for modernizing CHO virus testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Hsu
- Purification, Microbiology, and Virology, Genentech, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mary Jo Talley
- Purification, Microbiology, and Virology, Genentech, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ping Yang
- Purification, Microbiology, and Virology, Genentech, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Angela Geiselhoeringer
- Purification, Microbiology, and Virology, Genentech, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cindy Yang
- Purification, Microbiology, and Virology, Genentech, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aditya Gorla
- Purification, Microbiology, and Virology, Genentech, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - M Julhasur Rahman
- Purification, Microbiology, and Virology, Genentech, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lindsey Silva
- Purification, Microbiology, and Virology, Genentech, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dayue Chen
- Purification, Microbiology, and Virology, Genentech, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Purification, Microbiology, and Virology, Genentech, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Zhou N, Chen L, Wang C, Lv M, Shan F, Li W, Wu Y, Du X, Fan J, Liu M, Shi M, Cao J, Zhai J, Chen W. Isolation, genome analysis and comparison of a novel parainfluenza virus 5 from a Siberian tiger ( Panthera tigris). Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1356378. [PMID: 38686028 PMCID: PMC11057237 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1356378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are important pathogens affecting various animals, including mammals and humans. Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-a member of the family Paramyxoviridae-is a major threat to the health of mammals and humans. However, studies on terrestrial wild animals infected with PIV5 are scanty. In this study, we utilized reverse transcription PCR to detect PIV5 infection in the visceral organ tissues of a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. altaica) with vomiting, diarrhea, and dyspnea before its death. A novel PIV5 (named SR strain) with a slowly progressive cytopathic effect was isolated in Vero cells and validated using a transmission electron microscope. Full-length sequencing and analysis revealed that the whole genome of the PIV5 SR strain contained 15,246 nucleotides (nt) and seven non-overlapping genes (3'-N-V/P-M-F-SH-HN-L-5') encoding eight proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of three PIV5 strains identified in the same zoo confirmed that PIV5 strains SR and ZJQ-221 shared the closest genetic relationship as they were clustered in the same branch, while the recently found Siberian tiger strain SZ2 kept a certain distance and formed a relatively unique branch. Furthermore, mutations of nt and amino acids (aa) between strains ZJQ-221, SR, and SZ2 were identified. In summary, we report the identification and genomic characterization of a novel PIV5 strain SR isolated in a Siberian tiger, which may help future research on interspecific transmission mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Zhou
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Yuanzhou District, Yichun, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengna Lv
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Shan
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanping Li
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajiang Wu
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Du
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Minting Liu
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menghan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junqiong Zhai
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Cheng H, Zhang H, Cai H, Liu M, Wen S, Ren J. Molecular biology of canine parainfluenza virus V protein and its potential applications in tumor immunotherapy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1282112. [PMID: 38173672 PMCID: PMC10761501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1282112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) is a zoonotic virus that is widely distributed and is the main pathogen causing canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), also known as "kennel cough," in dogs. The CPIV-V protein is the only nonstructural protein of the virus and plays an important role in multiple stages of the virus life cycle by inhibiting apoptosis, altering the host cell cycle and interfering with the interferon response. In addition, studies have shown that the V protein has potential applications in the field of immunotherapy in oncolytic virus therapy or self-amplifying RNA vaccines. In this review, the biosynthesis, structural characteristics and functions of the CPIV-V protein are reviewed with an emphasis on how it facilitates viral immune escape and its potential applications in the field of immunotherapy. Therefore, this review provides a scientific basis for research into the CPIV-V protein and its potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Cheng
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hewei Zhang
- College of Food and Drugs, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang, China
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Huanchang Cai
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Liu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shubo Wen
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Jingqiang Ren
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
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4
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Ibrahim YM, Zhang W, Wang X, Werid GM, Fu L, Yu H, Wang Y. Molecular characterization and pathogenicity evaluation of enterovirus G isolated from diarrheic piglets. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0264323. [PMID: 37830808 PMCID: PMC10715025 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02643-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Enterovirus G is a species of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses associated with several mammalian diseases. The porcine enterovirus strains isolated here were chimeric viruses with the PLCP gene of porcine torovirus, which grouped together with global EV-G1 strains. The isolated EV-G strain could infect various cell types from different species, suggesting its potential cross-species infection risk. Animal experiment showed the pathogenic ability of the isolated EV-G to piglets. Additionally, the EV-Gs were widely distributed in the swine herds. Our findings suggest that EV-G may have evolved a novel mechanism for broad tropism, which has important implications for disease control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassein M. Ibrahim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xinrong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gebremeskel Mamu Werid
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lizhi Fu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Haidong Yu
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
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5
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Randall RE, Young DF, Hughes DJ, Goodbourn S. Persistent paramyxovirus infections: in co-infections the parainfluenza virus type 5 persistent phenotype is dominant over the lytic phenotype. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001916. [PMID: 37962188 PMCID: PMC10768688 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV5) can either have a persistent or a lytic phenotype in cultured cells. We have previously shown that the phenotype is determined by the phosphorylation status of the phosphoprotein (P). Single amino acid substitutions at critical residues, including a serine-to-phenylalanine substitution at position 157 on P, result in a switch between persistent and lytic phenotypes. Here, using PIV5 vectors expressing either mCherry or GFP with persistent or lytic phenotypes, we show that in co-infections the persistent phenotype is dominant. Thus, in contrast to the cell death observed with cells infected solely with the lytic variant, in co-infected cells persistence is immediately established and both lytic and persistent genotypes persist. Furthermore, 10-20 % of virus released from dually infected cells contains both genotypes, indicating that PIV5 particles can package more than one genome. Co-infected cells continue to maintain both genotypes/phenotypes during cell passage, as do individual colonies of cells derived from a culture of persistently infected cells. A refinement of our model on how the dynamics of virus selection may occur in vivo is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Randall
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, BMS Building, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Dan F. Young
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, BMS Building, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David J. Hughes
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, BMS Building, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Steve Goodbourn
- Section for Pathogen Research, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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6
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Kim JM, Kim HR, Baek JS, Kwon OK, Kang HE, Shin YK, Park CK. Simple and Rapid Colorimetric Detection of Canine Parainfluenza Virus 5 ( Orthorubulavirus mammalis) Using a Reverse-Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay. Pathogens 2023; 12:921. [PMID: 37513767 PMCID: PMC10384626 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its many advantages, a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay has yet to be developed for canine parainfluenza virus 5 (CPIV5). In this study, a visual RT-LAMP (vRT-LAMP) assay was developed for the rapid detection of CPIV5 in clinical samples. At a constant reaction temperature of 62 °C, the assay was completed within 40 min, and the results could be directly detected with the naked eye using a hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) metal indicator without any additional detection apparatuses. The assay specifically amplified CPIV5 RNA with a limit of detection of 10 RNA copies/reaction, which was 10-fold more sensitive than the previously reported conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (cRT-PCR) assay and was comparable to the previously reported real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. In a clinical evaluation using 267 nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from hospitalized dogs with respiratory symptoms, the CPIV5 detection rate using the vRT-LAMP assay was 5.24% (14/267), which was higher than that of the cRT-PCR assay (4.49%, 12/267) and consistent with that of the qRT-PCR assay, demonstrating 100% concordance with a kappa coefficient value (95% confidence interval) of 1 (1.00-1.00). The discrepancies in the results of the assays were confirmed to be attributed to the low sensitivity of the cRT-PCR assay. Owing to the advantages of a high specificity, rapidity, and simplicity, the developed vRT-LAMP assay using an HNB metal indicator will be a valuable diagnostic tool for the detection of CPIV5 in canine clinical samples, even in resource-limited laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- DIVA Bio Incorporation, Daegu 41519, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Baek
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Kyu Kwon
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun-Kyung Shin
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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7
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Truong HT, Nguyen VG, Pham LBH, Huynh TML, Lee J, Hwang SJ, Lee JM, Chung HC. PCR-Based Detection and Genetic Characterization of Parainfluenza Virus 5 Detected in Pigs in Korea from 2016 to 2018. Vet Sci 2023; 10:414. [PMID: 37505820 PMCID: PMC10384901 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study applied a molecular-based method to detect parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) collected from 2016 to 2018 in nine provinces of Republic of Korea. We demonstrated that PIV5 was detectable in both serum and pooled organs at an average positive rate of 1.78% (99/5566). Among these, the complete genome sequence of 15,246 nucleotides was obtained for 12 field strains. Three out of the 12 strains had the lowest genetic identity (96.20-96.68%) among the 21 porcine PIV5 genomes collected in Germany, China, India, and Republic of Korea from 1998 to 2017. By analyzing a large collection of complete genome sequences of the structural protein-coding F and HN genes, this study proposed a classification of PIV5 into two lineages, 1 and 2, and identified that group 2.2.2 within sub-lineage 2.2 was substantially divergent. The evolution of two structural protein-coding genes was largely under purifying selection. A few codons (6/9 for the F gene, 7/8 for the HN gene) had elevated dN/dS values, which were loaded on internal branches and were predicted to be related to beneficial trait(s) of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Thai Truong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Van-Giap Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Le-Bich-Hang Pham
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi-My-Le Huynh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Jasper Lee
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute of Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Su-Jin Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Myun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chun Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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8
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Qin Z, Nai Z, Li G, He X, Wang W, Xia J, Chao W, Li L, Jiang X, Liu D. The Oral Inactivated Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Presenting in the Intestine Induces Mucosal Immunity in Mice with Alginate-Chitosan Microcapsules. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050889. [PMID: 36899746 PMCID: PMC10000104 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, PEDV, which causes diarrhea, vomiting and death in piglets, causes huge economic losses. Therefore, understanding how to induce mucosal immune responses in piglets is essential in the mechanism and application against PEDV infection with mucosal immunity. A method of treatment in our research was used to make an oral vaccine that packaged the inactive PEDV with microencapsulation, which consisted of sodium alginate and chitosan, and adapted the condition of the gut in mice. The in vitro release experiment of microcapsules showed that inactive PEDV was not only easily released in saline and acid solutions but also had an excellent storage tolerance, and was suitable for use as an oral vaccine. Interestingly, both experimental groups with different doses of inactive virus enhanced the secretion of specific antibodies in the serum and intestinal mucus, which caused the effective neutralization against PEDV in the Vero cell by both IgG and IgA, respectively. Moreover, the microencapsulation could stimulate the differentiation of CD11b+ and CD11c+ dendritic cells, which means that the microencapsulation was also identified as an oral adjuvant to help phagocytosis of dendritic cells in mice. Flow cytometry revealed that the B220+ and CD23+ of the B cells could significantly increase antibody production with the stimulation from the antigens' PEDV groups, and the microencapsulation could also increase the cell viability of B cells, stimulating the secretion of antibodies such as IgG and IgA in mice. In addition, the microencapsulation promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-17, were inhibited by alginate and chitosan in the microencapsulation groups compared with the inactivated PEDV group. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the microparticle could play the role of mucosal adjuvant, and release inactivated PEDV in the gut, which can effectively stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zida Nai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinmiao He
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Jiqiao Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wang Chao
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xinpeng Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (D.L.); Tel.: +86-451-55190722 (X.J. & D.L.)
| | - Di Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (D.L.); Tel.: +86-451-55190722 (X.J. & D.L.)
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9
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Kim JM, Kim HR, Jeon GT, Baek JS, Kwon OD, Park CK. Molecular Detection of Porcine Parainfluenza Viruses 1 and 5 Using a Newly Developed Duplex Real-Time RT-PCR in South Korea. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040598. [PMID: 36830385 PMCID: PMC9951646 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Two species of porcine parainfluenza viruses (PPIV), PPIV1 and PPIV5, are globally distributed in pig herds and associated with porcine respiratory diseases, and a diagnostic tool for the simultaneous detection of the two viruses is required. In this study, a TaqMan probe-based duplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (dqRT-PCR) assay was first developed for the differential detection of PPIV1 and PPIV5 nucleocapsid protein (NP) genes in porcine clinical samples. The dqRT-PCR assay was highly sensitive, its limit of detection was approximately 10 RNA copies/reaction, it specifically amplified the targeted NP genes of PPIV1 and PPIV5 without cross-reacting with other porcine pathogens, and their clinical detection rates were 15.2% and 0.7%, respectively. The results from 441 clinical samples taken from 278 Korean domestic pig farms showed that the prevalence of PPIV1 and PPIV5 was 11.2% and 1.1%, respectively, and co-infection of both viruses was confirmed in a farm, suggesting that PPIV1 and PPIV5 are co-circulating in current Korean pig herds. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial NP genes suggested that genetically diverse PPIV1 strains are circulating in Korean pig herds. The developed dqRT-PCR assay was found to be an accurate, reliable, and quantitative detection tool for PPIV1 and PPIV5 RNA in clinical pig samples and will be useful for etiological and epidemiological studies and the control of viral infections in the field.
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10
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Yang M, Ma Y, Jiang Q, Song M, Kang H, Liu J, Qu L. Isolation, identification and pathogenic characteristics of tick-derived parainfluenza virus 5 in northeast China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3300-3316. [PMID: 35964328 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) infection cases has increased worldwide over the past six decades; however, factors underlying this increase remain unclear. PIV5 has been emerging or re-emerging in humans and animal species. To date, no information is yet available regarding PIV5 infection in arthropod ticks. Here, we successfully isolated tick-derived PIV5 from the Ixodes persulcatus species designated as HLJ/Tick/2019 in Heilongjiang, China. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the tick-derived PIV5 is closely related to subclade 2.2.6, which has become the dominant subtype prevalent in dogs, pigs and wildlife across China. Further experiments to understand the importance of this virus as an infectious vector revealed that a ferret animal model experimentally infected with Tick/HLJ/2019 via the oronasal and ocular inoculation routes developed moderate respiratory distress with pneumonia and neurologic tissue damage from inflammation for the first time. Further surveillance of PIV5 in vectors of viral transmission is necessary to enhance our knowledge of its ecology in reservoirs and facilitate the control of re-emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfa Yang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yunyun Ma
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mingxin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongtao Kang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiasen Liu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liandong Qu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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